Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1290
Martina von der Bey, Ebru Ercan-Herbst
One of the biggest challenges in the field of neurological disorders is the limited availability of freshly dissected human brain tissue. Therefore, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is important to develop human brain-like models to study the interaction of different brain cell types in health and disease. For physiologically relevant disease modeling, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems are of great importance because they provide a more representative in vivo-like micro-environment to the cells. The field of 3D cell culture systems using diverse hiPSC-derived cells is growing and gets steadily advanced. However, to this day, there is no cell culture model available that includes all brain cell types. Here, we review the latest improvements of 3D hiPSC-based cell culture systems in the field of neuroscience. We focus on innovations for the generation of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia as well as endothelial cells and pericytes.
{"title":"Advancing Towards Physiologically Relevant Models of the Brain: Three-Dimensional Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-Based Cell Culture Systems in Neuroscience","authors":"Martina von der Bey, Ebru Ercan-Herbst","doi":"10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1290","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biggest challenges in the field of neurological disorders is the limited availability of freshly dissected human brain tissue. Therefore, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is important to develop human brain-like models to study the interaction of different brain cell types in health and disease. For physiologically relevant disease modeling, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems are of great importance because they provide a more representative in vivo-like micro-environment to the cells. The field of 3D cell culture systems using diverse hiPSC-derived cells is growing and gets steadily advanced. However, to this day, there is no cell culture model available that includes all brain cell types. Here, we review the latest improvements of 3D hiPSC-based cell culture systems in the field of neuroscience. We focus on innovations for the generation of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia as well as endothelial cells and pericytes.","PeriodicalId":94097,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology & neuromedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135470202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1291
Robert B. Slocum
{"title":"Narrative Medicine: A Communication Therapy for the Communication Disorder of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES)","authors":"Robert B. Slocum","doi":"10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94097,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology & neuromedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136026106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1289
Neda Jafri, Savanna Dasgupta, James E. Siegler
Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) revolutionized the treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Current guidelines published by multiple academic societies recommend EVT for eligible patients who present within 24 hours of the time last seen well. However, more recent data suggests that extending this window past 24 hours produces more favorable outcomes in specific patients presenting with anterior circulation LVO. More specifically, recent observational data indicates a higher probability of functional independence, functional improvement, and long-term survival with EVT when compared to best medical management. Based on the available data, there is unclear equipoise in randomizing all patients with acute ischemic stroke due to LVO to EVT or medical management. However, for those patients with large established infarction, distal occlusions, or well beyond the 24-hour window, randomized clinical trials are called upon to determine whether there is benefit of EVT in these patient groups. In this narrative review, we will summarize the most recent data on EVT in the ultra extended window (>24 hours after time last seen normal) and discuss further considerations of this treatment.
{"title":"Thrombectomy for proximal intracranial occlusion beyond 24 hours after time last seen normal: A narrative review","authors":"Neda Jafri, Savanna Dasgupta, James E. Siegler","doi":"10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2572.942x/2023/2.1289","url":null,"abstract":"Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) revolutionized the treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Current guidelines published by multiple academic societies recommend EVT for eligible patients who present within 24 hours of the time last seen well. However, more recent data suggests that extending this window past 24 hours produces more favorable outcomes in specific patients presenting with anterior circulation LVO. More specifically, recent observational data indicates a higher probability of functional independence, functional improvement, and long-term survival with EVT when compared to best medical management. Based on the available data, there is unclear equipoise in randomizing all patients with acute ischemic stroke due to LVO to EVT or medical management. However, for those patients with large established infarction, distal occlusions, or well beyond the 24-hour window, randomized clinical trials are called upon to determine whether there is benefit of EVT in these patient groups. In this narrative review, we will summarize the most recent data on EVT in the ultra extended window (>24 hours after time last seen normal) and discuss further considerations of this treatment.","PeriodicalId":94097,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology & neuromedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136026108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Bisaga, O. Gaykova, L. Onishchenko, A. Sobolev, T. Bukina, E. Zakharova, A. Sokolov, V. Ellinidi, A. Popov, I. Litvinenko
{"title":"A Case of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy with an Emphasis on Morphology","authors":"G. Bisaga, O. Gaykova, L. Onishchenko, A. Sobolev, T. Bukina, E. Zakharova, A. Sokolov, V. Ellinidi, A. Popov, I. Litvinenko","doi":"10.22606/NRM.2019.21001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22606/NRM.2019.21001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94097,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology & neuromedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83668228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian E Engdahl, Lisa M James, Ryan D Miller, Arthur C Leuthold, Scott M Lewis, Adam F Carpenter, Apostolos P Georgopoulos
GWI has affected a substantial number of Gulf War (GW) veterans. The disease involves several organ systems among which the brain is most prominent. Neurological, cognitive and mood-related (NCM) symptoms frequently dominate and are at the root of chronic ill-health and disability in veterans suffering from GWI. In addition, such symptoms frequently co-occur with diagnosable mental health disorders, predominantly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we investigated the possibility that increased GWI severity leads, above a threshold, to a diagnosable mental health disorder (excluding psychosis). For this purpose, we used, in separate analyses, symptom severity scores and resting-state brain functional connectivity patterns, as determined by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Two-hundred-thirty GW-era veterans participated in this study. They completed diagnostic interviews to establish the presence of GWI and assess mental health status. This distinguished 3 groups: healthy controls (N = 41), veterans with GWI and no mental illness (GWI group, N = 91), and veterans with both GWI and mental health disorder (GWI+MH, N = 98). For each veteran, symptom severity scores in the 6 GWI domains (fatigue, pain, NCM, skin, gastrointestinal, respiratory) were available as well as 9 summary measures of the distribution of Synchronous Neural Interactions (SNI) derived from the MEG recordings. We tested the hypothesis that, in the presence of GWI, the appearance of a diagnosable mental health disorder may depend on GWI symptom severity. For that purpose, we performed a logistic regression on the GWI population, where the presence (or absence) of the MH disorder was the dependent variable and the age- and gender-adjusted GWI severity in the 6-symptom domains were the predictors. The outcome was the probability that a participant will have MH disorder or not. Similarly, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the MH disorder can be predicted by the SNI distribution patterns by performing a second logistic regression as above but with the 9 SNI measures as predictors. We found GWI symptom severity differed significantly across groups (GWI+MH > GWI > Control). SNI distributions of the GWI group also differed significantly from the other groups in a systematic hemispheric pattern, such that the presence of GWI involved predominantly the left hemisphere, and presence of mental health disorders involved, in addition, the right hemisphere. Both logistic regressions yielded highly significant outcomes, demonstrating that both GWI symptom severity and SNI distribution measures can predict the presence of MH disorder in GWI. Remarkably, the prediction probabilities for MH presence derived from the symptom-based and SNI-based logistic regressions were positively and highly statistically significantly correlated. Taken together, both objective (neural) and subjective (symptoms) indices suggest that GWI is distinct from healthy controls and varies in severity in
{"title":"Brain Function in Gulf War Illness (GWI) and Associated Mental Health Comorbidities.","authors":"Brian E Engdahl, Lisa M James, Ryan D Miller, Arthur C Leuthold, Scott M Lewis, Adam F Carpenter, Apostolos P Georgopoulos","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>GWI has affected a substantial number of Gulf War (GW) veterans. The disease involves several organ systems among which the brain is most prominent. Neurological, cognitive and mood-related (NCM) symptoms frequently dominate and are at the root of chronic ill-health and disability in veterans suffering from GWI. In addition, such symptoms frequently co-occur with diagnosable mental health disorders, predominantly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we investigated the possibility that increased GWI severity leads, above a threshold, to a diagnosable mental health disorder (excluding psychosis). For this purpose, we used, in separate analyses, symptom severity scores and resting-state brain functional connectivity patterns, as determined by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Two-hundred-thirty GW-era veterans participated in this study. They completed diagnostic interviews to establish the presence of GWI and assess mental health status. This distinguished 3 groups: healthy controls (N = 41), veterans with GWI and no mental illness (GWI group, N = 91), and veterans with both GWI and mental health disorder (GWI+MH, N = 98). For each veteran, symptom severity scores in the 6 GWI domains (fatigue, pain, NCM, skin, gastrointestinal, respiratory) were available as well as 9 summary measures of the distribution of Synchronous Neural Interactions (SNI) derived from the MEG recordings. We tested the hypothesis that, in the presence of GWI, the appearance of a diagnosable mental health disorder may depend on GWI symptom severity. For that purpose, we performed a logistic regression on the GWI population, where the presence (or absence) of the MH disorder was the dependent variable and the age- and gender-adjusted GWI severity in the 6-symptom domains were the predictors. The outcome was the probability that a participant will have MH disorder or not. Similarly, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the MH disorder can be predicted by the SNI distribution patterns by performing a second logistic regression as above but with the 9 SNI measures as predictors. We found GWI symptom severity differed significantly across groups (GWI+MH > GWI > Control). SNI distributions of the GWI group also differed significantly from the other groups in a systematic hemispheric pattern, such that the presence of GWI involved predominantly the left hemisphere, and presence of mental health disorders involved, in addition, the right hemisphere. Both logistic regressions yielded highly significant outcomes, demonstrating that both GWI symptom severity and SNI distribution measures can predict the presence of MH disorder in GWI. Remarkably, the prediction probabilities for MH presence derived from the symptom-based and SNI-based logistic regressions were positively and highly statistically significantly correlated. Taken together, both objective (neural) and subjective (symptoms) indices suggest that GWI is distinct from healthy controls and varies in severity in ","PeriodicalId":94097,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology & neuromedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6417922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41177778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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