Pub Date : 2018-06-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73533
S. Đurović, Saša Šorgić, Saša Z. Popov, Marija Radojkovic, ZoranZeković
Urtica dioica L. is perennial plant with remarkable medical properties and has been widely used in folk medicine and as a food. Fatty acids presented in its leaves were extracted applying three different techniques: classic, automated Soxhlet, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE was performed at three different pressures (100, 200, and 300 bar) and two different temperatures (40 and 60°C). Obtained extract was analyzed using GC-FID analytical technique in order to obtain fatty acid profile samples. The highest yield was obtained in the case of automated Soxhlet extraction (218.907 mg/g), while the lowest was observed in the case of classic extraction (15.031 mg/g). Soxhlet approach pro- vided the highest yield of saturated fatty acids (173.348 mg/g), while supercritical fluid extraction gave better results in the case of unsaturated fatty acids (60.062 mg/g). Deeper analysis of SFE extracts revealed relationship between extraction parameters (tempera-ture and pressure) and yields of fatty acids where lower pressure ensured higher yield of unsaturated while higher pressure gave higher yield of saturated acids. On the other hand, increasing in temperature at isobaric conditions negatively influenced the yield of fatty acids except in the case of 300 bar where yield was higher at 60°C.
{"title":"Isolation and GC Analysis of Fatty Acids: Study Case of Stinging Nettle Leaves","authors":"S. Đurović, Saša Šorgić, Saša Z. Popov, Marija Radojkovic, ZoranZeković","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73533","url":null,"abstract":"Urtica dioica L. is perennial plant with remarkable medical properties and has been widely used in folk medicine and as a food. Fatty acids presented in its leaves were extracted applying three different techniques: classic, automated Soxhlet, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE was performed at three different pressures (100, 200, and 300 bar) and two different temperatures (40 and 60°C). Obtained extract was analyzed using GC-FID analytical technique in order to obtain fatty acid profile samples. The highest yield was obtained in the case of automated Soxhlet extraction (218.907 mg/g), while the lowest was observed in the case of classic extraction (15.031 mg/g). Soxhlet approach pro- vided the highest yield of saturated fatty acids (173.348 mg/g), while supercritical fluid extraction gave better results in the case of unsaturated fatty acids (60.062 mg/g). Deeper analysis of SFE extracts revealed relationship between extraction parameters (tempera-ture and pressure) and yields of fatty acids where lower pressure ensured higher yield of unsaturated while higher pressure gave higher yield of saturated acids. On the other hand, increasing in temperature at isobaric conditions negatively influenced the yield of fatty acids except in the case of 300 bar where yield was higher at 60°C.","PeriodicalId":9590,"journal":{"name":"Carboxylic Acid - Key Role in Life Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90428546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77021
G. Badea, G. Radu
The carboxyl group consisting of a carbonyl (C=O) with a hydroxyl group (O–H) attached to the same carbon atom and is usually written as –COOH or CO2H. The compounds presenting two or more carboxylic groups are called dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic acids, while their salts and esters are called carboxylates. By the nature of the radical, they can be classified into saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic acids. In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature, carboxylic acids have an “-oic acid” suffix added to hydrocarbons having the same number of carbon atoms. Still, some organic acids are called by their common name, for example, formic acid and acetic acid.
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Carboxylic Acids - Key Role in Life Sciences","authors":"G. Badea, G. Radu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77021","url":null,"abstract":"The carboxyl group consisting of a carbonyl (C=O) with a hydroxyl group (O–H) attached to the same carbon atom and is usually written as –COOH or CO2H. The compounds presenting two or more carboxylic groups are called dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic acids, while their salts and esters are called carboxylates. By the nature of the radical, they can be classified into saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic acids. In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature, carboxylic acids have an “-oic acid” suffix added to hydrocarbons having the same number of carbon atoms. Still, some organic acids are called by their common name, for example, formic acid and acetic acid.","PeriodicalId":9590,"journal":{"name":"Carboxylic Acid - Key Role in Life Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78375095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73033
J. Gerke
The excretion of di- and tricarboxylates by roots of higher plants represents a very efficientwaytoacquirephosphate(P)fromsoils,whicharelowinavailableP.Despitetheextensiveexperimentalworkinevaluatingtheeffectofcarboxylatesontheacquisi Pacquisitionbyhigherplants.
{"title":"The Excretion of Di- and Tricarboxylic Acids by Roots of Higher Plants Can Strongly Improve the Acquisition of Phosphate (P) by Plants in P-Fixing Soils","authors":"J. Gerke","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73033","url":null,"abstract":"The excretion of di- and tricarboxylates by roots of higher plants represents a very efficientwaytoacquirephosphate(P)fromsoils,whicharelowinavailableP.Despitetheextensiveexperimentalworkinevaluatingtheeffectofcarboxylatesontheacquisi Pacquisitionbyhigherplants.","PeriodicalId":9590,"journal":{"name":"Carboxylic Acid - Key Role in Life Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76095722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74543
Kouichi Matsumoto, Rina Yanagi, Y. Oe
In this chapter, recent advances in the synthesis of carboxylic acid esters are summarized based on the utilization of carboxylic acids as electrophiles or nucleophiles in reactions. Condensation reagents or catalysts connect the carboxylic acids with the alcohols to afford the corresponding esters, together with the formation of 1 equiv. of H2O, in which the carboxylic acids can be regarded as the electrophile. In contrast, the carboxylate ion intermediates derived from the carboxylic acids react with alkyl halides, carbocations, or their equivalents to produce the esters, in which the carboxylate ions from the carboxylic acids can be regarded as the nucleophile. This chapter mainly introduces the recent progress in this field of the formation of esters, based on the classification of the role of carboxylic acids in reactions.
{"title":"Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Esters","authors":"Kouichi Matsumoto, Rina Yanagi, Y. Oe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74543","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, recent advances in the synthesis of carboxylic acid esters are summarized based on the utilization of carboxylic acids as electrophiles or nucleophiles in reactions. Condensation reagents or catalysts connect the carboxylic acids with the alcohols to afford the corresponding esters, together with the formation of 1 equiv. of H2O, in which the carboxylic acids can be regarded as the electrophile. In contrast, the carboxylate ion intermediates derived from the carboxylic acids react with alkyl halides, carbocations, or their equivalents to produce the esters, in which the carboxylate ions from the carboxylic acids can be regarded as the nucleophile. This chapter mainly introduces the recent progress in this field of the formation of esters, based on the classification of the role of carboxylic acids in reactions.","PeriodicalId":9590,"journal":{"name":"Carboxylic Acid - Key Role in Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89864140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74654
A. Sáenz‐Galindo, L. López-López, Fabiola N. de la Cruz Duran, A. Castañeda-Facio, Leticia A. Rámirez-Mendoza, K. Córdova-Cisneros, Denisse de Loera-Carrera
Carboxylic acids are versatile organic compounds. In this chapter is presented a current overview of the use of carboxylic acids in a different area as organic synthesis, nanotech -nology, and polymers. The application carboxylic acids in these areas are: obtaining of small molecules, macromolecules, synthetic or natural polymers, modification surface of nanoparticles metallic, modification surface of nanostructure such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, nanomaterials, medical field, pharmacy, etc. Carboxylic acids can be natural and synthetic, can be extracted or synthesized, presented chemical structure highly polar, active in organic reactions, as substitution, elimination, oxidation, coupling, etc. In nano technology, the use of acid carboxylic as surface modifiers to promote the dispersion and incorporation of metallic nanoparticles or carbon nanostructure, in the area of polymer car boxylic acids present applications such monomers, additives, catalysts, etc. The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of carboxylic acids in different areas, high lighting the area of organic synthesis, nanotechnology and polymers and its applications.
{"title":"Applications of Carboxylic Acids in Organic Synthesis, Nanotechnology and Polymers","authors":"A. Sáenz‐Galindo, L. López-López, Fabiola N. de la Cruz Duran, A. Castañeda-Facio, Leticia A. Rámirez-Mendoza, K. Córdova-Cisneros, Denisse de Loera-Carrera","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74654","url":null,"abstract":"Carboxylic acids are versatile organic compounds. In this chapter is presented a current overview of the use of carboxylic acids in a different area as organic synthesis, nanotech -nology, and polymers. The application carboxylic acids in these areas are: obtaining of small molecules, macromolecules, synthetic or natural polymers, modification surface of nanoparticles metallic, modification surface of nanostructure such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, nanomaterials, medical field, pharmacy, etc. Carboxylic acids can be natural and synthetic, can be extracted or synthesized, presented chemical structure highly polar, active in organic reactions, as substitution, elimination, oxidation, coupling, etc. In nano technology, the use of acid carboxylic as surface modifiers to promote the dispersion and incorporation of metallic nanoparticles or carbon nanostructure, in the area of polymer car boxylic acids present applications such monomers, additives, catalysts, etc. The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of carboxylic acids in different areas, high lighting the area of organic synthesis, nanotechnology and polymers and its applications.","PeriodicalId":9590,"journal":{"name":"Carboxylic Acid - Key Role in Life Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80001541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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