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Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80028-0
W. Schönborn
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引用次数: 0
Morphological Investigations on Some Free Living Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China Sea with Description of a New Hypotrichous Genus, Hemigastrostyla nov. gen. 中国海域一些自由生活纤毛虫(原生动物,纤毛虫目)的形态研究及一新属,Hemigastrostyla nov. gen的描述。
Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80020-6
Weibo Song , Norbert Wilbert

2 heterotrichous and 9 hypotrichous ciliates including one new genus collected from the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Bay, north-eastern China are morphologically investigated based on living observations and using various silver impregnation methods: Protocruzia contraxMansfeld, 1923; Condylostoma magnumSpiegel, 1926; Holosticha mancaKahl, 1932; Oxytricha saltans (Cohn, 1866); Hemigastrostyla enigmatica (Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986) nov. gen., nov. comb.; Uronychia setigeraCalkins, 1902; Uronychia binucleataYoung, 1922; Uronychia transfuga (Müller, 1786); Euplotes minutaYocum, 1930; Aspidisca steini (Buddenbrock, 1920); Aspidisca leptaspisFresenius, 1865. Morphological characteristics and taxonomic position of all known Uronychia-species are briefly compared and discussed. About 3 Protocruzia-, 5 Uronychia- and 12 Aspidisca-species are considered as junior synonyms according to the results of our current studies. The hypotrich, Hemigastrostyla nov. gen., might be assigned to the family Oxytrichidae. Diagnosis of this new genus: body slightly cephalized; mostly 8–10 frontal, 5 ventral and a few extra lateroventral cirri which possibly derive from the 6th (right-most) cirral anlage during morphogenesis; caudal cirri present. Marine or brackish water forms. It is recognised from other oxytrichids by the cephalized body shape and possessing extra lateroventral cirri right to the transverse ones.

本文在生活观察的基础上,采用不同的银浸渍方法,对中国东北黄海和渤海湾采集的2种异色纤毛虫和9种次色纤毛虫进行了形态研究。大尖锐湿疣,spiegel, 1926;Holosticha mancaKahl, 1932;Oxytricha saltans (Cohn, 1866);半星形花柱(半星形花柱)dragesco - kernsamis, 1986) 11月gen, 11月comb.;lononychia setigeralkins, 1902;Uronychia binucleat young, 1922;transfuga Uronychia (m ller, 1786);Euplotes minutaYocum, 1930;斯泰尼蜘蛛(Buddenbrock, 1920);费森尤斯(1865)本文对所有已知uronychia属的形态特征和分类地位进行了简要的比较和讨论。根据我们目前的研究结果,大约有3种Protocruzia-, 5种Uronychia-和12种aspidisca -被认为是初级同义词。半半花柱属11代,可归属于食蝗科。这个新属的诊断:体稍头状;多数为8-10个额部cirri, 5个腹侧cirri和少量额外的外侧腹侧cirri,可能在形态发生时来自第6(最右侧)cirri;有尾卷。海水或半咸水形式。它与其他氧化鱼的区别在于头部化的身体形状,并且在横向的右边有额外的外侧腹侧cirri。
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引用次数: 78
Some Heterotrophic Flagellates from a Cultivated Garden Soil in Australia 澳大利亚栽培花园土壤中的异养鞭毛虫
Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80022-X
Flemming Ekelund , David J. Patterson

The flagellates of an Australian garden soil were studied by placing coverslips on wet soil and subsequently examining the coverslips by light microscopy. A number of genera and species were found which have not previously been reported from soil samples. Besides the three new species, Apusomonas australiensis sp. nov., Peltomonas hanelisp. nov., and Sciviamonas terricola gen. nov. sp. nov. they include species from the genera Amastigomonas, Cryptaulax, Paraphysomonas, and Protaspis. Among genera which have been reported from soils, we recorded a number of species previously unreported from soils: Petalomonas pusilla, Bicosoeca epiphytica, Bicosoeca mignotii, and Ancyromonas sigmoides. In addition, we extracted a number of forms which have been found in soil but which are usually not considered as members of the soil flagellate community. They are: Codosiga botrytis, Salpingoeca amphoridium, and Goniomonas truncata. Only a minority of the taxa recorded are thought of as common and widespread in soils, they include: Apusomonas proboscidea, and species of Cercomonas and Spumella. At least part of the difference between communities of flagellates from freshwaters and those of soils are due to different sampling methods and not only to the existence of different communities.

研究了澳大利亚花园土壤的鞭毛虫,将盖层放置在潮湿的土壤上,随后用光学显微镜检查盖层。在土壤样品中发现了许多以前未报道过的属和种。除了3个新种外,澳大利亚Apusomonas sp. nov., Peltomonas hanelisp.。11月11日、11月11日和11月11日,它们包括无尾单胞菌属、隐单胞菌属、副葡萄单胞菌属和原生单胞菌属。在已报道的土壤属中,我们记录了许多以前未报道的物种:pusilla Petalomonas, biosoeca epiphytica, biosoeca minnotii和sigmoides anyromonas。此外,我们还提取了一些在土壤中发现但通常不被认为是土壤鞭毛虫群落成员的形式。它们分别是:葡萄球菌、两性沙单胞菌和短单胞菌。只有少数记录的分类群被认为是在土壤中常见和广泛分布的,它们包括:Apusomonas proboscidea, Cercomonas和Spumella。淡水鞭毛虫群落与土壤鞭毛虫群落之间的差异至少部分是由于采样方法不同,而不仅仅是由于存在不同的群落。
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引用次数: 87
Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80025-5
W. Schönborn
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引用次数: 0
Maximum Ages of Ciliate Lineages Estimated Using a Small Subunit rRNA Molecular Clock: Crown Eukaryotes Date Back to the Paleoproterozoic 用小亚基rRNA分子钟估计纤毛虫谱系的最大年龄:冠状真核生物可以追溯到古元古代
Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80013-9
André-Denis G. Wright , Denis H. Lynn

We estimated the rate of nucleotide substitution for the obligate freshwater fish ectoparasite, Ichthyophthirius, and its closest free-living relative, Ophryoglena, using an independently-timed event — the origin of freshwater fish in the fossil record. Based on this information, the rate of nucleotide substitution per site, per year, per lineage is 1.25 to 1.4 × 10−8 or 1% divergence per 72 to 80 million years (My). Using this rate, we determined that the origin of the ciliates (i.e. crown eukaryotes) is much older than previously speculated, dating back to the Paleoproterozoic some 1980 to 2200 million years ago (Ma). We also determined that the wellestablished lineages recognized as classes today (e.g. Spirotrichea, Oligohymenophorea, Nassophorea, Colpodea, Heterotrichea, Karyorelictea, and Litostomatea) diverged within 600-My of the ciliate-like ancestor diverging from the main eukaryotic line.

我们利用一个独立的时间事件——化石记录中淡水鱼的起源,估计了专门的淡水鱼外寄生虫Ichthyophthirius及其最近的自由生活亲戚Ophryoglena的核苷酸替代率。基于这些信息,每个谱系每年每个位点的核苷酸取代率为1.25至1.4 × 10−8或每7200万年至8000万年1%的差异(My)。利用这一速率,我们确定纤毛虫(即冠状真核生物)的起源比以前推测的要早得多,可以追溯到1980年至22亿年前的古元古代。我们还确定了今天公认的分类谱系(例如螺毛目,寡膜目,鼻甲目,Colpodea,异毛目,Karyorelictea和Litostomatea)在从主要真核生物谱系分化的纤毛虫类祖先600米内分化出来。
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引用次数: 84
Fine Structure of Conjugation of the Ciliate Blepharisma japonicum I. Changes of the Old Macronucleus 纤毛虫ble法利赛马(ble法利赛马)偶联的精细结构1 .古大核的变化
Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80014-0
Valentina G. Kovaleva , Igor B. Raikov , Akio Miyake

The macronucleus of vegetative cells of Blepharisma japonicum contains numerous discrete chromatin bodies and nucleoli of the compact type. The nucleoli contain very dense inclusions likely to be the dense fibrillar component of the nucleoli themselves. The macronuclear envelope displays tightly packed pore complexes. Until the 10th hour of conjugation, the old macronucleus shows the same fine structure as in vegetative cells. At 12 hours (approximately during metaphase I), the fibrillar and granular parts of the nucleoli segregate and the latter gradually disappear. At 14 hours, all nucleoli are reduced to their fibrillar parts that have the aspect of small dense bodies scattered in the nucleus. Simultaneously, the chromatin bodies begin to unite into a common network. This process continues at 16 hours (stage of pronuclei). The chromatin network is connected to the nuclear envelope via submembrane bodies of condensed chromatin tightly applied to the inner nuclear membrane. The macronuclear envelope has no coating of dense material in these areas. Thereafter (24 and 26 hours), areas of nuclear matrix free of the chromatin network appear in the macronucleus. At 28 and 34 hours, the chromatin network condenses and the residual nucleoli are caught in its meshes, being incorporated into the chromatin. The points of contact of the network with the nuclear envelope become less numerous.

日本布利法利麻营养细胞的大核含有许多离散的染色质体和致密型核仁。核仁含有非常致密的包涵体,很可能是核仁本身的致密纤维成分。大核包膜显示紧密堆积的孔复合物。直到接合的第10小时,老的大细胞核显示出与营养细胞相同的精细结构。在12小时(大约在中期I),核仁的原纤维和颗粒部分分离,后者逐渐消失。在14小时时,所有核仁都被还原成纤维状部分,具有分散在细胞核中的小致密体的外观。同时,染色质体开始结合成一个共同的网络。这一过程持续到16小时(原核阶段)。染色质网络通过紧密附着在核膜上的浓缩染色质亚膜体与核膜相连。macronuclear信封没有涂层的致密材料在这些领域。此后(24小时和26小时),在大核中出现了没有染色质网络的核基质区域。在28和34小时,染色质网络凝结,剩余的核仁被捕获在其网中,被纳入染色质。网络与核包膜的接触点变得越来越少。
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引用次数: 2
Phylogeny of the Characeae (charophyta) inferred from organismal and molecular characters 从生物和分子特征推断的特征(藻门)的系统发育
Pub Date : 1997-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80011-5
S.T. Meiers , W.L. Rootes , V.W. Proctor , R.L. Chapman

Phylogenetic hypotheses proposed for extant genera of the Characeae by Wood & Imahori (1965) and by Khan & Sarma (1984) are based on morphological characters, and morphological characters and chromosome numbers respectively. For all six extant taxa, cladistic analyses have been performed on organismal characters and chromosome numbers, sequence data from the nucelar-encoded small subunit rRNA gene, and a combined morphological and molecular data set. These analyses support: 1) monophyly of the Characeae, 2) monophyly of tribe Chareae, 3) placement of Nitellopsis basal to the rest of the Chareae, and 4) monophyly of Lamprothamnium. Neither the Wood & Imahori nor the Khan & Sarma hypothesis is strongly supported. Additional analyses based on a more comprehensive taxon sampling may help resolve: 1) monophyly of Chara, 2) monophyly of Nitella, 3) monophyly of the Nitelleae, 4) placement of Nitella axillaris, and 5) placement of Lamprothamnium.

Wood等对现存属的系统发育假说Imahori(1965)和Khan &Sarma(1984)分别基于形态学特征、形态学特征和染色体数目。对所有现存的6个分类群,进行了进化分析,包括有机体特征和染色体数目,核编码小亚基rRNA基因的序列数据,以及结合形态学和分子数据集。这些分析支持:1)特征单系性,2)部落Chareae单系性,3)Nitellopsis位于Chareae其余部分的基部,4)lamprothamium单系性。伍德家也没有;Imahori也不是可汗。Sarma假说得到了强有力的支持。基于更全面的分类单元取样的进一步分析可能有助于解决以下问题:1)查拉属的单系性,2)Nitella的单系性,3)Nitelleae的单系性,4)Nitella axillaris的定位,以及5)lamprothamium的定位。
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引用次数: 13
Sagenista and bigyra, two phyla of heterotrophic heterokont chromists 异养异异异色者的两个门
Pub Date : 1997-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80006-1
T. Cavalier-Smith

Heterokonta, Haptophyta and Cryptista are grouped together as the kingdom Chromista. As Heterokonta are considerably more diverse than the other two taxa, they have recently been raised in rank from phylum to infrakingdom, and subdivided into three phyla: the predominantly algal Ochrophyta (formerly subphylum Ochrista), and the purely heterotrophic Sagenista and Bigyra. The Sagenista comprise the classes Labyrinthulea (orders Thraustochytridiales and Labyrinthulales) and Bicoecea (bicoecids and the probably related flagellates Cafeteria and Pseudobodo, here designated anoecids and placed in the new order Anoecales). The Bigyra are characterised by a double ciliary transition helix and comprise three subphyla: Opalinata, which are all non-phagotrophic gut symbionts without peroxisomes (classes Proteromonadea and Opalinea; plus Blastocystis which lacks cilia and forms the basis for a recently established class Blastocystea); Pseudofungi, which are walled saprotrophs (classes Oomycetes and Hyphochytrea); and Bigyromonada (the phagotrophic zooflagellate DevelopayellaTong 1985, for which a new class Bigyromonadea, order Developayellales, and family Developayellaceae are created).

This paper discusses the phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the Sagenista and Bigyra and the evidence that they, like non-photosynthetic ochrophytes, evolved from photosynthetic ancestors by the loss of plastids and periplastid membranes. As the Bigyra are closely related to the Ochrophyta, and may have evolved from them, the two phyla have been grouped together as a superphylum Gyrista. Sagenista appear to be the sister group of Gyrista.

异孔门、附生门和隐生门被归为色门。由于异藻门比其他两个分类群更加多样化,它们最近被从门提升到次门,并细分为三个门:主要是藻类的Ochrophyta(以前的Ochrista亚门)和纯粹异养的Sagenista和Bigyra。Sagenista包括迷路目(Thraustochytridiales和迷路目)和双足目(bicoecia)(双足目和可能相关的鞭毛虫,餐厅鞭毛虫和假鞭毛虫,在这里被指定为anoecia,并被放入新目Anoecales)。Bigyra以双纤毛过渡螺旋为特征,包括三个亚门:猫眼虫亚门,它们都是没有过氧化物酶体的非吞噬性肠道共生体(原单胞虫纲和猫眼虫纲;加上Blastocystis(缺乏纤毛,构成最近建立的Blastocystea纲的基础);假真菌,是有壁腐生菌(卵菌类和菌类);和Bigyromonada(在1985年,为其创建了一个新的Bigyromonadea纲,Developayellales目和Developayellaceae科)。本文讨论了Sagenista和Bigyra的系统发育、系统学和进化,以及它们与非光合植物一样,是通过失去质体和周围质体膜而从光合祖先进化而来的证据。由于Bigyra与Ochrophyta关系密切,并且可能是由Ochrophyta进化而来,这两个门被归为一个超门Gyrista。Sagenista似乎是Gyrista的姐妹群。
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引用次数: 48
Comparative fine structure of pellicular cytoskeleton in EuglenaEhrenberg EuglenaEhrenberg细胞膜骨架的精细结构比较
Pub Date : 1997-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80008-5
Nicolae Dragoş , Leontin Ştefan Péterfi , Cristina Popescu

The cells of euglenoid flagellates possess a peculiar structural complex located under the plasmalemma, known as the pellicular complex or pellicle. So far this structure has been investigated in a limited number of species; comparative aspects have been neglected. The present study is based on the following 14 Euglena strains, grown in the Collection of Photosynthetic Microorganisms of the Institute of Biological Research, Cluj-Napoca, or collected from different water bodies located near Cluj-Napoca (Romania): E acusEhr., E texta(Duj.) Hübner, E oxyurisSchmarda, E. viridisEhr., E. stellataMainx, E. geniculataDuj., E. tristellaChu, E. pisciformisKlebs, E. gracilisKlebs, E. splendensDang., E. polymorphaDang., E. sanguineaEhr., E. desesEhr. and E. mutabilisSchmitz. Species with a high degree of metaboly exhibit a narrower strip, a thinner membrane cytoskeleton, and the plate-like projections may be absent. Species with a low degree of metaboly or rigid ones possess broad, thick pellicular strips and long plate-like projections. Microtubules may be absent (e. g. E. texta). The present investigation has shown that the peripheral cytoskeleton of Euglena species is relatively homogeneous and based on the same structural model, which differs in various species in relation to the degree of metaboly.

真珠样鞭毛虫的细胞具有一种特殊的结构复合体,位于质膜下,称为膜状复合体或膜。到目前为止,这种结构只在有限的物种中被研究过;比较方面被忽视了。本研究基于以下14株绿藻菌株,这些菌株生长在克卢日-纳波卡生物研究所光合微生物收集中,或从克卢日-纳波卡(罗马尼亚)附近的不同水体中收集:E acusEhr。, E文本(Duj.)h bner, E. oxyurisSchmarda, E. viridisEhr。, E. stellataMainx, E. geniculataDuj。, E. tristellaChu, E. pisciformisKlebs, E. gracilisKlebs, E. splendensDang。, E.多态性;, E.乐观;, e。和E. mutabilisSchmitz。代谢程度高的物种表现出较窄的条状细胞,较薄的膜细胞骨架,并且可能没有板状突起。代谢程度低或刚性的种具有宽而厚的膜带和长板状突起。微管可能不存在(如文本)。目前的研究表明,绿藻属植物的外周细胞骨架结构相对均匀,基于相同的结构模型,不同物种的代谢程度不同。
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引用次数: 14
Phylogenetic analysis of haemosporinid parasites (apicomplexa: Haemosporina) and their coevolution with vectors and intermediate hosts 血孢素类寄生虫的系统发育分析及其与媒介和中间宿主的共同进化
Pub Date : 1997-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80005-X
R.A. Carreno , J.C. Kissinger , T.F. McCutchan , J.R. Barta

The phylogeny of representative species of the apicomplexan order Haemosporina Danilewsky, 1885 was reconstructed by cladistic analysis. Life cycle and ultrastructural characters for members of the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Hepatocystis, and Polychromophilus were assessed using Eimeria tenella as an outgroup. Each of these genera was monophyletic and a clade containing Haemoproteus, Hepatocystis, and Polychromophilus was the sister group to Plasmodium. There was no obvious correlation between the parasite phylogeny and that of the vertebrate hosts. There was however, a general agreement between the parasite phylogeny and that of the dipteran hosts. There was no pattern of strict cospeciation between parasites and these overall host groups, but there appears to be more evidence of coevolution of parasites with their vectors than with their vertebrate hosts. This correspondence is indicative of a more ancient parasite-vector association.

用支系分析法重建了1885年顶复合体目血孢菌(Haemosporina Danilewsky)代表种的系统发育。以柔嫩艾美耳球虫为外群,研究了疟原虫属、嗜血杆菌属、白细胞原虫属、肝囊菌属和嗜多色菌属成员的生命周期和超微结构特征。这些属都是单系的,一个包含血红菌、肝囊菌和嗜多色菌的分支是疟原虫的姐妹群。寄生虫的系统发育与脊椎动物宿主的系统发育没有明显的相关性。然而,寄生物的系统发育与双翅目寄主的系统发育大体一致。寄生虫与这些寄主群体之间没有严格的共同进化模式,但似乎有更多的证据表明,寄生虫与它们的载体共同进化,而不是与它们的脊椎动物宿主共同进化。这种对应关系表明一种更古老的寄生虫-病媒联系。
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引用次数: 16
期刊
Archiv für Protistenkunde
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