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Single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of glial cells in human dorsal root ganglia 人类背根神经节胶质细胞的单核转录组图谱
Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00015-5
Donghang Zhang, Yiyong Wei, Yali Chen, Hongjun Chen, Jin Li, Yaoxin Yang, Cheng Zhou

Purpose

Glial cells play a crucial role in regulating physiological and pathological functions, such as sensation, infections, acute injuries, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the recent understanding of glial subtypes and functional heterogeneity in central nervous system via single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the adult human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have not yet been characterized at single-cell resolution.

Methods

We used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells (SCs) in the human DRG, and further compared these human findings with those from mice. The expression profiles of classical marker genes of peripheral somatosensory system in glial cells were examined in human and mouse DRG. Additionally, the functional properties of the enriched genes in glial cells and their subtypes were also explored by Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis.

Results

Human DRG cells were initially classified into 11 clusters based on their distinct transcriptional characteristics. SGCs and SCs were identified through their representative marker genes. SGCs were further classified into six subclusters, while SCs were classified into seven subclusters. The comparison with mouse transcriptomic profiles revealed an overall similarity between the two species, while simultaneously highlighting some degree of heterogeneity in specific genes.

Conclusions

This atlas comprehensively profiled glial cell heterogeneity and provides a powerful resource for investigating the cellular basis of physiological and pathological conditions associated with DRG glial cells.

Graphical Abstract

目的神经胶质细胞在调节感觉、感染、急性损伤和慢性神经退行性疾病等生理和病理功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管近年来人们通过单细胞/核 RNA 测序了解了中枢神经系统中神经胶质细胞的亚型和功能异质性,但成人背根神经节(DRG)中神经胶质细胞的转录组图谱尚未在单细胞分辨率上得到表征。我们利用高通量单核 RNA 测序技术绘制了人背根神经节中卫星胶质细胞(SGC)和许旺细胞(SC)的细胞和分子异质性图谱,并进一步将这些人类研究结果与小鼠的研究结果进行了比较。研究还考察了人和小鼠 DRG 神经胶质细胞中外周躯体感觉系统经典标记基因的表达谱。此外,还通过基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)术语分析探讨了神经胶质细胞及其亚型中富集基因的功能特性。SGCs和SCs是通过其代表性标记基因确定的。SGCs 进一步分为六个亚群,而 SCs 则分为七个亚群。结论 该图谱全面描述了神经胶质细胞的异质性,为研究与DRG神经胶质细胞相关的生理和病理状况的细胞基础提供了强大的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Preoperative anxiety and postoperative adverse events: a narrative overview 术前焦虑与术后不良事件:叙述性概述
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00019-1
Kun Ni, Jiankun Zhu, Zhengliang Ma

Patients awaiting surgical procedures often experience obvious anxiety due to discomfort and uncertain events, which is one of the most common clinical manifestations in perioperative patients. Numerous studies have confirmed that preoperative anxiety is closely related to the occurrence of postoperative adverse events, such as insomnia, pain, nausea and vomiting and neurocognitive dysfunction. Appropriate intervention or treatment for preoperative anxiety may contribute to reducing the incidence of postoperative adverse events. Although people have long known about the negative effects of preoperative anxiety and have taken certain measures, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. In this paper, we focus on several typical postoperative adverse events that are, particularly concerning to anesthesiologists, review their relationships with preoperative anxiety, describe the intervention strategies and provide a certain summary and outlook.

等待接受外科手术的患者往往会因不适和不确定事件而产生明显的焦虑,这是围术期患者最常见的临床表现之一。大量研究证实,术前焦虑与失眠、疼痛、恶心呕吐和神经认知功能障碍等术后不良事件的发生密切相关。对术前焦虑进行适当的干预或治疗可能有助于降低术后不良事件的发生率。尽管人们很早就知道术前焦虑的负面影响并采取了一些措施,但其潜在机制仍有待全面阐明。在本文中,我们将重点讨论几种麻醉医生特别关注的典型术后不良事件,回顾它们与术前焦虑的关系,介绍干预策略,并进行一定的总结和展望。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Analysis of sleep deprivation-associated Homer1 gene and protein acting on synaptic plasticity by bioinformatics and animal experiments 更正:通过生物信息学和动物实验分析与睡眠剥夺有关的 Homer1 基因和蛋白对突触可塑性的作用
Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00026-2
Yun Li, Lina Zhao, Qi Zhou, Xizhe Zhang, Jiannan Song, Xinyi Wang, Chenyi Yang, Haiyun Wang
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引用次数: 0
Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries: anaesthesia management for a double heart valve replacement 先天性大动脉转位:双心脏瓣膜置换术的麻醉管理
Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00025-3
Bingling Dai, Xiang Liu, Xiang Zhao, Evelyne Bischof, Jiajun Ding, Huihong Lu

Purpose

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare disease that is complicated by a variety of tachyarrhythmias or atrioventricular blocks and cardiac malformations. Anesthesia management is a challenge, especially in ccTGA patients with complications. Herein, we reported a case of ccTGA.

Methods

Multimodal general anesthesia combined with transversus thoracic muscle plane block (TTMPB), use of low-dose opioids and adjuvant medications, lung protective ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs and close perioperative monitoring were employed for the peri-operative management of this patient.

Results

The patient was safely returned to the ward and did not develop serious complications. Fourteen days after surgery, the patient recovered well and was discharged.

Conclusions

For patients undergoing a secondary cardiac surgery for ccTGA, preoperative evaluation of etiology of ccTGA is very important. Anesthesia management based on the surgical method and intraoperative vital signs and the postoperative real-time monitoring are also crucial for the post-operative recovery of these patients.

目的先天性大动脉转位矫正术(ccTGA)是一种罕见疾病,可并发各种快速性心律失常或房室传导阻滞和心脏畸形。麻醉管理是一项挑战,尤其是对伴有并发症的ccTGA患者。方法采用多模式全身麻醉联合胸横肌平面阻滞(TTMPB)、使用小剂量阿片类药物和辅助药物、肺保护性通气、使用血管活性药物和严密的围术期监测,对该患者进行围术期管理。结论对于因ccTGA接受二次心脏手术的患者,术前评估ccTGA的病因非常重要。基于手术方法和术中生命体征的麻醉管理以及术后实时监测对这些患者的术后恢复也至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Perioperative use of gabapentinoids in pediatric patients 在儿科患者围手术期使用加巴喷丁类药物
Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00024-4
Nicholas E. Burjek, Michael Hafeman, David Guthrie, Amruta Desai, Zhaosheng Jin, Megan Brockel, Robert Moore

Effective management of pediatric perioperative pain is typically goal-directed and multimodal, requiring various imperfect agents in combination to provide analgesia and support recovery. Gabapentinoids are one such class of agents often used in pediatric analgesic and enhanced recovery pathways. In adults, gabapentinoids have been associated with a modest reduction in pain scores but are often avoided due to undesired side effects. Children may be less susceptible to these unwanted effects, and the reduction in pain, agitation, and post-operative nausea and vomiting seen with these medications may confer significant benefit. While further studies are needed, to date there is no evidence to suggest a significantly increased risk of adverse effects in generally healthy children treated with gabapentinoids in the perioperative period. Although current evidence does not support their indiscriminate use, there appears to be a subset of pediatric surgical patients who stand to benefit from perioperative gabapentinoids. Pediatric use should not be abandoned, but rather further investigated to support thoughtful goal-directed application.

Graphical Abstract

小儿围手术期疼痛的有效治疗通常是以目标为导向的多模式治疗,需要各种不完全制剂的组合来提供镇痛和支持恢复。加巴喷丁类药物就是一类常用于儿科镇痛和促进康复的药物。在成人中,加巴喷丁类药物可适度降低疼痛评分,但由于其不良副作用,通常不被使用。儿童可能不太容易受到这些副作用的影响,使用这些药物可减轻疼痛、躁动以及术后恶心和呕吐,可能会带来显著的益处。虽然还需要进一步的研究,但迄今为止还没有证据表明在围手术期使用加巴喷丁类药物治疗一般健康的儿童会明显增加不良反应的风险。虽然目前的证据并不支持滥用加巴喷丁类药物,但似乎有一部分儿科手术患者可以从围术期加巴喷丁类药物中获益。不应该放弃在儿科使用这种药物,而应该对其进行进一步研究,以支持以目标为导向的周到应用。
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引用次数: 0
Cerebral haemodynamics, anaesthesia and the frail brain 脑血流动力学、麻醉和脆弱的大脑
Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00020-8
Samuel C. Barnes, Lucy C. Beishon, Md Tanvir Hasan, Thompson G. Robinson, Jatinder S. Minhas
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引用次数: 0
Allergic and other adverse reactions to drugs used in anesthesia and surgery 对麻醉和手术所用药物的过敏反应和其他不良反应
Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00018-2
Brian A. Baldo
<div><p>The list of drugs patients may be exposed to during the perioperative and postoperative periods is potentially extensive. It includes induction agents, neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs), opioids, antibiotics, sugammadex, colloids, local anesthetics, polypeptides, antifibrinolytic agents, heparin and related anticoagulants, blue dyes, chlorhexidine, and a range of other agents depending on several factors related to individual patients’ clinical condition and progress in the postoperative recovery period. To avoid poor or ultrarapid metabolizers to a particular drug (for example tramadol and codeine) or possible adverse drug reactions (ADRs), some drugs may need to be avoided during or after surgery. This will be the case for patients with a history of anaphylaxis or other adverse events/intolerances to a known drug. Other drugs may be ceased for a period before surgery, e.g., anticoagulants that increase the chance of bleeding; diuretics for patients with acute renal failure; antihypertensives relative to kidney injury after major vascular surgery; and serotonergic drugs that together with some opioids may rarely induce serotonin toxicity. Studies of germline variations shown by genotyping and phenotyping to identify a predisposition of genetic factors to ADRs offer an increasingly important approach to individualize drug therapy. Studies of associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes with some serious delayed immune-mediated reactions are ongoing and variations of drug-metabolizing cytochrome CYP450 enzymes, P-glycoprotein, and catechol-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase show promise for the assessment of ADRs and non-responses to drugs, particularly opioids and other analgesics. Surveys of ADRs from an increasing number of institutions often cover small numbers of patients, are retrospective in nature, fail to clearly identify culprit drugs, and do not adequately distinguish immune-mediated from non-immune-mediated anaphylactoid reactions. From the many surveys undertaken, the large list of agents identified during and after anesthesia and surgery are examined for their ADR involvement. Drugs are classified into those most often involved, (NMBD and antibiotics); drugs that are becoming more frequently implicated, namely antibiotics (particularly teicoplanin), and blue dyes; those becoming less frequently involved; and drugs more rarely involved in perioperative, and postoperative adverse reactions but still important and necessary to keep in mind for the occasional potential sensitive patient. Clinicians should be aware of the similarities between drug-induced true allergic type I IgE/FcεRI- and pseudoallergic MRGPRX2-mediated ADRs, the clinical features of each, and their distinguishing characteristics. Procedures for identifying MRGPRX2 agonists and diagnosing and distinguishing pseudoallergic from allergic reaction mechanisms are discussed.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3> <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><i
患者在围手术期和术后可能接触到的药物可能非常多。其中包括诱导剂、神经肌肉阻滞药(NMBDs)、阿片类药物、抗生素、舒格迈司、胶体、局部麻醉剂、多肽、抗纤维蛋白溶解剂、肝素和相关抗凝剂、蓝色染料、洗必泰,以及一系列其他药物,这取决于与患者个人临床状况和术后恢复期进展有关的多个因素。为避免对特定药物(如曲马多和可待因)代谢不良或超速代谢或可能出现的药物不良反应(ADR),手术期间或术后可能需要避免使用某些药物。对于有过敏性休克史或对已知药物有其他不良反应/不耐受史的患者,就属于这种情况。其他药物也可能在手术前停用一段时间,例如:增加出血机会的抗凝剂;急性肾功能衰竭患者的利尿剂;大血管手术后肾脏损伤的降压药;以及血清素能药物,这些药物与某些阿片类药物一起可能会罕见地诱发血清素中毒。通过基因分型和表型对种系变异进行研究,以确定ADRs的遗传易感性,为个体化药物治疗提供了一种日益重要的方法。人类白细胞抗原(HLA)基因与一些严重的迟发性免疫介导反应的关联研究正在进行中,药物代谢细胞色素CYP450酶、P-糖蛋白和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶的变异也为评估药物(尤其是阿片类药物和其他镇痛药)的不良反应和非反应带来了希望。越来越多的机构开展的 ADR 调查通常只涉及少量患者,属于回顾性调查,无法明确确定罪魁祸首药物,也不能充分区分免疫介导和非免疫介导的过敏性反应。在所进行的多项调查中,我们对麻醉和手术过程中和手术后发现的大量药物进行了研究,以确定其是否涉及过敏反应。药物分为最常涉及的药物(NMBD 和抗生素);越来越常涉及的药物,即抗生素(尤其是替考拉宁)和蓝色染料;越来越少涉及的药物;以及较少涉及围术期和术后不良反应的药物,但对于偶尔有潜在敏感性的病人来说,这些药物仍然重要且有必要牢记。临床医生应了解药物诱导的真正过敏性 IgE/FcεRI 型 ADR 与假性过敏性 MRGPRX2 介导的 ADR 之间的相似之处、每种 ADR 的临床特征及其区别特征。讨论了识别 MRGPRX2 激动剂以及诊断和区分假性过敏与过敏反应机制的程序。
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引用次数: 0
Red hair and pain sensitivity: insights into genomics of pain? 红发与疼痛敏感性:疼痛基因组学的启示?
Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00017-3
Hannah R. Williams, Jaideep J. Pandit

Purpose

To present a review of insights gained from investigating the question as to whether red haired individuals have altered sensitivity to pain.

Methods

A narrative review of the literature.

Results

Anecdotal observations from anaesthesiologists have suggested that individuals with red hair require more analgesia on average than members of the general population. This observation has been confirmed and the redheaded phenotype is associated with an altered sensitivity to pain across a wide range of different pain types. Through the use of mouse models, a central mechanism for this altered pain sensitivity has been proposed involving both the melanocortin and opioid receptor systems, despite the causative mutation for this phenotype occurring in melanocortin 1 receptors (MC1Rs) on peripheral melanocytes.

Conclusions

Understanding the endocrine imbalance caused by this loss of function mutation helps us to further explore the mechanisms behind pain sensitivity. It also facilitates a discussion about how pharmacogenomics can be exploited to personalise and subsequently optimise treatment.

Graphical Abstract

目的综述研究红发人群对疼痛的敏感性是否会改变这一问题所获得的见解。结果麻醉师的轶事观察表明,红发人群平均需要比普通人群更多的镇痛剂。这一观察结果已得到证实,红发表型与多种不同疼痛类型的疼痛敏感性改变有关。通过使用小鼠模型,尽管这种表型的致病突变发生在外周黑色素细胞上的黑色素皮质素 1 受体(MC1Rs),但这种疼痛敏感性改变的中心机制已被提出,其中涉及黑色素皮质素和阿片受体系统。它还有助于我们讨论如何利用药物基因组学来实现个性化治疗,进而优化治疗。
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引用次数: 0
A serious video game—EmergenCSim™—for novice anesthesia trainees to learn how to perform general anesthesia for emergency cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial 用于麻醉新手学员学习如何为紧急剖宫产实施全身麻醉的严肃视频游戏--EmergenCSim™:随机对照试验
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00016-4
Allison J. Lee, Stephanie Goodman, Beatriz Corradini, Sophie Cohn, Madhabi Chatterji, Ruth Landau

Purpose

We developed EmergenCSim™, a serious game (SG) with an embedded assessment, to teach and assess performing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery. We hypothesized that first-year anesthesiology trainees (CA-1) playing EmergenCSim™ would yield superior knowledge scores versus controls, and EmergenCSim™ and high-fidelity simulation (HFS) assessments would correlate.

Methods

This was a single-blinded, longitudinal randomized experiment. Following a lecture (week 3), trainees took a multiple-choice question (MCQ) test (week 4) and were randomized to play EmergenCSim™ (N = 26) or a non-content specific SG (N = 23). Participants repeated the MCQ test (week 8). Between month 3 and 12, all repeated the MCQ test, played EmergenCSim™ and participated in HFS of an identical scenario. HFS performance was rated using a behavior checklist.

Results

There was no significant change in mean MCQ scores over time between groups F (2, 94) = 0.870, p = 0.42, and no main effect on MCQ scores, F (1, 47) = 1.110, p = 0.20. There was significant three-way interaction between time, gender and group, F (2, 90) = 3.042, p = 0.053, and significant two-way interaction between gender and time on MCQ scores, F (2, 94) = 107.77, p = 0.036; outcomes improved over time among males. There was no group difference in HFS checklist and SG scores. Both instruments demonstrated good internal consistency reliability but non-significant score correlation.

Conclusions

Playing EmergenCSim™ once did not improve MCQ scores; nonetheless scores slightly improved among males over time, suggesting gender may impact learning outcomes with SGs.

目的我们开发了一款内嵌评估功能的严肃游戏(SG)--EmergenCSim™,用于教授和评估剖宫产全身麻醉。我们假设,与对照组相比,一年级麻醉学受训者(CA-1)玩 EmergenCSim™ 会获得更高的知识分数,而且 EmergenCSim™ 和高保真模拟 (HFS) 评估会相互关联。讲座结束后(第 3 周),受训者参加多项选择题(MCQ)测试(第 4 周),然后被随机分配到 EmergenCSim™(26 人)或非内容特定的 SG(23 人)游戏中。参与者重复进行 MCQ 测试(第 8 周)。第 3 个月至第 12 个月期间,所有参与者都重复了 MCQ 测试,玩了 EmergenCSim™,并参加了相同情景的 HFS。结果各组之间的 MCQ 平均得分随时间变化不大,F(2,94)= 0.870,p=0.42;MCQ 分数无主效应,F(1,47)= 1.110,p=0.20。在 MCQ 分数上,时间、性别和组别之间存在明显的三方交互作用,F (2, 90) = 3.042,p = 0.053;在 MCQ 分数上,性别和时间之间存在明显的双向交互作用,F (2, 94) = 107.77,p = 0.036;随着时间的推移,男性的结果有所改善。HFS核对表和SG得分没有组间差异。结论玩一次 EmergenCSim™ 并未提高 MCQ 分数;不过,随着时间的推移,男性的分数略有提高,这表明性别可能会影响 SG 的学习效果。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting in thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis 双侧颈浅神经丛阻滞对甲状腺手术术后疼痛、恶心和呕吐的影响:系统综述和荟萃分析
Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1007/s44254-023-00012-8
Yujing Cai, Lidan Nong, Haifeng Li, Quehua Luo, Yi Zhu, Haihua Shu

Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) is widely used in thyroid surgery. However, its ability to reduce patients’ perioperative pain remains controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the value of using BSCPB perioperatively for thyroid surgery by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant clinical studies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we conducted comprehensive searches in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to collect all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used BSCPB for thyroid surgery. The included studies were then analyzed for heterogeneity using the chi-square test, and studies with large heterogeneity were subjected to subgroup or sensitivity analyses. Treatment effects were measured using odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 19 RCTs with 1,365 patients who underwent thyroid surgery (713 and 652 patients in the BSCPB and control groups, respectively) were included in this systematic review. Most of the studies reported that cervical plexus blocks were used preoperatively, and the main drugs used were 0.25–0.75% ropivacaine or bupivacaine. The BSCPB procedure could significantly reduce visual analog scale scores in the immediate (WMD: −1.12, 95% CI: −1.51 to −0.73, P < 0.00001), 6-h (WMD: −1.06, 95% CI: −1.60 to −0.53, P = 0.0001) and 24-h (WMD: −0.87, 95% CI: −1.29 to −0.45, P < 0.0001) postoperative period and also reduce opioid requirements for patients in the post-anesthesia care unit (50.99% vs 72.92%, OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.52, P < 0.0001) and in the wards (39.80% vs 59.79%, OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.59, P = 0.001). Additionally, BSCPB reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.87, P = 0.01). Due to the large heterogeneity, the results only suggest decrease use of intraoperative fentanyl and postoperative morphine in the BSCPB group. The use of BSCPB alleviates of postoperative pain, opioid requirement, and reduces incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who have undergone thyroid surgery. More clinical studies are needed for further conclusions.

双侧颈浅神经丛阻滞(BSCPB)被广泛应用于甲状腺手术。然而,其减轻患者围手术期疼痛的能力仍存在争议。因此,本研究旨在通过对相关临床研究进行系统回顾和荟萃分析,探讨甲状腺手术围手术期使用 BSCPB 的价值。在本系统综述和荟萃分析中,我们在 PubMed、Embase 和 Cochrane Library 数据库中进行了全面检索,以收集所有在甲状腺手术中使用 BSCPB 的随机对照试验 (RCT)。然后使用卡方检验对纳入的研究进行异质性分析,并对异质性较大的研究进行亚组或敏感性分析。治疗效果采用几率比(OR)或加权平均差(WMD)和95%置信区间(CI)来衡量。本系统综述共纳入了19项RCT研究,共有1365名患者接受了甲状腺手术(BSCPB组和对照组分别有713名和652名患者)。大多数研究报告称术前使用了颈丛阻滞,主要药物为 0.25-0.75% 罗哌卡因或布比卡因。BSCPB程序可显著降低即刻(WMD:-1.12,95% CI:-1.51至-0.73,P < 0.00001)、6 h(WMD:-1.06,95% CI:-1.60至-0.53,P = 0.0001)和24 h(WMD:-0.87,95% CI:-1.29至-0.45, P < 0.0001),同时减少麻醉后护理病房(50.99% vs 72.92%,OR:0.3,95% CI:0.17 to 0.52,P < 0.0001)和病房(39.80% vs 59.79%,OR:0.27,95% CI:0.12 to 0.59,P = 0.001)患者的阿片类药物需求。此外,BSCPB 还降低了术后恶心和呕吐的发生率(OR:0.50,95% CI:0.29 至 0.87,P = 0.01)。由于异质性较大,研究结果仅表明 BSCPB 组减少了术中芬太尼和术后吗啡的使用。使用 BSCPB 可减轻甲状腺手术患者的术后疼痛、阿片类药物需求,并降低术后恶心和呕吐的发生率。进一步的结论还需要更多的临床研究。
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Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science
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