A new method for electrochemical polymerization of aniline is presented in which a small amount of p-aminodiphenylamine is added to the polymerization system. In the presence of p-aminodiphenylamine, the rate of polymerization increases greatly, the lower potentials can be applied to generate polyaniline with probably improved quality owing to fewer side reactions, and the more uniform polyaniline films can be prepared.
The propoxylation of lactose (a dairy waste by-product), under basic conditions, yields polyether polyols that have been found to be a good substitute for sucrose polyether polyols currently used in the rigid polyurethane foam industry. 13C-NMR analysis of polyethers of sugars indicate that while the disaccharide α (1 → 2′) linkage of sucrose remains intact during propoxylation, that of lactose breaks, giving polyethers of monosaccharides. In addition, IR spectra reveal the absence of unsaturation in the product. The presence of multiplicities of the different carbon peaks of propylene oxide in the NMR spectrum of the product implies a regioselective attack on the C-1 or C-2 of propylene oxide by the incoming nucleophile.
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