Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(95)00119-0
N.F. Arnold
A technique is proposed to measure the electron density profile of the ionosphere between 100 and 800 km using a microwave frequency receiver on board a conventional Earth Observations Satellite and a series of transmitters on micro satellites in appropriate orbits. A pair of pulsed frequencies will enable the relative signal delay to be determined and hence the total electron content between the two devices. The vertical profiles of N along the satellite track can be retrieved using a modified form of tomography. Regular global coverage from a single experiment over several years would provide a unique data set for comparison with models of the ionosphere, and also its interaction with the neutral atmosohere and its response to changes in solar activity.
{"title":"Radio limb sounding: a technique for measuring global profiles of free electrons in the ionosphere","authors":"N.F. Arnold","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00119-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00119-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A technique is proposed to measure the electron density profile of the ionosphere between 100 and 800 km using a microwave frequency receiver on board a conventional Earth Observations Satellite and a series of transmitters on micro satellites in appropriate orbits. A pair of pulsed frequencies will enable the relative signal delay to be determined and hence the total electron content between the two devices. The vertical profiles of N along the satellite track can be retrieved using a modified form of tomography. Regular global coverage from a single experiment over several years would provide a unique data set for comparison with models of the ionosphere, and also its interaction with the neutral atmosohere and its response to changes in solar activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1741-1749"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00119-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53071593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(96)80452-1
M.J. Rycroft
{"title":"Cosmology—The origin and evolution of cosmic structure","authors":"M.J. Rycroft","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80452-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80452-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1818-1819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(96)80452-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53073643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By comparing direct measurements taken from onboard Atmosphere Explorer spacecraft (AE), in eccentric orbit, with incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements taken from the ground, we illustrate both the merits and the difficulties involved in such comparisons. Five altitude profiles of ionization determined from AE, in near coincidence with ground stations making ISR measurements, compared favorably with the ISR data so long as the AE measurements were properly analyzed for the effects of variations in latitude and solar zenith angle along the spacecraft orbit.
{"title":"A comparison of ionization densities determined from spacecraft and incoherent scatter radar data","authors":"N.J. Miller , J.M. Grebowsky , W.R. Hoegy , K.K. Mahajan","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00200-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00200-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By comparing direct measurements taken from onboard Atmosphere Explorer spacecraft (AE), in eccentric orbit, with incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements taken from the ground, we illustrate both the merits and the difficulties involved in such comparisons. Five altitude profiles of ionization determined from AE, in near coincidence with ground stations making ISR measurements, compared favorably with the ISR data so long as the AE measurements were properly analyzed for the effects of variations in latitude and solar zenith angle along the spacecraft orbit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1735-1740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00200-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53072501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(96)80446-6
M.J. Rycroft
{"title":"The upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere: A review of experiment and theory","authors":"M.J. Rycroft","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80446-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80446-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Page 1816"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(96)80446-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53073495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(96)80448-X
E.E. Antonova
{"title":"Introduction to space physics","authors":"E.E. Antonova","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80448-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80448-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Page 1817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(96)80448-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"103231176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(95)00154-9
A.I. Sukhorukov
The complexity of the electric properties of the atmosphere, which influences the excitation and propagation of electromagnetic signals generated by lightning discharges, gives rise to a diversity of the typical signal wave forms and amplitudes in the various space-time domains. This causes difficulties and controversies in the interpretation of the experimental data. In geophysical problems of such a kind, considerations accounting for a broadband spectrum are particularly important.
In the present paper, lightning induced ULF-VLF fields in the daytime inhomogeneous atmosphere and D-region of the ionosphere above the thundercloud are analyzed for a standard model of the vertical return stroke. The developed analytical approach makes it possible to unite the canonical model of the electromagnetic radiation into a free-half-space, the discharge (ELF-VLF spectrum) and ‘post-discharge’ (ULF spectrum) low-frequency models and to clarify the temporal scales in the mechanism of lightning coupling with the atmosphere and low ionosphere with respect to the local relaxation time, discharge characteristic time scales and observer location.
{"title":"Lightning transient fields in the atmosphere—low ionosphere","authors":"A.I. Sukhorukov","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00154-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00154-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The complexity of the electric properties of the atmosphere, which influences the excitation and propagation of electromagnetic signals generated by lightning discharges, gives rise to a diversity of the typical signal wave forms and amplitudes in the various space-time domains. This causes difficulties and controversies in the interpretation of the experimental data. In geophysical problems of such a kind, considerations accounting for a broadband spectrum are particularly important.</p><p>In the present paper, lightning induced ULF-VLF fields in the daytime inhomogeneous atmosphere and D-region of the ionosphere above the thundercloud are analyzed for a standard model of the vertical return stroke. The developed analytical approach makes it possible to unite the canonical model of the electromagnetic radiation into a free-half-space, the discharge (ELF-VLF spectrum) and ‘post-discharge’ (ULF spectrum) low-frequency models and to clarify the temporal scales in the mechanism of lightning coupling with the atmosphere and low ionosphere with respect to the local relaxation time, discharge characteristic time scales and observer location.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1711-1720"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00154-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53072161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(95)00193-X
R.P. Kane, E.R. de Paula
The 12-month running mean series of atmospheric CO2 directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, showed highly significant periodicities near T = 14, 8, 5, 3–4 years. This CO2 series also showed a significant oscillation at T = 2.56 years which matches with T = 2.6 years of the Southern Oscillation (SO) index but not with the QBO (T = 2.33 and 2.68 years) of the stratospheric zonal wind. On the other hand, the yearly range (maximum minus minimum) series of CO2 showed periodicities T = 2.45 and 2.75 years (significant at the 2 sigma level) which seem similar to those of the stratospheric wind QBO (T = 2.33 and 2.68 years). No evidence was found for a 11 year (solar cycle) component.
{"title":"Atmospheric CO2 changes at Mauna Loa, Hawaii","authors":"R.P. Kane, E.R. de Paula","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00193-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00193-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The 12-month running mean series of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, showed highly significant periodicities near <em>T</em> = 14, 8, 5, 3–4 years. This CO<sub>2</sub> series also showed a significant oscillation at <em>T</em> = 2.56 years which matches with <em>T</em> = 2.6 years of the Southern Oscillation (SO) index but not with the QBO (<em>T</em> = 2.33 and 2.68 years) of the stratospheric zonal wind. On the other hand, the yearly range (maximum minus minimum) series of CO<sub>2</sub> showed periodicities <em>T</em> = 2.45 and 2.75 years (significant at the 2 sigma level) which seem similar to those of the stratospheric wind QBO (<em>T</em> = 2.33 and 2.68 years). No evidence was found for a 11 year (solar cycle) component.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1673-1681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00193-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53072485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(96)80444-2
M.J. Rycroft
{"title":"Advances in environmental remote sensing","authors":"M.J. Rycroft","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80444-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80444-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Page 1815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(96)80444-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53073473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(96)80447-8
M.J. Rycroft
{"title":"Space plasmas: Coupling between small and medium scale processes","authors":"M.J. Rycroft","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80447-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9169(96)80447-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","volume":"58 15","pages":"Pages 1816-1817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9169(96)80447-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53073512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}