Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473730
Ali Sheikholeslami
Welcome to the 40th article in the “Circuit Intuitions” column series. As the title suggests, each article provides insights and intuitions into circuit design and analysis. These articles are aimed at undergraduate students but may serve the interests of other readers as well. If you read this article, I would appreciate your comments and feedback as well as your requests and suggestions for future articles in this series. Please e-mail me your comments at ali@ece.utoronto.ca.
{"title":"“Noise and Distortion, Part II” [Circuit Intuitions]","authors":"Ali Sheikholeslami","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473730","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the 40th article in the “Circuit Intuitions” column series. As the title suggests, each article provides insights and intuitions into circuit design and analysis. These articles are aimed at undergraduate students but may serve the interests of other readers as well. If you read this article, I would appreciate your comments and feedback as well as your requests and suggestions for future articles in this series. Please e-mail me your comments at ali@ece.utoronto.ca.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3443249
Shanthi Pavan
The first part of this two-article series described the continuous-time pipelined (CTP) ADC, which is appropriate when the oversampling ratio (OSR) is small. When the OSR is large, it becomes feasible to embed the quantizer into the antialias filter’s feedback loop. Such sub-systems are referred to as continuous-time delta-sigma modulators. This article describes the ideas behind such analog-to-digital converters.
{"title":"Fundamentals of Continuous-Time ADCs: Part Two: Continuous-Time Delta–Sigma Converters","authors":"Shanthi Pavan","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3443249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3443249","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this two-article series described the continuous-time pipelined (CTP) ADC, which is appropriate when the oversampling ratio (OSR) is small. When the OSR is large, it becomes feasible to embed the quantizer into the antialias filter’s feedback loop. Such sub-systems are referred to as continuous-time delta-sigma modulators. This article describes the ideas behind such analog-to-digital converters.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3475708
Harald Pretl;Ali Sabir;Mehdi Saligane;Sadayuki Yoshitomi
Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.
提供从业人员和研究人员感兴趣的社会信息，包括新闻、评论或技术说明。
{"title":"SSCS PICO Chronicles: News From the Open Source Community: Code-a-Chip Travel Grant Awards at VLSI 2024 [Society News]","authors":"Harald Pretl;Ali Sabir;Mehdi Saligane;Sadayuki Yoshitomi","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3475708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3475708","url":null,"abstract":"Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"109-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10752803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460148
Xupeng Zhang;Zixuan Shen;Chao Wang
Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.
提供从业人员和研究人员感兴趣的社会信息，包括新闻、评论或技术说明。
{"title":"IEEE CASS/SSCS/EDS Wuhan Joint Chapter Successfully Hosts Lectures on Security of Edge Deep Neural Networks, IEEE Professional Career Development, and Interplay of AI and Domain-Specific Computing [Chapters]","authors":"Xupeng Zhang;Zixuan Shen;Chao Wang","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460148","url":null,"abstract":"Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"120-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10752789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a reciprocal system, all the wave travels in the same way backward as forward. When the exchange between the source and detectors result in different transmittance, non-Hermiticity is granted but the nonreciprocity needs to be carefully evaluated. Although most of the integrated circuits are reciprocal, unexpected nonreciprocal response may emerge in the system, especially the tunable components containing asymmetrically coupled resonators, traveling wave electrodes and hysteresis response. The nonreciprocity may result in unexpected signal distribution, distortion and errors in analogue circuits of electrical and photonic networks. With proper engineering, the nonreciprocity can be leveraged and optimized for suppressing the laser noise in photonic systems as isolators, reducing the circuits duplication as circulators. The radio-frequency nonreciprocity can be used for protecting the high power amplifiers from oscillation and damage. Asymmetric coupling can also be useful in simplifying the circuit complexity and reducing crosstalk in the optical interconnect transceiver circuits.
{"title":"Asymmetric Transmittance and Nonreciprocity in Guided Wave Circuits: Fundamentals and IC topology","authors":"Luhong Su;Heijun Jeong;Hwaseob Lee;Lorry Chang;Tingyi Gu","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3437290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3437290","url":null,"abstract":"In a reciprocal system, all the wave travels in the same way backward as forward. When the exchange between the source and detectors result in different transmittance, non-Hermiticity is granted but the nonreciprocity needs to be carefully evaluated. Although most of the integrated circuits are reciprocal, unexpected nonreciprocal response may emerge in the system, especially the tunable components containing asymmetrically coupled resonators, traveling wave electrodes and hysteresis response. The nonreciprocity may result in unexpected signal distribution, distortion and errors in analogue circuits of electrical and photonic networks. With proper engineering, the nonreciprocity can be leveraged and optimized for suppressing the laser noise in photonic systems as isolators, reducing the circuits duplication as circulators. The radio-frequency nonreciprocity can be used for protecting the high power amplifiers from oscillation and damage. Asymmetric coupling can also be useful in simplifying the circuit complexity and reducing crosstalk in the optical interconnect transceiver circuits.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"54-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473747
Farhana Sheikh
Roughly 25 years ago, it was rare for an individual to interact with a voice-activated service on a daily basis. Since then, there has been an exponential rise in devices that use the human voice as input. A study published in Forbes magazine [1] estimates that by 2025 the global voice recognition market will reach US ${$}$ 26.8 billion. Today, more than one in four people regularly use voice search, and by the end of 2024, it is estimated that the number of digital voice assistants in the world will reach 8.4 billion [1] , slightly greater than the world’s total population. As the use of voice-activated assistants exponentially rises, it is also expected that commercial transactions made through such devices will increase, reaching US ${$}$ 164 billion by 2025 [1] . Interestingly enough, the technologies that enabled the recent skyrocketing acceptance of voice rather than text as input to a computing machine are closely tied to the recent natural language processing (NLP) phenomena responsible for artificial intelligence (AI) engines such as ChatGPT. In this installment of “Circuits From a Systems Perspective,” we briefly review the history of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and show how intertwined it is with NLP that has led to large language models (LLMs) which have spurred the new age of AI. We review a modern speech recognition system and some of the circuits that could possibly enhance ASR systems that we may see in the future.
{"title":"Automated Speech Recognition: Spurring Artificial Intelligence Innovation [Circuits from a Systems Perspective]","authors":"Farhana Sheikh","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3473747","url":null,"abstract":"Roughly 25 years ago, it was rare for an individual to interact with a voice-activated service on a daily basis. Since then, there has been an exponential rise in devices that use the human voice as input. A study published in \u0000<italic>Forbes</i>\u0000 magazine \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000 estimates that by 2025 the global voice recognition market will reach US\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>${$}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u000026.8 billion. Today, more than one in four people regularly use voice search, and by the end of 2024, it is estimated that the number of digital voice assistants in the world will reach 8.4 billion \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, slightly greater than the world’s total population. As the use of voice-activated assistants exponentially rises, it is also expected that commercial transactions made through such devices will increase, reaching US\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>${$}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000164 billion by 2025 \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. Interestingly enough, the technologies that enabled the recent skyrocketing acceptance of voice rather than text as input to a computing machine are closely tied to the recent natural language processing (NLP) phenomena responsible for artificial intelligence (AI) engines such as ChatGPT. In this installment of “Circuits From a Systems Perspective,” we briefly review the history of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and show how intertwined it is with NLP that has led to large language models (LLMs) which have spurred the new age of AI. We review a modern speech recognition system and some of the circuits that could possibly enhance ASR systems that we may see in the future.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"29-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460094
Kalyan Biswas
Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.
提供从业人员和研究人员感兴趣的社会信息，包括新闻、评论或技术说明。
{"title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Kolkata Chapter [Chapters]","authors":"Kalyan Biswas","doi":"10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2024.3460094","url":null,"abstract":"Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.","PeriodicalId":100636,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine","volume":"16 4","pages":"127-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10752688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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