Emerging Animal Species最新文献

During the last few decades, hundreds of candidate genes have been detected and identified in goat breeds. In addition, comprehensive studies have been performed on the differentiation and polymorphism of several genes along with their roles in the control and management of economic traits. In this article, the authors review the genetic studies that have been conducted on goats throughout the past three decades, along with a summary of the results of those studies in a focused manner with a discussion of the most important genes that affect different body functions such as metabolism, physiological pathways, fertility, meat production, meat quality, milk production, fibre production, adaptation… etc. The authors believe that this review opens a window for researchers who are interested in the field of animal production, especially small ruminants, whether at the genome level or candidate genes. It also preserves the time and effort required to search in dozens of researches related to this field because the authors collected pieces of important information related to those genes and the genome of goat in one work by an easy-to-follow way.

Melatonin is a potent immunomodulator with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that significantly reduces inflammation. In practice, the subcutaneously implanted melatonin in minks is generally used to stimulate molting in autumn in advance, thereby reducing feed cost to obtain considerable economic benefits. The opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection causes hemorrhagic pneumonia, massive mortality and economic losses in minks, while melatonin treatments to minks could improve host resistance; therefore, the objective of our study is to investigate the relationships of the susceptible infections caused by P. aeruginosa with the improved immunity by melatonin in minks. In this study, 1 × 10⁹ colony forming units of P. aeruginosa were used to infect 12 minks in the case group (IGM group) after 10 mg melatonin dosage per body weight (kg) treatment under the implantation in mink ears. The control group (IG group) contains 12P. aeruginosa infected minks without melatonin treatments. In the meantime, another 24 minks were also included in our study with no P. aeruginosa infections, where 12 of them were treated with melatonin for comparisons. The results showed that melatonin treatments increased mink immunity and resistance to P. aeruginosa infections, alleviated the pathogenesis and pathological lung damages, and enhanced the lung scavenging abilities. The lung indexes of minks after melatonin treatments significantly decreased comparing IGM group with IG group (P < 0.01). Similarly, the bacterial loads of minks in the IGM group were significantly lower than those in the IG group at different infected time points (P < 0.05). In addition, the concentration levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) significantly increased after melatonin treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study explored the relationships between P. aeruginosa infection and host resistance in minks, and provided valuable understandings of the pathogenesis of mink hemorrhagic pneumonia and the potential applications of melatonin in the future practical treatments.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin supplement in different extenders on the quality of cryopreserved goat semen. Six semen pools were cryopreserved in skim milk (SM – Experiment 1) or tris-egg yolk (TEY – Experiment 2) based extenders supplemented with melatonin (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM). After thawing, the kinetic sperm parameters [total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB)] and viability parameters [plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity (iMPA), high mitochondrial membrane potential (hPMM) and intracellular ROS production (iROS)] were observed at time 0 h and after 2 h of incubation (37 °C). In the experiment I, only for the hMMP variable (p < 0.05), a melatonin vs time interaction was observed. Was noted a negatively influenced in the variables over the incubation period, except for the STR, iMPA, hMMP and iROS parameters. The treatment with melatonin had different effects in the variables VCL, VSL, WOB, hPMM, and iROS, however, in the variables TM, PM, LIN, STR and iMPA there was no significant difference regarding the different melatonin concentrations. In the experiment II, no interaction was observed, melatonin vs time, for the analyzed variables. Was noted a negatively influenced (p < 0.05) in all variables throughout the incubation period, with the exception of the STR, iMPA and hMMP parameters. The treatment with melatonin showed different effects in the variables TM, PM, VSL, LIN, STR, WOB, iMPA, hPMM and iROS, however, in the variable VCL there was no significant difference regarding the different concentrations of melatonin. In conclusion, melatonin does not improve the post-thawing quality of goat semen cryopreserved in SM or TEY based extenders and may be deleterious when supplemented at concentration of 4 mM.

Administration of certain sedative and anaesthetic agents can cause a reduction in circulating packed cell volume (PCV) probably due to sequestration of red cells in the spleen, increasing its size.

The effect on PCV after intravenous (IV) administration of butorphanol then diazepam, five minutes apart, or, these premedicants administered in reverse order, followed by propofol and isoflurane anaesthesia have not been investigated in goats.

Two cohorts of Saanen goats, one for castration (males, 5 months, 13 goats) and one for experimental orthopaedic surgery for another study (females, 3 to 5 years, 12 goats) were included in this research. Goats were randomized to receive either butorphanol or diazepam first followed by the other agent IV five minutes apart prior to anaesthesia. Four blood samples to analyse PCV were taken per goat (baseline, after the first and second premedicant administration, and after propofol induction). A between and within-subjects design ANOVA was applied to determine the difference in PCV over time between treatment groups.

Baseline PCV across all goats had a mean of 0.42 L/L (range 0.28 – 0.78 L/L). Both combinations of butorphanol and diazepam followed by induction of anaesthesia with propofol caused a clinically and statistically significant reduction in PCV (p < 0.001), with values dropping by 29.0 % (diazepam-first) and 29.1 % (butorphanol-first) from baseline values to the last sample (an overall decrease in PCV of 0.12 L/L for both groups). However, there was no statistical difference between groups (p = 0.696).

Results demonstrate that clinicians need to be aware of the magnitude of reduction in PCV that can occur when butorphanol and diazepam are used as premedicants prior to propofol administration.

At the Central Duck Breeding Farm Hajiganj in Narayanganj, Bangladesh, morphometrics, productive, and reproductive performances of Deshi black and Deshi white ducks were measured under intensive conditions. Body length, head length, bill length, neck length, feather length, and shank length of mature male and female Deshi black and Deshi white ducks measured 59.56 ± 0.87 cm and 61.87 ± 0.48 cm, 2.25 ± 0.12 cm, and 3.4 ± 0.06 cm, 5.86 ± 0.12 cm, and 6.23 ± 0.06 cm, 19.21 ± 0.47 cm and 21.08 ± 0.26 cm, 21.85 ± 0.53 cm and 26.71 ± 0.29 cm, 9.93 ± 0.29 cm and 10.81 ± 0.16 cm, respectively. Morphometric features were significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) higher in females than males. But no significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected between the two types of ducks except for the body, head, and feather length (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). At a day old, 4th week, 8th week, and 12th week of age, the body weights (LSMean ± SE) of male and female Deshi black and Deshi white ducks were 42.65 ± 0.35 gm and 43.40 ± 0.35 gm, 318.00 ± 9.13 gm and 319.04 ± 9.13 gm, 835.85 ± 8.94 gm and 794.20 ± 8.94 gm, 1345.80 ± 2.67 gm and 1347.90 ± 2.67 gm, respectively (gm = gram). Females were substantially heavier than males at 8 weeks of age (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in body weights between the two types of ducks (p > 0.05) until the 12th week of age (p < 0.01). Deshi black and Deshi white ducks reached sexual maturity at 136.0 ± 0.52 and 139.0 ± 0.52 days, respectively, and had 67.62 ± 0.83% and 63.18 ± 0.83%, 63.63 ± 0.56%, and 59.42 ± 0.56% fertility. Deshi black ducks had a substantially higher age at sexual maturity, fertility, and hatchability percentage (%) than Deshi white ducks (p < 0.01). For Deshi black and Deshi white, the egg weight, female weight at 1st lay, and egg weight at 1st lay were 66.69 ± 0.49 gm and 66.78 ± 0.49 gm, 1439.55 ± 6.98 gm and 1422.0 ± 6.98 gm, 48.90 ± 0.18 gm and 47.12 ± 0.18 gm, respectively. Deshi black duck egg weight was considerably (p < 0.01) higher than Deshi white duck egg weight at first lay. Deshi black and Deshi white ducks produced 214.65 and 211.402.65 eggs per year, respectively (p > 0.05). The study's findings gave some baseline information on Bangladesh's Deshi black and Deshi white ducks, which could benefit conservation and future enhancement efforts.

The aim of this study was to determine if multiple captures, general anesthesia and electroejaculation (EE) modify the heart rate (HR), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), oxygen saturation, and the cortisol, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and creatine kinase (CK) responses to EE in adult and yearling pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) males. Individuals were captured, anesthetized and electroejaculated on four occasions, once per season, from June to the following March (first to fourth collection respectively). Rectal temperature, as well as cortisol, AP and CK serum concentrations were determined before and after electroejaculation (BEE and AEE). The HR (P < 0 0.0001), PR (P < 0.0001), RR (P < 0.001), CK (P < 0.001) and cortisol concentration (P = 0.003) increased AEE, while RT (P = 0.004) decreased AEE. Heart rate increased in the first and third collections (P < 0.01), RR increased in the fourth collection (P < 0.001), and the highest values of RT were observed in the third and fourth collections (P < 0.0001). We concluded that repeated handling to collect semen did not have a sustained negative effect on the response to EE, which supports repeated semen collection from the same individuals.

Vitamin A is one of the fat-soluble vitamins that participates in metabolic processes of great importance and, as it is not enough produced by the body, it is essential to compose a diet. An experiment was carried the to determine the levels of vitamin A (Retinol) for meat quails (Coturnix coturnix sp), from 1 to 35 days of age, divided in two production periods, from 1 to 14 days and 15 to 35 days using seven different levels of vitamin A inclusion on the diets. Feed intake (FI) and accumulated body biomass (ABB) had linear effect while the body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) during the first period. The weight gain (WG) and accumulated body biomass (ABB) showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the second period, while the body weight (BW) increased linearly on the same phase. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) for hematocrit (HEM), the relative values of heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H:L), serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and absolute liver weight (W liver). The absolute weight of Fabricius bursa (W bursa) showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05), and absolute weight spleen (W spleen) was linearly influenced. In relation to the relative weight, only the spleen (Rw spleen) was influenced by the supplementation level of supplementation, it was observed that this supplementation has little effect on immunity of meat quails of 1–14 days old. The estimating levels of vitamin A were 3.35; 3.38 and 2.11 mg/kg to the period of 1 to 14 days and 2.82 and 2.67 mg/kg to the period of 15 to 35 days, respectively.

To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies on a surgical approach for lesions in the pterygoid sinus of dolphins as it lies deep in the oropharyngeal area and there is risk of bleeding. For such lesions, we undertook a surgical approach for dolphins under general anesthesia. The line of incision was located on the oral mucosa anterior to the palatine bone. A surgical approach with needle biopsy was used to reach the lesion in the pterygoid sinus from within the crest of the pterygoid. Subsequently, this approach was confirmed to be minimally invasive, simple, and safe for dolphins with lesions in the pterygoid sinus.