Pub Date : 1973-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(73)90003-1
Ronald J. Brooks , Edwin M. Banks
The acoustic behaviour of collared lemmings was investigated in a laboratory study. Observations were conducted on behaviour of lemmings in a variety of test situations including: paired intraspecific male-male, male-oestrous female and male-dioestrous female encounters in an arena unfamiliar to both animals; paired intraspecific male-oestrous female encounters in the female's home cage; groups of lemmings in large enclosures; isolated, adult lemmings exposed to several stimulus situations; isolated pups subjected to a series of tests during development and mother-neonate interactions.
A repertoire of the acoustic behaviour of lemmings was established and catalogued according to both physical and auditive properties of the several calls described, as well as the behavioural context in which the calls occurred. Physical analysis was accomplished using spectrographic and oscillographic measurements of calls recorded on tape. Ontogeny of the vocalizations was traced from birth to maturity. Sexual and individual variation in the sounds was also investigated.
An attempt was made to determine the communicative function of each sound by correlating its occurrence with twenty previously defined non-vocal acts and postures and by observing responses of other lemmings to the calls. Detailed quantitative analysis was applied to the data, but interpretation of results of this analysis was limited by lack of knowledge concerning the perceptual capabilities of lemmings.
The following results were obtained:
1.
(1) Six distinct types of sounds were recognized; ultrasonic chirp, ultrasonic mating twitter, huh-huh call, tooth-chatter, squeal-squawkgrind complex and a group of less defined sounds classified into four sub-types: peeps, whines, mechanically produced sounds and an assortment of snorts, chuckles, pops and snarls.
2.
(2) The first three types listed above were associated with relatively specific behavioural contexts. Ultrasonic chirps were given exclusively by pups less than 15 days old in response to cold stress and brief, non-painful tactile stimuli. This vocalization apparently aided the dam in noticing and locating pups which had fallen out of the nest.
3.
(3) The ultrasonic mating twitter was emitted only by adults performing male-like sexual behaviour such as mounting, chasing and allogrooming. This call indicated that the caller was sexually aroused.
4.
(4) Huh-huh calls were given by adult lemmings when they detected the presence of a predator. The call accompanied an erratic, explosive leaping behaviour which apparently served to distract the predator and allow the lemming more time to escape.
5.
(5) Tooth-chatter was associated with threat behaviour and increased excitation.
{"title":"Behavioural Biology of the Collared Lemming [Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Trail)]: An Analysis of Acoustic Communication","authors":"Ronald J. Brooks , Edwin M. Banks","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90003-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The acoustic behaviour of collared lemmings was investigated in a laboratory study. Observations were conducted on behaviour of lemmings in a variety of test situations including: paired intraspecific male-male, male-oestrous female and male-dioestrous female encounters in an arena unfamiliar to both animals; paired intraspecific male-oestrous female encounters in the female's home cage; groups of lemmings in large enclosures; isolated, adult lemmings exposed to several stimulus situations; isolated pups subjected to a series of tests during development and mother-neonate interactions.</p><p>A repertoire of the acoustic behaviour of lemmings was established and catalogued according to both physical and auditive properties of the several calls described, as well as the behavioural context in which the calls occurred. Physical analysis was accomplished using spectrographic and oscillographic measurements of calls recorded on tape. Ontogeny of the vocalizations was traced from birth to maturity. Sexual and individual variation in the sounds was also investigated.</p><p>An attempt was made to determine the communicative function of each sound by correlating its occurrence with twenty previously defined non-vocal acts and postures and by observing responses of other lemmings to the calls. Detailed quantitative analysis was applied to the data, but interpretation of results of this analysis was limited by lack of knowledge concerning the perceptual capabilities of lemmings.</p><p>The following results were obtained: </p><ul><li><span>1.</span><span><p>(1) Six distinct types of sounds were recognized; ultrasonic chirp, ultrasonic mating twitter, huh-huh call, tooth-chatter, squeal-squawkgrind complex and a group of less defined sounds classified into four sub-types: peeps, whines, mechanically produced sounds and an assortment of snorts, chuckles, pops and snarls.</p></span></li><li><span>2.</span><span><p>(2) The first three types listed above were associated with relatively specific behavioural contexts. Ultrasonic chirps were given exclusively by pups less than 15 days old in response to cold stress and brief, non-painful tactile stimuli. This vocalization apparently aided the dam in noticing and locating pups which had fallen out of the nest.</p></span></li><li><span>3.</span><span><p>(3) The ultrasonic mating twitter was emitted only by adults performing male-like sexual behaviour such as mounting, chasing and allogrooming. This call indicated that the caller was sexually aroused.</p></span></li><li><span>4.</span><span><p>(4) Huh-huh calls were given by adult lemmings when they detected the presence of a predator. The call accompanied an erratic, explosive leaping behaviour which apparently served to distract the predator and allow the lemming more time to escape.</p></span></li><li><span>5.</span><span><p>(5) Tooth-chatter was associated with threat behaviour and increased excitation.</p></span></li><li><span>6.</span><span><p>(6) Squeals","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 1-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0003-3472(73)90003-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90440161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(73)90004-3
R.Haven Wiley
Section I. Previous work has indicated that sage grouse Centrocercus wophasianus practice extreme polygyny (Simon 1940; Scott 1942; Patterson 1952; Lumsden 1968). The behavioural interactions that regulate this mating system have remained unclear, as the males' behaviour suggests both territoriality and dominance hierarchy.
Section II. A basic difference between territorial and hierarchical social systems involves the extent to which the constituent individuals' relationships are polarized, rather than reciprocal. In a dominance hierarchy the interactions between individuals are polarized; territorial individuals typically interact reciprocally. Nevertheless, interactions among territorial individuals can incorporate two kinds of polarity: territorial dominance, as each individual dominates his neighbours inside his own territory but is subordinate to them in their territories; and polarized territoriality, when territorial individuals established in preferred areas prevent other territorial individuals from occupying these areas. The indications of reciprocity and polarity in the interactions of male sage grouse are investigated in this paper to clarify the expression of territoriality and dominance hierarchy in their social organization.
Sections III to VI. Sage grouse gather for mating at communal display grounds, or leks, at traditional sites on sagebrush prairie. Although females arrive for mating primarily during 2 or 3 weeks in late March and April, males usually attend the leks regularly from February or March into May. Every morning and evening and often all night the males occupy small territories (13 to 100 m2) defined by boundary zones in which neighbours meet for facing-past encounters and wing-fighting (behaviour patterns are described in Section IV). Within their territories males repeatedly perform an elaborate, stereotyped display, the strut.
I studied three leks with different numbers of attending males (154, 30 and 260), one lek each spring from 1967 to 1969. Time-lapse cinematography was used to record the males' positions and activities.
Females congregate in dense packs at certain sites on a lek, usually in the same places on successive mornings. These sites, termed mating centres, also usually remain in the same locations in successive years.
Section VII. Almost all copulations occurred at these mating centres, within the territories of one or two males, although as many as eighty other males occupied territories around each mating centre. Consequently, each year fewer than 10 per cent of the males completed more than 75 per cent of all copulations. Neighbours occasionally interrupt each other's copulations, but usually only those attempted near or within the boundary zone of facing-past encounters. Therefore, a male's success in mating does not depend on direct prevention of copu
{"title":"Territoriality and Non-Random Mating in Sage Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus","authors":"R.Haven Wiley","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90004-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Section I</em>. Previous work has indicated that sage grouse <em>Centrocercus wophasianus</em> practice extreme polygyny (<span>Simon 1940</span>; <span>Scott 1942</span>; <span>Patterson 1952</span>; <span>Lumsden 1968</span>). The behavioural interactions that regulate this mating system have remained unclear, as the males' behaviour suggests both territoriality and dominance hierarchy.</p><p><em>Section II</em>. A basic difference between territorial and hierarchical social systems involves the extent to which the constituent individuals' relationships are polarized, rather than reciprocal. In a dominance hierarchy the interactions between individuals are polarized; territorial individuals typically interact reciprocally. Nevertheless, interactions among territorial individuals can incorporate two kinds of polarity: territorial dominance, as each individual dominates his neighbours inside his own territory but is subordinate to them in their territories; and polarized territoriality, when territorial individuals established in preferred areas prevent other territorial individuals from occupying these areas. The indications of reciprocity and polarity in the interactions of male sage grouse are investigated in this paper to clarify the expression of territoriality and dominance hierarchy in their social organization.</p><p><em>Sections III to VI</em>. Sage grouse gather for mating at communal display grounds, or leks, at traditional sites on sagebrush prairie. Although females arrive for mating primarily during 2 or 3 weeks in late March and April, males usually attend the leks regularly from February or March into May. Every morning and evening and often all night the males occupy small territories (13 to 100 m<sup>2</sup>) defined by boundary zones in which neighbours meet for facing-past encounters and wing-fighting (behaviour patterns are described in Section IV). Within their territories males repeatedly perform an elaborate, stereotyped display, the strut.</p><p>I studied three leks with different numbers of attending males (154, 30 and 260), one lek each spring from 1967 to 1969. Time-lapse cinematography was used to record the males' positions and activities.</p><p>Females congregate in dense packs at certain sites on a lek, usually in the same places on successive mornings. These sites, termed mating centres, also usually remain in the same locations in successive years.</p><p><em>Section VII</em>. Almost all copulations occurred at these mating centres, within the territories of one or two males, although as many as eighty other males occupied territories around each mating centre. Consequently, each year fewer than 10 per cent of the males completed more than 75 per cent of all copulations. Neighbours occasionally interrupt each other's copulations, but usually only those attempted near or within the boundary zone of facing-past encounters. Therefore, a male's success in mating does not depend on direct prevention of copu","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 85-99, IN1-IN3, 100-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0003-3472(73)90004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113410769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X
David Philip Barash
This report presents the results of a 3-year study of the Olympic marmot in Olympic National Park. The animals inhabited sub-alpine and alpine meadows and formed closelyorganized colonies with extensive burrow systems. Southern exposures were preferred and no correlation of seasonal emergence with snow depth was apparent. Marmots ate nearly all meadow plants plus occasional animal matter early in the season. A variety of natural predators were present, and instances of predation by a cougar and coyote are reported. Visual and accoustic communication is described and sonograms of different vocalizations are presented. Activity patterns paralleled those reported for other marmot species, with early-morning and late afternoon peaks. Detailed activity budgets are presented, indicating behavioural differences among sex and age classes, and with changes in season. Records of weights are presented for all classes, indicating steady seasonal increases and sharp declines during hibernation. A black moult began in mid-summer and is apparently unique to the Olympic marmot.
Most colonies were composed of one adult male, two adult females, a litter of yearlings and a litter of infants. Occasionally one or more 2-year-olds and one or two ‘satellite’ adult males were present. Colony members generally hibernated together but parous females and satellite males moved away to separate burrows shortly after emergence. Varying combinations of living arrangements are described.
Greeting behaviour was analysed and quantified as a major component of marmot sociality. Greeting frequency varied significantly with age and sex class, season and time of day: it was especially high in the morning, among adult males in the spring, and among infants. Dominance relations were generally diffuse, except those between resident and satellite males (resident dominated) and between pregnant or lactating females and any other animal (female dominated). Individual territories and home ranges did not exist within colonies. Quantification of inter-individual distances revealed a tendency for greater aggregation early in the season among most animals but greater earlyseason repulsion between resident and satellite males.
The ontogeny of infant activity is quantitatively described, demonstrating progressively more time spent above ground and increased distance travelled from the home burrow. The decline in association between females and their litters is also described. Upright, ‘play-fighting’ was common and showed age, sex and seasonal differences with high levels among adult males early in the season and among infants. ‘Playfulness’ was prominent in marmot social behaviour. Burrow visiting, greeting, social grouping and playfighting all reflected intense social interaction early in the season with gradual declines later. Flow charts of sexual activity are used to compare the behaviour patterns of parous and nonparous females and to analyse changes in pattern wit
{"title":"The Social Biology of the Olympic Marmot","authors":"David Philip Barash","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report presents the results of a 3-year study of the Olympic marmot in Olympic National Park. The animals inhabited sub-alpine and alpine meadows and formed closelyorganized colonies with extensive burrow systems. Southern exposures were preferred and no correlation of seasonal emergence with snow depth was apparent. Marmots ate nearly all meadow plants plus occasional animal matter early in the season. A variety of natural predators were present, and instances of predation by a cougar and coyote are reported. Visual and accoustic communication is described and sonograms of different vocalizations are presented. Activity patterns paralleled those reported for other marmot species, with early-morning and late afternoon peaks. Detailed activity budgets are presented, indicating behavioural differences among sex and age classes, and with changes in season. Records of weights are presented for all classes, indicating steady seasonal increases and sharp declines during hibernation. A black moult began in mid-summer and is apparently unique to the Olympic marmot.</p><p>Most colonies were composed of one adult male, two adult females, a litter of yearlings and a litter of infants. Occasionally one or more 2-year-olds and one or two ‘satellite’ adult males were present. Colony members generally hibernated together but parous females and satellite males moved away to separate burrows shortly after emergence. Varying combinations of living arrangements are described.</p><p>Greeting behaviour was analysed and quantified as a major component of marmot sociality. Greeting frequency varied significantly with age and sex class, season and time of day: it was especially high in the morning, among adult males in the spring, and among infants. Dominance relations were generally diffuse, except those between resident and satellite males (resident dominated) and between pregnant or lactating females and any other animal (female dominated). Individual territories and home ranges did not exist within colonies. Quantification of inter-individual distances revealed a tendency for greater aggregation early in the season among most animals but greater earlyseason repulsion between resident and satellite males.</p><p>The ontogeny of infant activity is quantitatively described, demonstrating progressively more time spent above ground and increased distance travelled from the home burrow. The decline in association between females and their litters is also described. Upright, ‘play-fighting’ was common and showed age, sex and seasonal differences with high levels among adult males early in the season and among infants. ‘Playfulness’ was prominent in marmot social behaviour. Burrow visiting, greeting, social grouping and playfighting all reflected intense social interaction early in the season with gradual declines later. Flow charts of sexual activity are used to compare the behaviour patterns of parous and nonparous females and to analyse changes in pattern wit","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 171-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89302412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(72)90002-4
Arthur A. Myrberg Jr
{"title":"Ethology of the Bicolor Damselfish, Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): A Comparative Analysis of Laboratory and Field Behaviour","authors":"Arthur A. Myrberg Jr","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(72)90002-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0003-3472(72)90002-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 197-283, IN1-IN2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0003-3472(72)90002-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81154807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6
Stephanie J. Tyler
{"title":"The Behaviour and Social Organization of the New Forest Ponies","authors":"Stephanie J. Tyler","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"5 ","pages":"87-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72247380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0066-1856(72)80002-5
J.P. Rood
{"title":"Ecological and Behavioural Comparisons of Three Genera of Argentine Cavies","authors":"J.P. Rood","doi":"10.1016/S0066-1856(72)80002-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0066-1856(72)80002-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 1-83, IN1-IN4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0066-1856(72)80002-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85663441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1971-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80001-8
Dean G. Schneider , L. David Mech , John R. Tester
{"title":"Movements of Female Raccoons and Their Young as Determined by Radio-Tracking","authors":"Dean G. Schneider , L. David Mech , John R. Tester","doi":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80001-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80001-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 1-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80001-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84693305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1971-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80003-1
Aivars B. Stasko , Charlotte M. Sullivan
{"title":"Responses of Planarians to Light: An Examination of Klino-Kinesis","authors":"Aivars B. Stasko , Charlotte M. Sullivan","doi":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80003-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80003-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 45-124, IN1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80003-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90686633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1971-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80002-X
R.F. Ewer
{"title":"The Biology and Behaviour of a Free-Living Population of Black Rats (Rattus rattus)","authors":"R.F. Ewer","doi":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80002-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80002-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 125-140, IN1-IN2, 141-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0066-1856(71)80002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84967915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1970-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0066-1856(70)80002-4
Roger M. Evans
{"title":"Imprinting and Mobility in Young Ring-Billed Gulls, Larus delawarensis","authors":"Roger M. Evans","doi":"10.1016/S0066-1856(70)80002-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0066-1856(70)80002-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100085,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour Monographs","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 193-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0066-1856(70)80002-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84342021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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