Fa Zhang, Yan Li, Xiwei Zhang, Zhaoyang Wang, Boshizhang Peng, Mengxiao Wu, Shaoyan Liu, Dangui Yan, Zongmin Zhang, Changming An
Background
Postoperative drainage management and hypocalcemia monitoring are critical factors influencing enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) following thyroidectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drainage pressures on postoperative drainage volume and hospitalization duration, and to explore the predictive value of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels for hypocalcemia. The goal was to develop a multidimensional ERAS strategy for thyroid cancer patients.
Methods
This prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled 211 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Participants were randomly allocated into three groups based on drainage pressure. Postoperative drainage volume, hospitalization duration, and complications were recorded. For patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, PTH and serum calcium levels were measured postoperatively. The optimal PTH cut-off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.
Results
The low-pressure group exhibited significantly reduced postoperative drainage volume on day 1 (6.54 ± 9.53 mL) compared to the medium- and high-pressure groups (34.07 ± 19.05 mL and 32.41 ± 20.72 mL). Drainage removal time (1.06 ± 0.23 days) and hospitalization duration (1.26 ± 0.47 days) were also shorter in the low-pressure group. A postoperative 2-h PTH level ≤ 6.985 pg/mL effectively predicted hypocalcemia (sensitivity 79.4%, specificity 91.0%). The combined ERAS protocol further reduced hospitalization duration and significantly lowered postoperative Visual Analog Scale scores (0.85 ± 0.75) without increasing complication rates.
Conclusion
Low-pressure drainage reduces postoperative drainage volume and accelerates recovery in thyroid cancer patients. A 2-h postoperative PTH level ≤ 6.985 pg/mL serves as a reliable predictor for hypocalcemia. The combined strategy of optimized drainage pressure and PTH monitoring provides a safe and effective ERAS pathway for thyroid surgery.
背景：术后引流管理和低血钙监测是影响甲状腺切除术后术后恢复的关键因素。本研究旨在评价不同引流压力对术后引流量及住院时间的影响，探讨甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平对低钙血症的预测价值。目的是为甲状腺癌患者制定一个多维的ERAS策略。方法本前瞻性随机对照试验纳入211例甲状腺切除术患者。受试者根据引流压力随机分为三组。记录术后引流量、住院时间及并发症。对于接受甲状腺全切除术的患者，术后测量甲状旁腺激素和血清钙水平。利用接收机工作特性曲线分析确定最佳PTH截止值。结果低压组术后第1天引流量（6.54±9.53 mL）明显低于中、高压组（34.07±19.05 mL和32.41±20.72 mL）。低压组拔管时间（1.06±0.23 d）和住院时间（1.26±0.47 d）较低压组短。术后2 h PTH水平≤6.985 pg/mL可有效预测低钙血症（敏感性79.4%，特异性91.0%）。联合ERAS方案进一步缩短了住院时间，显著降低了术后视觉模拟量表评分（0.85±0.75），且未增加并发症发生率。结论低压引流可减少甲状腺癌患者术后引流量，促进患者康复。术后2小时甲状旁腺激素水平≤6.985 pg/mL可作为低钙血症的可靠预测指标。优化引流压力与PTH监测相结合的策略为甲状腺手术提供了一条安全有效的ERAS通路。
{"title":"Application of optimized postoperative drainage pressure combined with parathyroid function monitoring in enhanced recovery after surgery for thyroid cancer: A prospective randomized controlled study","authors":"Fa Zhang, Yan Li, Xiwei Zhang, Zhaoyang Wang, Boshizhang Peng, Mengxiao Wu, Shaoyan Liu, Dangui Yan, Zongmin Zhang, Changming An","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Postoperative drainage management and hypocalcemia monitoring are critical factors influencing enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) following thyroidectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drainage pressures on postoperative drainage volume and hospitalization duration, and to explore the predictive value of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels for hypocalcemia. The goal was to develop a multidimensional ERAS strategy for thyroid cancer patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled 211 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Participants were randomly allocated into three groups based on drainage pressure. Postoperative drainage volume, hospitalization duration, and complications were recorded. For patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, PTH and serum calcium levels were measured postoperatively. The optimal PTH cut-off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The low-pressure group exhibited significantly reduced postoperative drainage volume on day 1 (6.54 ± 9.53 mL) compared to the medium- and high-pressure groups (34.07 ± 19.05 mL and 32.41 ± 20.72 mL). Drainage removal time (1.06 ± 0.23 days) and hospitalization duration (1.26 ± 0.47 days) were also shorter in the low-pressure group. A postoperative 2-h PTH level ≤ 6.985 pg/mL effectively predicted hypocalcemia (sensitivity 79.4%, specificity 91.0%). The combined ERAS protocol further reduced hospitalization duration and significantly lowered postoperative Visual Analog Scale scores (0.85 ± 0.75) without increasing complication rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Low-pressure drainage reduces postoperative drainage volume and accelerates recovery in thyroid cancer patients. A 2-h postoperative PTH level ≤ 6.985 pg/mL serves as a reliable predictor for hypocalcemia. The combined strategy of optimized drainage pressure and PTH monitoring provides a safe and effective ERAS pathway for thyroid surgery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Nasal masses are a common finding in the field of otolaryngology, and they may be congenital, inflammatory, neoplastic, or from trauma [<span>1</span>]. Depending on location, they may cause a change in smell, congestion, obstruction, nasal drainage, or epistaxis. Common, benign nasal masses include polyps, dermoid cysts, rhinophyma and others. More serious presentations may include malignancies or underlying genetic conditions.</p><p>This case report describes a unique presentation of an 18-year-old with concern for Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS). ZLS is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder, that is predicted to affect less than 1/1,000,000 of the population. ZLS is generally characterised by gingival hypertrophy, hypoplastic/aplastic nails, joint hyperextensibility, hirsutism/hypertrichosis, and craniofacial abnormalities, especially of the nose or ears [<span>2</span>]. Within the literature, a wide variety of symptoms are described, with presentation onset between birth and childhood [<span>3</span>]. Due to its ambiguous presentation, timely diagnosis may be difficult. Dentists and oral surgeons may play a significant role in identifying early presentations of ZLS, but genetic consultation is crucial. Underlying genetic mutations in <i>KCNH1</i>, <i>KCNN3</i>, and <i>ATP6V1B2</i> have been described, however these is a great deal of variability in involved gene mutations [<span>3</span>].</p><p>Treatment for ZLS includes managing abnormal gingival or craniofacial growths through surgical intervention, as well as lifelong medical management of symptoms and disease progression. Gingival hypertrophy, in particular, requires intensive orthodontic and surgical management, often requiring multiple procedures [<span>4</span>]. No studies in the current literature describes surgical management of a bulbous nose, or rhinophyma, characterised in multiple case reports of ZLS [<span>5</span>].</p><p>We describe an 18-year-old male who presented to clinic for evaluation of enlarging nasal growths over two years. They originated as small, scattered pustules with occasional purulent discharge. He also experienced nasal congestion. Since birth, he has had increased facial and body hair growth. Since 9 months old, he has undergone six orthodontic surgeries for gingival hyperplasia. He has no history of asthma, trauma to the face, or prior otolaryngologic surgery. On physical exam, hyperextensibility of joints were noted, with no evidence of hypoplastic/aplastic nails. Soft, compressible, nontender, fibromatous growths and sebaceous hyperplasia overlying the nasal tip, dorsum, and ala were noted (Figure 1). He also had gingival and tonsillar hypertrophy as well as significant hypertrichosis of the face, hands, and feet.</p><p>Given his physical exam findings concerning for ZLS, he underwent genetic testing for the <i>KCNH1</i>, <i>KCNN3</i>, and <i>ATP6V1B2</i> genes. Results were negative for any pathogenic mutations. Our patient also underwent i
{"title":"Case report and surgical technique—Nasal mass seen in Zimmermann-Laband syndrome","authors":"Grant Gochman, Danae Alexandrou, Amy Pittman","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nasal masses are a common finding in the field of otolaryngology, and they may be congenital, inflammatory, neoplastic, or from trauma [<span>1</span>]. Depending on location, they may cause a change in smell, congestion, obstruction, nasal drainage, or epistaxis. Common, benign nasal masses include polyps, dermoid cysts, rhinophyma and others. More serious presentations may include malignancies or underlying genetic conditions.</p><p>This case report describes a unique presentation of an 18-year-old with concern for Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS). ZLS is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder, that is predicted to affect less than 1/1,000,000 of the population. ZLS is generally characterised by gingival hypertrophy, hypoplastic/aplastic nails, joint hyperextensibility, hirsutism/hypertrichosis, and craniofacial abnormalities, especially of the nose or ears [<span>2</span>]. Within the literature, a wide variety of symptoms are described, with presentation onset between birth and childhood [<span>3</span>]. Due to its ambiguous presentation, timely diagnosis may be difficult. Dentists and oral surgeons may play a significant role in identifying early presentations of ZLS, but genetic consultation is crucial. Underlying genetic mutations in <i>KCNH1</i>, <i>KCNN3</i>, and <i>ATP6V1B2</i> have been described, however these is a great deal of variability in involved gene mutations [<span>3</span>].</p><p>Treatment for ZLS includes managing abnormal gingival or craniofacial growths through surgical intervention, as well as lifelong medical management of symptoms and disease progression. Gingival hypertrophy, in particular, requires intensive orthodontic and surgical management, often requiring multiple procedures [<span>4</span>]. No studies in the current literature describes surgical management of a bulbous nose, or rhinophyma, characterised in multiple case reports of ZLS [<span>5</span>].</p><p>We describe an 18-year-old male who presented to clinic for evaluation of enlarging nasal growths over two years. They originated as small, scattered pustules with occasional purulent discharge. He also experienced nasal congestion. Since birth, he has had increased facial and body hair growth. Since 9 months old, he has undergone six orthodontic surgeries for gingival hyperplasia. He has no history of asthma, trauma to the face, or prior otolaryngologic surgery. On physical exam, hyperextensibility of joints were noted, with no evidence of hypoplastic/aplastic nails. Soft, compressible, nontender, fibromatous growths and sebaceous hyperplasia overlying the nasal tip, dorsum, and ala were noted (Figure 1). He also had gingival and tonsillar hypertrophy as well as significant hypertrichosis of the face, hands, and feet.</p><p>Given his physical exam findings concerning for ZLS, he underwent genetic testing for the <i>KCNH1</i>, <i>KCNN3</i>, and <i>ATP6V1B2</i> genes. Results were negative for any pathogenic mutations. Our patient also underwent i","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"231-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a crucial role in mediating type 2 immune responses, which is one of the key underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of allergic rhinitis (AR) and most presentations of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Researches show that inhibiting TSLP signaling has significant therapeutic potential in alleviating type 2 inflammation. Biologics targeting TSLP have been developed and introduced into clinical practice, yielding promising therapeutic outcomes, especially in asthma. Several anti-TSLP antibodies are undergoing clinical trials to investigate the efficacy and safety in treating CRSwNP and AR. This review aims to delve into the latest progress regarding the functional role of TSLP, the clinical outcomes associated with anti-TSLP therapies, and the therapeutic potential of anti-TSLP antibodies in treating nasal type 2 inflammation.
{"title":"Targeting thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal type 2 inflammation","authors":"Xintong Li, Jingjing Guo, Jing Song, Ming Wang","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a crucial role in mediating type 2 immune responses, which is one of the key underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of allergic rhinitis (AR) and most presentations of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Researches show that inhibiting TSLP signaling has significant therapeutic potential in alleviating type 2 inflammation. Biologics targeting TSLP have been developed and introduced into clinical practice, yielding promising therapeutic outcomes, especially in asthma. Several anti-TSLP antibodies are undergoing clinical trials to investigate the efficacy and safety in treating CRSwNP and AR. This review aims to delve into the latest progress regarding the functional role of TSLP, the clinical outcomes associated with anti-TSLP therapies, and the therapeutic potential of anti-TSLP antibodies in treating nasal type 2 inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Wang, Xiaoyu Song, Fengxin Yang, Huhuifen He, Kun Zhao, Jingjing Qiu, Limei Cui, Qiang Zhang, Limei Liu, Yan Sun
Background
To explore the material basis and action mechanism of the chemical component gene of pepper on presbycusis, and to provide a reference for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of age-related hearing loss (ARHL).
Methods
The chemical composition and action targets of traditional Chinese medicine flavor of pepper were searched using the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological database. Disease targets for ARHL were identified through the GeneCards database. The interaction relationship of the “drug-component-target-pathway” network and potential targets were constructed using Cytoscape software, and the mechanism of action was predicted by enrichment analysis.
Results
As a result, 6 active components, 36 drug targets and 1100 disease targets of presbycusis were excavated, and 26 drug-disease common targets were obtained, with the key targets including CTNNB1, GSK-3β, GJA1, AKT1, MYC, BCL2. A total of 254 entries were obtained by GO enrichment analysis, which mainly involved neuronal apoptotic process, apoptotic process, and extracellular signalling process. KEGG pathways were enriched to select 72 signal pathways, including P53 signaling pathway, comprehensive cancer pathway, TNF-α signaling pathway, neurodegenerative disease regulatory pathway, cell apoptosis pathway, etc. The molecular docking results showed that the folic acid (FA) family has a good binding ability with GSK-3β.
Conclusions
In conclusion, capsicum may exert a suppressive effect on the occurrence and progression of ARHL through multiple pathways. Its main component, FA, demonstrates a strong binding affinity with GSK-3β, suggesting that it could serve as a potential therapeutic target for presbycusis.
{"title":"Investigating the mechanisms of capsicum in age-related hearing loss: Based on network pharmacology","authors":"Yan Wang, Xiaoyu Song, Fengxin Yang, Huhuifen He, Kun Zhao, Jingjing Qiu, Limei Cui, Qiang Zhang, Limei Liu, Yan Sun","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the material basis and action mechanism of the chemical component gene of pepper on presbycusis, and to provide a reference for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of age-related hearing loss (ARHL).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The chemical composition and action targets of traditional Chinese medicine flavor of pepper were searched using the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological database. Disease targets for ARHL were identified through the GeneCards database. The interaction relationship of the “drug-component-target-pathway” network and potential targets were constructed using Cytoscape software, and the mechanism of action was predicted by enrichment analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a result, 6 active components, 36 drug targets and 1100 disease targets of presbycusis were excavated, and 26 drug-disease common targets were obtained, with the key targets including CTNNB1, GSK-3β, GJA1, AKT1, MYC, BCL2. A total of 254 entries were obtained by GO enrichment analysis, which mainly involved neuronal apoptotic process, apoptotic process, and extracellular signalling process. KEGG pathways were enriched to select 72 signal pathways, including P53 signaling pathway, comprehensive cancer pathway, TNF-α signaling pathway, neurodegenerative disease regulatory pathway, cell apoptosis pathway, etc. The molecular docking results showed that the folic acid (FA) family has a good binding ability with GSK-3β.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In conclusion, capsicum may exert a suppressive effect on the occurrence and progression of ARHL through multiple pathways. Its main component, FA, demonstrates a strong binding affinity with GSK-3β, suggesting that it could serve as a potential therapeutic target for presbycusis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"202-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdallah Jonas, Denis Katundu, Johnson Shayo, Petro Nsalu, Ezekiel Karuga, Kajiru Kilonzo, Peter Shija
Background
Hearing loss, affecting 20% of the global population, disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries, including Africa. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is prevalent among hemodialysis patients. In Tanzania, the growing number of hemodialysis patients highlights the need for hearing assessments. Previous studies may have underestimated hearing loss prevalence by excluding key comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension.
Aim
To determine the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of hearing loss among patients undergoing hemodialysis at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC).
Methods
This analytical hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at KCMC using a convenient sampling technique. Demographic and clinical data, including histories of renal disease, diabetes, hypertension, HIV, autoimmune diseases, and medication use, were collected via a structured questionnaire. Basic audiological assessments were performed using a pure-tone audiometer. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25).
Results
Bilateral SNHL was observed in 38.2% of patients, with 57.2% experiencing mild hearing loss, 35.7% moderate hearing loss, and 7.1% moderately severe hearing loss. Factors associated with hearing loss included advanced age (>60 years), longer duration on hemodialysis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion
Mild bilateral SNHL was prevalent among hemodialysis patients. Key factors contributing to hearing loss were older age, prolonged hemodialysis, diabetes, and hypertension. Implementing a protocol for regular hearing assessments in this population is essential.
{"title":"Prevalence, severity and factors of hearing loss in hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study in Northern Tanzania","authors":"Abdallah Jonas, Denis Katundu, Johnson Shayo, Petro Nsalu, Ezekiel Karuga, Kajiru Kilonzo, Peter Shija","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hearing loss, affecting 20% of the global population, disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries, including Africa. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is prevalent among hemodialysis patients. In Tanzania, the growing number of hemodialysis patients highlights the need for hearing assessments. Previous studies may have underestimated hearing loss prevalence by excluding key comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of hearing loss among patients undergoing hemodialysis at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This analytical hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at KCMC using a convenient sampling technique. Demographic and clinical data, including histories of renal disease, diabetes, hypertension, HIV, autoimmune diseases, and medication use, were collected via a structured questionnaire. Basic audiological assessments were performed using a pure-tone audiometer. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bilateral SNHL was observed in 38.2% of patients, with 57.2% experiencing mild hearing loss, 35.7% moderate hearing loss, and 7.1% moderately severe hearing loss. Factors associated with hearing loss included advanced age (>60 years), longer duration on hemodialysis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mild bilateral SNHL was prevalent among hemodialysis patients. Key factors contributing to hearing loss were older age, prolonged hemodialysis, diabetes, and hypertension. Implementing a protocol for regular hearing assessments in this population is essential.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"215-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Song, Minghang Yu, Yuan Zhang, Xi Wang, Xiangyi Liu
Background
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), characterized by persistent inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa, exhibits an escalating global prevalence and incidence. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key chemokine driving neutrophil recruitment, is implicated in CRS pathogenesis. While non-epigenetic mechanisms of IL8 regulation have been reported, the epigenetic landscape governing IL8 expression in CRS remains unexplored.
Objective
This study aimed to investigate the epigenetic regulation of IL-8 expression in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) with a focus on histone modification-mediated mechanisms.
Methods
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was selected as a prototypical pro-inflammatory stimulus through systematic screening. An in vitro model of IL-8 induction was established and validated in TNF-α-treated HNEpCs. Regulatory mechanisms were probed using bioinformatics tools (UCSC Genome Browser, Cistrome DB) and pharmacological inhibitors targeting histone-modifying enzymes. siRNA-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) knockdown to assess its regulatory role in IL-8 expression; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) to determine whether H3K27me3 is directly enriched at the IL8 promoter region under TNF-α stimulation.
Results
TNF-α stimulation induced time and concentration-dependent upregulation of IL-8 mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein secretion (p < 0.001) in HNEpCs. TNF-α-mediated IL-8 upregulation was abrogated by the addition of methyltransferase inhibitors EPZ005687, EPZ6438, and BIX01294. SiRNA-mediated EZH2 depletion significantly enhanced both IL-8 mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein levels (p < 0.01). ChIP-qPCR confirmed TNF-α-dependent enrichment of H3K27me3 at the IL8 promoter, supporting EZH2-mediated transcriptional repression.
Conclusion
EZH2-dependent H3K27 trimethylation is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling IL-8 gene expression in HNEpCs.
{"title":"EZH2 negatively regulates IL-8 expression in human nasal epithelial cells through its histone methyltransferase activity","authors":"Yu Song, Minghang Yu, Yuan Zhang, Xi Wang, Xiangyi Liu","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), characterized by persistent inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa, exhibits an escalating global prevalence and incidence. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key chemokine driving neutrophil recruitment, is implicated in CRS pathogenesis. While non-epigenetic mechanisms of <i>IL8</i> regulation have been reported, the epigenetic landscape governing <i>IL8</i> expression in CRS remains unexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to investigate the epigenetic regulation of IL-8 expression in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) with a focus on histone modification-mediated mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was selected as a prototypical pro-inflammatory stimulus through systematic screening. An in vitro model of IL-8 induction was established and validated in TNF-α-treated HNEpCs. Regulatory mechanisms were probed using bioinformatics tools (UCSC Genome Browser, Cistrome DB) and pharmacological inhibitors targeting histone-modifying enzymes. siRNA-mediated enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) knockdown to assess its regulatory role in IL-8 expression; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) to determine whether H3K27me3 is directly enriched at the <i>IL8</i> promoter region under TNF-α stimulation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TNF-α stimulation induced time and concentration-dependent upregulation of IL-8 mRNA (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and protein secretion (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in HNEpCs. TNF-α-mediated IL-8 upregulation was abrogated by the addition of methyltransferase inhibitors EPZ005687, EPZ6438, and BIX01294. SiRNA-mediated EZH2 depletion significantly enhanced both IL-8 mRNA (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and protein levels (<i>p</i> < 0.01). ChIP-qPCR confirmed TNF-α-dependent enrichment of H3K27me3 at the <i>IL8</i> promoter, supporting EZH2-mediated transcriptional repression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EZH2-dependent H3K27 trimethylation is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling IL-8 gene expression in HNEpCs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"194-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are the most common tumors in the cerebellopontine angle, which can lead to hearing loss, particularly following tumor resection. For patients with bilateral VS associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), hearing loss significantly undermines their quality of life.
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of ipsilateral cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with VS.
Method
We assessed six patients with VS, three of whom were diagnosed with NF2. Four patients underwent VS resection combined with simultaneous ipsilateral CI. Two patients received CI without tumor removal. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) testing was employed to assess the functionality of the cochlear nerve during the resection procedure.
Results
Simultaneous ipsilateral CI following VS resection was performed in four patients who underwent tumor removal, and cochlear nerve function was identified using eABR testing. Two patients without tumor resection also had implantations. The average impedance of the test electrodes was within the normal range and neural telemetry responses were detected in all patients. One patient opted out of using the cochlear due to normal hearing in the contralateral ear and found the implant unbeneficial. The remaining five patients experienced improvements in hearing, albeit to varying degrees.
Conclusion
Simultaneous ipsilateral CI after VS resection is an effective approach for auditory rehabilitation. For NF2 patients with small, stable tumors, CI without tumor removal can also be considered a viable option. This study highlights the potential of CI in hearing rehabilitation for patients with VS, particularly those with NF2.
{"title":"Ipsilateral cochlear implantation in cases with vestibular schwannoma","authors":"Qian Wan, Ruotong Wang, Yaqin Wu, Dongzhen Yu, Haibo Shi, Jingjing Wang, Pengjun Wang, Zhengnong Chen","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are the most common tumors in the cerebellopontine angle, which can lead to hearing loss, particularly following tumor resection. For patients with bilateral VS associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), hearing loss significantly undermines their quality of life.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of ipsilateral cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with VS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed six patients with VS, three of whom were diagnosed with NF2. Four patients underwent VS resection combined with simultaneous ipsilateral CI. Two patients received CI without tumor removal. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) testing was employed to assess the functionality of the cochlear nerve during the resection procedure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Simultaneous ipsilateral CI following VS resection was performed in four patients who underwent tumor removal, and cochlear nerve function was identified using eABR testing. Two patients without tumor resection also had implantations. The average impedance of the test electrodes was within the normal range and neural telemetry responses were detected in all patients. One patient opted out of using the cochlear due to normal hearing in the contralateral ear and found the implant unbeneficial. The remaining five patients experienced improvements in hearing, albeit to varying degrees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Simultaneous ipsilateral CI after VS resection is an effective approach for auditory rehabilitation. For NF2 patients with small, stable tumors, CI without tumor removal can also be considered a viable option. This study highlights the potential of CI in hearing rehabilitation for patients with VS, particularly those with NF2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IgG4-related chronic rhinosinusitis (IgG4-related CRS) is gaining recognition among various specialized physicians. As a systemic disease involving multiple organs, IgG4-related CRS is still not widely recognized as an independent clinical entity. Given the complexity of diagnosing autoimmune-related multisystem diseases, early recognition and diagnosis of IgG4-related CRS have become more challenging. Despite being an independent clinical entity, IgG4-related CRS is still mainly understood only by otolaryngologists but not other specialists. Here we reviewed studies related to the gradual recognition, the diagnostic controversies and challenges, treatment progress, pathogenesis, and current knowledge of IgG4-related CRS.
{"title":"Think highly of immunoglobulin G4-related chronic rhinosinusitis as a clinical entity in immunoglobulin G4-related disease","authors":"Lianqi Wan, Luo Zhang, Yingshi Piao, Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>IgG4-related chronic rhinosinusitis (IgG4-related CRS) is gaining recognition among various specialized physicians. As a systemic disease involving multiple organs, IgG4-related CRS is still not widely recognized as an independent clinical entity. Given the complexity of diagnosing autoimmune-related multisystem diseases, early recognition and diagnosis of IgG4-related CRS have become more challenging. Despite being an independent clinical entity, IgG4-related CRS is still mainly understood only by otolaryngologists but not other specialists. Here we reviewed studies related to the gradual recognition, the diagnostic controversies and challenges, treatment progress, pathogenesis, and current knowledge of IgG4-related CRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the head and neck, characterized by a complex pathogenesis. Most newly diagnosed NPC patients are locally advanced, and 20%–30% of advanced NPC patients have poor immunotherapy results.
Purpose
This study aimed to identify key genes associated with immunity and programmed cell death (PCD) in NPC, thereby providing new targets and strategies for precision treatment.
Results
In this study, functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE12452 and GSE61218 was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, the search tool for the retrieval of interaction gene/proteins database was constructed to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen key genes. From GSE12452 and GSE61218, 700 and 619 DEGs were obtained, respectively, and 346 common differential expressed genes (co-DEGs) were screened. Furthermore, 24 immune-related common differential expressed genes (IDEGs) were screened by the interaction of co-DEGs with immune-related DEGs. The major GO functions enriched for IDEGs were chemokine activity and receptor binding, and KEGG pathways were enriched for cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, IL-17 signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, and so on. PPI analysis identified seven hub genes, including interferon-gamma (IFNG), CXCL11, CCL8, IL33, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), CXCL3, and CXCL14. Remarkably, IFNG and PTGS2 may be the key targets for PCD regulation of NPC immunity.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that IFNG and PTGS2 are expected to be new markers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC, which opens a new way to further improve the prognosis of NPC patients.
{"title":"Bioinformatics analysis of immune-programmed cell death-related genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","authors":"Hongqiang Chen, Zhe Zhang, Xueting Yang, Chao Li","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the head and neck, characterized by a complex pathogenesis. Most newly diagnosed NPC patients are locally advanced, and 20%–30% of advanced NPC patients have poor immunotherapy results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to identify key genes associated with immunity and programmed cell death (PCD) in NPC, thereby providing new targets and strategies for precision treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE12452 and GSE61218 was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, the search tool for the retrieval of interaction gene/proteins database was constructed to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen key genes. From GSE12452 and GSE61218, 700 and 619 DEGs were obtained, respectively, and 346 common differential expressed genes (co-DEGs) were screened. Furthermore, 24 immune-related common differential expressed genes (IDEGs) were screened by the interaction of co-DEGs with immune-related DEGs. The major GO functions enriched for IDEGs were chemokine activity and receptor binding, and KEGG pathways were enriched for cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, IL-17 signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, and so on. PPI analysis identified seven hub genes, including interferon-gamma (<i>IFNG</i>), <i>CXCL11</i>, <i>CCL8</i>, <i>IL33</i>, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (<i>PTGS2</i>), <i>CXCL3</i>, and <i>CXCL14</i>. Remarkably, <i>IFNG</i> and <i>PTGS2</i> may be the key targets for PCD regulation of NPC immunity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that <i>IFNG</i> and <i>PTGS2</i> are expected to be new markers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC, which opens a new way to further improve the prognosis of NPC patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David O’Neil Danis III, Matthew Kovoor, Emily K. Gjini, Jonathon S. Sillman, Kathryn Y. Noonan
Objective
This study aims to assess overall rates of neuroimaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with primary diagnoses of dizziness/vertigo to determine if neuroimaging is overused in this population.
Study Design
Population-based ED registry analysis.
Setting
2020 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.
Patients
Patients presenting to the ED with dizziness/vertigo.
Interventions
Rates of neuroimaging (both CT and MRI), common associated diagnoses and symptoms, and CVAs.
Main Outcome Measures
Odds ratio (OR) and multivariate analysis were performed on the associations of common ED diagnoses with admission and CVAs.
Results
1,115,826 ED presentations received a primary diagnosis of vertigo/dizziness, resulting in $8.4 billion in ED charges. Of the patients discharged from the ED, 42.29% underwent neuroimaging. Overall, 2046 (0.18%) patients had a diagnosis of CVA. 89.46% of vertigo/dizziness patients with a CVA had at least one of 24 risk factors, including diabetes, history of thromboembolic event, nystagmus, and others, that were significantly associated with the presence of CVA in multivariate analysis. Current procedural terminology (CPT) codes of H81.2 (vestibular neuronitis) and H81.4 (vertigo of central origin) were significantly associated with CVA when compared to other forms of dizziness/vertigo (adjusted ORs of 3.26 and 3.98; p < 0.001).
Conclusions
A high proportion of ED patients with vertigo/dizziness undergo neuroimaging to rule out CVA, while only 0.18% are diagnosed with CVA. 24 diagnoses are positively associated with CVAs in patients presenting with vertigo/dizziness and can decrease neuroimaging rates and lower healthcare costs.
{"title":"Nationwide resource utilization of dizziness/vertigo presentations to the ED","authors":"David O’Neil Danis III, Matthew Kovoor, Emily K. Gjini, Jonathon S. Sillman, Kathryn Y. Noonan","doi":"10.1002/eer3.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to assess overall rates of neuroimaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with primary diagnoses of dizziness/vertigo to determine if neuroimaging is overused in this population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Population-based ED registry analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>2020 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Patients</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients presenting to the ED with dizziness/vertigo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interventions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rates of neuroimaging (both CT and MRI), common associated diagnoses and symptoms, and CVAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Outcome Measures</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Odds ratio (OR) and multivariate analysis were performed on the associations of common ED diagnoses with admission and CVAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>1,115,826 ED presentations received a primary diagnosis of vertigo/dizziness, resulting in $8.4 billion in ED charges. Of the patients discharged from the ED, 42.29% underwent neuroimaging. Overall, 2046 (0.18%) patients had a diagnosis of CVA. 89.46% of vertigo/dizziness patients with a CVA had at least one of 24 risk factors, including diabetes, history of thromboembolic event, nystagmus, and others, that were significantly associated with the presence of CVA in multivariate analysis. Current procedural terminology (CPT) codes of H81.2 (vestibular neuronitis) and H81.4 (vertigo of central origin) were significantly associated with CVA when compared to other forms of dizziness/vertigo (adjusted ORs of 3.26 and 3.98; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A high proportion of ED patients with vertigo/dizziness undergo neuroimaging to rule out CVA, while only 0.18% are diagnosed with CVA. 24 diagnoses are positively associated with CVAs in patients presenting with vertigo/dizziness and can decrease neuroimaging rates and lower healthcare costs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100519,"journal":{"name":"Eye & ENT Research","volume":"2 2","pages":"116-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer3.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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