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Associations between sleep health, negative reinforcement learning, and alcohol use among South Florida college students with elevated internalizing symptoms. 南佛罗里达州内化症状加重的大学生睡眠健康、负强化学习和饮酒之间的关系。
Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.04.006
Nathan A Sollenberger, Logan R Cummings, Josefina Freitag, Elisa M Trucco, Sthefany Gomez, Melanie Giraldo, Gabriela Muse, Aaron T Mattfeld, Dana L McMakin

Negative reinforcement is proposed to mediate associations between sleep and alcohol use, especially among people with depression and/or anxiety symptoms. Worse sleep (e.g., shorter duration, less efficiency, more irregular timing) exacerbates negative emotions, which alcohol may temporarily relieve. Not yet examined, we propose sleep indirectly impacts early stages of alcohol use via differences in negative reinforcement learning (NRL), since sleep impacts emotion, reward response, and learning. The current study aimed to replicate associations between sleep and alcohol use, test associations with NRL, and examine indirect associations between sleep health and alcohol use via NRL among 60 underage college students (ages 18-20 years, 77% female) varying in depression and anxiety symptoms. Participants wore Fitbit smartwatches and completed daily diaries measuring sleep and substance use for ∼14 days before completing two computer tasks assessing social (SNRL) and monetary (MNRL) negative reinforcement learning. Robust generalized linear models tested direct associations within the proposed model. SNRL performance was positively associated with alcohol use, but no other associations were observed. Statistical mediation models failed to indicate indirect effects of sleep on alcohol use via SNRL or MNRL performance. Post-hoc exploratory models examining depression and anxiety symptoms as moderators of direct associations indicated several interactions. Positive associations between sleep timing variability and alcohol use were weakened at higher anxiety symptom severity and stronger at higher depression symptom severity. The positive association between SNRL performance and alcohol use was also stronger at higher depression symptom severity. Among students with elevated depression symptoms, variable sleep timing and stronger SNRL performance were independently associated with more alcohol use, but indirect effects were not supported. Future research should replicate findings, confirm causality of interactions, and examine sleep timing and behavioral responses to negative social stimuli as targets for improving alcohol-related outcomes among underage college students with elevated depressive symptoms.

负强化被认为是睡眠与饮酒之间的中介作用,尤其是在有抑郁和/或焦虑症状的人群中。较差的睡眠(如持续时间较短、效率较低、时间较不规律)会加剧负面情绪,而酒精可能会暂时缓解负面情绪。由于睡眠会影响情绪、奖赏反应和学习,因此我们认为睡眠会通过负强化学习(NRL)的差异间接影响饮酒的早期阶段。目前的研究旨在复制睡眠与饮酒之间的关联,测试与 NRL 的关联,并通过 NRL 检验睡眠健康与饮酒之间的间接关联,研究对象为 60 名未成年大学生(18-20 岁,77% 为女性),他们的抑郁和焦虑症状各不相同。参与者佩戴 Fitbit 智能手表,在完成两项评估社交(SNRL)和金钱(MNRL)负强化学习的计算机任务之前,每天填写睡眠和药物使用日记,为期 14 天。稳健的广义线性模型检验了拟议模型中的直接关联。SNRL成绩与饮酒呈正相关,但未观察到其他关联。统计中介模型未能显示睡眠通过SNRL或MNRL表现对饮酒的间接影响。事后探索性模型将抑郁和焦虑症状作为直接关联的调节因素进行了研究,结果表明两者之间存在若干相互作用。焦虑症状严重程度越高,睡眠时间变异性与饮酒之间的正相关就越弱,而抑郁症状严重程度越高,两者之间的正相关就越强。在抑郁症状严重程度较高的情况下,SNRL 表现与饮酒之间的正相关也较强。在抑郁症状较重的学生中,睡眠时间不稳定和SNRL表现较强与饮酒较多独立相关,但间接效应不成立。未来的研究应复制研究结果,确认相互作用的因果关系,并研究睡眠时间和对负面社会刺激的行为反应,以此作为改善抑郁症状加重的未成年大学生与酒精相关的结果的目标。
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引用次数: 0
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND ITS PREVENTION STRATEGIES ON ADOLESCENT SCHOOL STUDENTS. 酒精对青少年学生的影响及其预防策略。
Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.03.009
Emmanuel Janagan Johnson, Jessica Evangelin Emmanuel Janagan

Substance use continues to be recognized as one of the major health and social issues in the Caribbean. This study focusses on the risks and consequences of adolescent school student's exposure to alcohol and prevention strategies. Participants were selected from the age group of 13 to 19 years old, who are attending Secondary School. Five schools were chosen according to the prevalence of alcohol. Students were purposively selected from each school based on the recommendations from the school social workers. Students completed the Adolescent Drug Involvement Scale (ADIS) to understand the extent of involvement in alcohol use. The study recommends that there is a need for effective parenting where training in awareness, skills, and techniques around engaging young adolescent students with age-appropriate information on alcohol abuse can be disbursed and reinforced as they enter various stages of their development.

在加勒比地区,使用药物仍然被认为是主要的健康和社会问题之一。本研究的重点是青少年学生接触酒精的风险和后果以及预防策略。研究对象选自 13 至 19 岁的中学生。根据酗酒的普遍程度选择了五所学校。根据学校社工的推荐,有目的地从每所学校挑选学生。学生们填写了青少年毒品参与量表(ADIS),以了解参与饮酒的程度。研究建议,有必要开展有效的亲职教育,在青少年学生进入不同的成长阶段时,对他们进行有关酗酒的意识、技能和技巧培训,让他们了解适合其年龄的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Gestational choline supplementation ameliorates T-maze reversal learning deficits induced by first trimester binge alcohol exposure in weanling lambs. 妊娠期胆碱补充剂可改善断奶羔羊在妊娠头三个月暴饮暴食导致的T迷宫逆转学习障碍。
Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.03.007
S Washburn, K Nation, T Cudd, M Stanton, C Goodlett

In rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), cognitive deficits are implicated in impaired T-maze spatial reversal learning. Rat studies have indicated supplemental administration of choline during the developmental period of alcohol exposure can ameliorate spatial reversal deficits. This study tested whether beneficial effects of prenatal choline supplementation could be confirmed in a sheep model of binge exposure in the first trimester equivalent. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) alcohol exposure would produce deficits in reversal of a T-maze position discrimination; and 2) gestational dietary supplementation of choline would ameliorate those deficits. Mated ewes were assigned to one of seven groups-a normal control (NC) group or one of six infusion treatment groups: saline control (SC; isotonic saline), saline control plus choline (SC-CH; isotonic saline plus choline, 10 mg/kg administered orally throughout each day of gestation), binge alcohol (BA; 1.75 g/kg alcohol per infusion day), binge alcohol plus choline (BA-CH; 1.75 g/kg/day alcohol plus choline), heavy binge alcohol (HBA; 2.5 g/kg/day alcohol), or heavy binge alcohol plus choline (HBA-CH; 2.5 g/kg/day alcohol plus choline). The alcohol infusions modeled a weekend binge drinking pattern over the first trimester-equivalent (gestational day 4-41). T-maze training began at 12 weeks of age, with daily sessions occurring 5 days/week. Lambs were given five days of habituation training, followed by five days of position discrimination training (3 trials per daily session, intertrial interval of 3 hours, reinforced side randomly assigned across subjects). Lambs were then given 10 days of training on the reversal task. There was no difference among groups during acquisition. Alcohol impaired reversal learning, and choline supplementation mitigated these deficits in the HBA-CH group. These results suggest that maternal dietary choline supplementation can ameliorate or prevent some impairments of executive function in a sheep model of FASD.

在胎儿酒精谱系障碍(FASD)的啮齿类动物模型中,认知障碍与 T 迷宫空间倒转学习能力受损有关。大鼠研究表明,在酒精暴露的发育期补充胆碱可改善空间逆转缺陷。本研究测试了产前补充胆碱的益处是否能在绵羊妊娠头三个月暴饮暴食模型中得到证实。研究测试了两个假设:1)酒精暴露会导致T迷宫位置辨别的逆转缺陷;2)妊娠期膳食中补充胆碱会改善这些缺陷。交配母羊被分配到七个组中的一组--正常对照组(NC)或六个输液治疗组中的一组:生理盐水对照组(SC;等渗生理盐水)、生理盐水对照组加胆碱组(SC-CH;等渗生理盐水加胆碱,妊娠期每天口服 10 毫克/千克)、暴饮暴食酒精组(BA;每次输液 1.大剂量酒精(HBA;2.5 克/千克/天酒精)或大剂量酒精加胆碱(HBA-CH;2.5 克/千克/天酒精加胆碱)。酒精输注模拟了相当于妊娠头三个月(妊娠第 4-41 天)的周末酗酒模式。T 型迷宫训练从 12 周龄开始,每天训练 5 天/周。羔羊先接受5天的习惯性训练,然后进行5天的位置辨别训练(每天3次,每次间隔3小时,受试者随机分配强化侧)。然后对羔羊进行为期 10 天的反转任务训练。在习得过程中,各组之间没有差异。酒精会损害羔羊的逆转学习能力,而在 HBA-CH 组中,补充胆碱可减轻这些缺陷。这些结果表明,在绵羊 FASD 模型中,母体膳食胆碱补充剂可改善或预防某些执行功能障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Alcohol Treatment Preferences and the Acceptability of Virtual Reality Therapy for Treating Alcohol Misuse in Adult Drinkers. 酒精治疗偏好与虚拟现实疗法治疗成年饮酒者酒精滥用的可接受性。
Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.03.004
Rigina Skeva, Caroline Jay, Steve Pettifer, Lynsey Gregg
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引用次数: 0
THE TRENDS AND INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED HEPATITIS HOSPITALIZATIONS FROM 2016-2020 AND THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. 2016-2020 年酒精相关肝炎住院治疗的趋势和发病率,以及 covid-19 大流行的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.03.003
Megan B Ghai, Pooja Rangan, Naim Alkhouri, Jessica Mellinger, Karn Wijarnpreecha

Introduction: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitalizations for alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is poorly understood. Here we explore AH trends from 2016-2020 and evaluate demographic disparities including sex and race.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of the 2016-2020 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample was performed to assess temporal trends in hospitalizations for AH. The 2020 dataset was evaluated to compare AH hospitalizations between those with and without an additional diagnosis of COVID-19.

Results: Included were 607,140 weighted inpatient AH discharges per 145,055,152 all-cause discharges from 2016-2020. AH hospitalizations increased at a rate of 23.4 hospitalizations per 100,000 all-cause discharges per year between 2016-2019 and increased to 113 hospitalizations per 100,000 all-cause discharges in 2020. Mortality was higher in females despite lower rates of hospitalization than males. The adjusted odds of hospitalization for AH in 2020 were higher than in 2016-2019 (aOR= 1.28, p < 0.001). The Hispanic population had greater odds of hospitalization with AH and COVID-19 compared to other races (aOR= 2.71, p <0.001).

Discussion: Increased efforts toward primary prevention of excessive alcohol use and greater social support for those with alcohol used disorder are needed. More research is required to elucidate the racial disparities among the Hispanic population with AH and COVID-19.

导言:人们对 COVID-19 大流行对酒精相关性肝炎(AH)住院治疗的影响知之甚少。在此,我们探讨了 2016-2020 年酒精相关性肝炎的发展趋势,并评估了包括性别和种族在内的人口统计学差异:方法:我们对 2016-2020 年医疗成本与利用项目全国住院患者样本进行了回顾性分析,以评估 AH 住院治疗的时间趋势。对 2020 年的数据集进行了评估,以比较有 COVID-19 附加诊断和没有 COVID-19 附加诊断的 AH 住院情况:结果:2016-2020年间,每145,055,152例全因出院病例中有607,140例加权AH住院病例。2016-2019 年间,AH 住院率以每年每 10 万例全因出院患者 23.4 例的速度增长,到 2020 年将增至每 10 万例全因出院患者 113 例。尽管住院率低于男性,但女性的死亡率更高。2020 年调整后的 AH 住院几率高于 2016-2019 年(aOR= 1.28,p <0.001)。与其他种族相比,西班牙裔人群因 AH 和 COVID-19 住院的几率更高(aOR= 2.71,p 讨论):需要加大力度对过度饮酒进行初级预防,并为酗酒者提供更多的社会支持。需要开展更多研究,以阐明西语裔人群中酗酒和 COVID-19 的种族差异。
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引用次数: 0
Burden of alcohol use and inclusion of alcohol use disorder medications in the essential medicine lists across 132 countries: An observational study. 132 个国家的酒精使用负担以及将酒精使用障碍药物纳入基本药物清单的情况:一项观察性研究。
Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.02.007
Arpit Parmar, Dinesh Prasad Sahu, Priyamadhaba Behera

Harmful use of alcohol effects the health of the population. The treatment coverage of alcohol use disorders (AUD) varies among countries. The study aimed to determine the inclusion of AUD medicines in various national Essential Medicine Lists (EMLs) and its association with alcohol consumption. It was a secondary data analysis of alcohol consumptions and AUD related medicines in EML. Data were extracted from the WHO Global Essential Medicines database and the WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Data were extracted for 194 countries. Only 132 of 194 countries (68.0%) had EML, and among the 132 countries only 27.3% had included AUD medicines in their EML. Only 36 countries had included any of the AUD medicines in their EML. Disulfiram was included by 23 countries, while Acamprosate and Naltrexone was included by only four and 19 countries, respectively. Among the countries, 36.1% were from upper-middle income countries and 16.65 from low-income countries. The inclusion of AUD medicines in national EML was neither associated with alcohol consumption parameters nor the alcohol consumption related policy parameters. Considering the high prevalence of AUD and its complications, there is an urgent need to focus on including AUD medicines in national EML for making AUD treatment available and accessible across the world.

有害使用酒精会影响人们的健康。各国对酒精使用障碍(AUD)的治疗覆盖率各不相同。本研究旨在确定各国基本药物清单(EMLs)中包含的 AUD 药物及其与酒精消费的关系。这是一项关于酒精消费和 EML 中 AUD 相关药物的二手数据分析。数据提取自世卫组织全球基本药物数据库和《2018 年世卫组织全球酒精与健康状况报告》。共提取了 194 个国家的数据。在 194 个国家中,只有 132 个国家(68.0%)拥有 EML,而在这 132 个国家中,只有 27.3% 的国家将 AUD 药物纳入其 EML。只有 36 个国家在其 EML 中纳入了任何一种 AUD 药物。有 23 个国家将双硫仑纳入其中,而将阿坎酸和纳曲酮纳入其中的国家分别只有 4 个和 19 个。在这些国家中,36.1%来自中上收入国家,16.65%来自低收入国家。将 AUD 药物纳入国家 EML 既与酒精消费参数无关,也与酒精消费相关政策参数无关。考虑到 AUD 及其并发症的高发病率,迫切需要将 AUD 药物纳入国家 EML,以便在全球范围内提供 AUD 治疗。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of developmental alcohol exposure on multisensory integration is larger in deeper cortical layers. 发育期接触酒精对多感官整合的影响在较深的皮层更大。
Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.02.006
Dongil Keum, Alexandre E Medina

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are one of the most common causes of mental disability in the world. Despite efforts to increase public awareness of the risks of drinking during pregnancy, epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of 1-6% in all births. There is growing evidence that deficits in sensory processing may contribute to social problems observed in FASD. Multisensory (MS) integration occurs when a combination of inputs from two sensory modalities leads to enhancement or suppression of neuronal firing. MS enhancement is usually linked to processes that facilitate cognition and reaction time, whereas MS suppression has been linked to filtering unwanted sensory information. The rostral portion of the posterior parietal cortex (PPr) of the ferret is an area that shows robust visual-tactile integration and displays both MS enhancement and suppression. Recently, our lab demonstrated that ferrets exposed to alcohol during the "third trimester equivalent" of human gestation show less MS enhancement and more MS suppression in PPr than controls. Here we complement these findings by comparing in vivo electrophysiological recordings from channels located in shallow and deep cortical layers. We observed that while the effects of alcohol (less MS enhancement and more MS suppression) were found in all layers, the magnitude of these effects were more pronounced in putative layers V-VI. These findings extend our knowledge on the sensory deficits of FASD.

胎儿酒精紊乱症(FASD)是世界上最常见的精神残疾原因之一。尽管人们一直在努力提高公众对孕期饮酒风险的认识,但流行病学研究表明,在所有新生儿中,FASD 的发病率为 1-6%。越来越多的证据表明,感官处理能力的缺陷可能是导致 FASD 患者出现社会问题的原因之一。当两种感官模式的输入结合在一起时,会导致神经元发射的增强或抑制,这就是多感官(MS)整合。多感觉统合增强通常与促进认知和反应时间的过程有关,而多感觉统合抑制则与过滤不需要的感觉信息有关。雪貂后顶叶皮层(PPr)的喙部是一个显示出强大的视觉-触觉整合的区域,同时显示出 MS 增强和抑制。最近,我们的实验室证实,与对照组相比,在人类妊娠 "相当于第三孕期 "暴露于酒精的雪貂会在顶后皮层显示较少的 MS 增强和较多的 MS 抑制。在这里,我们通过比较位于皮层浅层和深层的通道的体内电生理记录,对这些发现进行了补充。我们观察到,虽然酒精的影响(较少的 MS 增强和较多的 MS 抑制)在所有层中都有发现,但这些影响的程度在推测的 V-VI 层中更为明显。这些发现扩展了我们对 FASD 感知缺陷的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Examination of factors related to problem drinking among the working population: The Japanese civil servants study. 日本公务员研究》(Japanese Civil Servants' Study):日本公务员研究》。
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.02.001
Takashi Shigeno, Takashi Tatsuse, Michikazu Sekine, Masaaki Yamada

Problem drinking affects not only the health of a population but also the productivity of a nation, especially if it is rampant among the working population. This study examines the association between problem drinking and work characteristics, work-family status, and social situations among the Japanese working population. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed on the basis of gender on 3136 participants (men: 65.1%, women: 34.9%) adopted from the Japanese Civil Servants Study in 2014 (response rate: 87.8%), to examine the factors related to problem drinking, after adjusting for frequency and quantity of drinking. Problem drinking was assessed using the Cutdown, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire. The presence of problem drinking was found in 24.3% of men and 10.3% of women. The analysis showed that in men, poor work performance (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.00-1.79), high family-to-work conflict (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.14-2.09), and high work-to-family conflict (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.34) were significantly associated with problem drinking, whereas in women, high work-to-family conflict (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.21-4.95) was significantly associated with problem drinking. Although the number of close friends is negatively associated with problem drinking in women, the significance disappeared in the fully adjusted model. It can be concluded that it is important for both men and women to strike a balance between work and family life. Moreover, owing to gender differences, work performance may be important for men, and the presence of close friends may be important for women, in reducing the risk of problem drinking.

问题饮酒不仅会影响人口的健康,还会影响国家的生产力,尤其是在工作人口中肆虐的问题饮酒。本研究探讨了日本劳动人口中问题饮酒与工作特征、工作-家庭状况和社会状况之间的关系。在对饮酒频率和数量进行调整后,对2014年日本公务员研究中的3136名参与者(男性:65.1%,女性:34.9%)进行了基于性别的多变量逻辑回归分析(应答率:87.8%),以研究与问题饮酒相关的因素。问题饮酒采用 "沮丧、恼怒、内疚和开眼"(CAGE)问卷进行评估。结果发现,24.3%的男性和 10.3%的女性存在问题饮酒。分析表明,在男性中,低工作绩效(OR:1.34,95%CI:1.00-1.79)、高家庭与工作冲突(OR:1.54,95%CI:1.14-2.09)和高工作与家庭冲突(OR:1.63,95%CI:1.14-2.34)与问题饮酒显著相关,而在女性中,高工作与家庭冲突(OR:2.45,95%CI:1.21-4.95)与问题饮酒显著相关。虽然女性密友的数量与问题饮酒呈负相关,但在完全调整模型中,其显著性消失了。由此可以得出结论,在工作和家庭生活之间取得平衡对男性和女性都很重要。此外,由于性别差异,工作表现对男性来说可能很重要,而密友的存在对女性来说可能对降低问题饮酒的风险很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Circulating microRNA profiling identifies microRNAs linked to prediabetes associated with alcohol dependence syndrome. 循环微RNA分析确定了与酒精依赖综合征相关的糖尿病前期有关的微RNA。
Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.01.003
Palaniswamy Ramaswamy, Athira S V, Pratibha Misra, V S Chauhan, Arka Adhvaryu, Anurodh Gupta, Ankita G, Sibin M K

Background: MicroRNAs are abundant in serum and have emerged as important regulators of gene expression, implicating them in a wide range of diseases. The purpose of this study was to discover and validate serum miRNAs in prediabetes associated with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS).

Method: Serum samples from ADS patients with or without prediabetes and normoglycemic controls were subjected to microarray. Validation of identified candidate miRNAs was performed by RT-qPCR. Additionally, GO and KEGG pathway analyses were carried out to uncover target genes anticipated to be controlled by the candidate miRNAs.

Results: Notably, 198, and 172 miRNAs were differentially expressed in ADS-patients with or without prediabetes compared to healthy controls, and 7 miRNAs in ADS-patients with prediabetes compared to ADS-normoglycemic patients, respectively. Furthermore, hsa-miR-320b and hsa-miR-3135b were differentially expressed exclusively in ADS-patients with prediabetes, and this was further validated. Interestingly, GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that genes predicted to be modulated by the candidates were considerably enriched in numerous diabetes-related biological processes and pathways.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that ADS-patients with or without prediabetes have different sets of miRNAs compared to normoglycemic healthy subjects. We propose serum hsa-miR-320b and hsa-miR-3135b as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of prediabetes in ADS-patients.

背景:微RNA在血清中含量丰富,已成为基因表达的重要调控因子,与多种疾病有关。本研究旨在发现和验证与酒精依赖综合征(ADS)相关的糖尿病前期患者的血清 miRNA:方法:对伴有或不伴有糖尿病前期的 ADS 患者和血糖正常对照组的血清样本进行芯片分析。通过 RT-qPCR 验证已确定的候选 miRNA。此外,还进行了 GO 和 KEGG 通路分析,以发现候选 miRNAs 预期控制的靶基因:值得注意的是,与健康对照组相比,有糖尿病前期或无糖尿病前期的 ADS 患者分别有 198 和 172 个 miRNAs 有差异表达;与 ADS 正常血糖患者相比,有糖尿病前期的 ADS 患者分别有 7 个 miRNAs 有差异表达。此外,hsa-miR-320b和hsa-miR-3135b只在糖尿病前期ADS患者中有差异表达,这一点得到了进一步验证。有趣的是,GO 和 KEGG 通路分析表明,候选基因预测被调节的基因在许多与糖尿病相关的生物过程和通路中都有相当大的富集:我们的研究结果表明,与血糖正常的健康受试者相比,患有或不患有糖尿病前期的 ADS 患者具有不同的 miRNAs 组。我们建议将血清中的 hsa-miR-320b 和 hsa-miR-3135b 作为诊断 ADS 患者糖尿病前期的潜在生物标记物。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of serum BDNF levels in alcohol withdrawal syndrome with and without other medical co-morbidities. 调查有无其他并发症的酒精戒断综合征患者的血清 BDNF 水平。
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.12.006
Marta Malinowska-Kubiak, Magda Malewska-Kasprzak
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)
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