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Self-assembled monolayers of rigid thiols 刚性硫醇自组装单层
Pub Date : 2000-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00013-1
Abraham Ulman , Jung F. Kang , Yitzhak Shnidman , Sheng Liao , Rainer Jordan , Gun-Young Choi , Julien Zaccaro , Allan S. Myerson , Miriam Rafailovich , Jonathan Sokolov , Cathy Fleischer

The preparation, structure, properties and applications of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of rigid 4-mercaptobiphenyls are briefly reviewed. The rigid character of the biphenyl moiety results in a molecular dipole moment that affects both the adsorption kinetics on gold surfaces, as well as the equilibrium structure of mixed SAMs. Due to repulsive intermolecular interaction, the Langmuir isotherm model does not fit the adsorption kinetics of these biphenyl thiols, and a new Ising model was developed to fit the kinetics data. The equilibrium structures of SAMs and mixed SAMs depend on the polarity of the solution from which they were assembled. Infrared spectroscopy suggests that biphenyl moieties in SAMs on gold have small tilt angles with respect to the surfaces normal. Wetting studies shows that surfaces of these SAMs are stable for months, thus providing stable model surfaces that can be engineered at the molecular level. Such molecular engineering is important for nucleation and growth studies. The morphology of glycine crystals grown on SAM surfaces depends on the structure of the nucleating glycine layer, which, in turn, depends on the H-bonding of these molecules with the SAM surface. Finally, the adhesion of PDMS cross-linked networks to SAM surfaces depends on the concentration of interfacial H-bonding. This non-linear relationship suggests that the polymeric nature of the elastomer results in a collective H-bonding effect.

综述了刚性4-巯基联苯自组装单层膜的制备、结构、性能及应用。联苯部分的刚性特性导致了分子偶极矩的产生,这既影响了在金表面的吸附动力学,也影响了混合SAMs的平衡结构。由于分子间相互排斥作用的存在,Langmuir等温线模型不适合这些联苯硫醇的吸附动力学,因此建立了一个新的Ising模型来拟合动力学数据。SAMs和混合SAMs的平衡结构取决于组装它们的溶液的极性。红外光谱分析表明,在金表面的SAMs中,联苯基团相对于法向表面具有较小的倾斜角度。润湿研究表明,这些sam的表面在几个月内保持稳定,从而提供了可以在分子水平上进行工程设计的稳定模型表面。这种分子工程对于成核和生长研究是重要的。在SAM表面生长的甘氨酸晶体的形态取决于成核甘氨酸层的结构,而成核甘氨酸层的结构又取决于这些分子与SAM表面的氢键。最后,PDMS交联网络与SAM表面的粘附取决于界面氢键的浓度。这种非线性关系表明,弹性体的聚合性质导致了集体氢键效应。
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引用次数: 39
Functional tethered lipid bilayers 功能性系留脂质双分子层
Pub Date : 2000-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00012-X
W Knoll , C.W Frank , C Heibel , R Naumann , A Offenhäusser , J Rühe , E.K Schmidt , W.W Shen , A Sinner

Our strategy to provide the structural basis for the build-up of functional tethered membranes focuses on three approaches: the first one is based on the pre-organization of a monomolecular layer of a lipopolymer at the water/air interface which is then transferred to a solid support. Prior to deposition, the substrate is coated with a layer of benzophenone-derivatized silane molecules that allow for a stable covalent attachment by photo-cross-linking of some of the monomer units of the lipopolymer to the support. An alternative concept realizes a layer-by-layer deposition of the various structural elements: (1) the attachment layer with the reactive sites for the chemical stabilization; (2) a polymer ‘cushion’ prepared by adsorption and simultaneous or subsequent partial covalent binding to the reactive sites; and (3) a lipid monolayer transferred from the water/air interface, that contains a certain amount of lipids with reactive headgroups which, upon binding to the polymer tether, act as anchor lipids stabilizing the whole monolayer/cushion-composite. And finally, we build peptide-supported monolayers by first (self-) assembling amino acid sequences of various lengths via a SH-group near their N-terminus onto Au substances and use then their COO-terminus to chemically attach phosphatidyl-ethanolamine lipids to form a stable monolayer of lipid–peptide conjugates. All the individual preparation steps and the various resulting (multi-) layers are characterized by surface plasmon spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron-reflectometry, contact angle measurements, IR spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning probe microscopies, as well as, electrochemical techniques. For all tethering systems, the final membranes' architecture is obtained by fusing lipid vesicles onto the lipid monolayer. Proteins can be incorporated by either fusing vesicles that are loaded with the respective receptors, pores, or ion pumps via a reconstitution procedure, or via a transfer directly from a micellar solution to the pre-formed lipid bilayer at the solid support by a dialysis step. Two structural/dynamical features of tethered membranes which are considered to be of particular functional relevance, i.e. the degree of water uptake and, hence, the degree of swelling of the polymer support, as well as the lateral mobility of the lipid molecules in the membrane, are tested by surface plasmon optics and by measurements of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), respectively. The results confirm that the presented preparation protocols yield fluid bilayers that mimic certain relevant properties of biological membranes. The functional characterization of tethered membranes, which is briefly summarized, is based on various electrochemical techniques, in particular, impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammet

我们为构建功能性系索膜提供结构基础的策略主要集中在三种方法上:第一种方法是基于在水/空气界面处预组织脂聚合物的单分子层,然后将其转移到固体载体上。在沉积之前,衬底上涂有一层二苯甲酮衍生的硅烷分子,通过光交联脂聚合物的一些单体单元到载体上,允许稳定的共价附着。另一种概念实现了各种结构元素的逐层沉积:(1)具有化学稳定反应位点的附着层;(2)通过吸附和同时或随后与反应位点的部分共价结合制备的聚合物“缓冲垫”;(3)从水/空气界面转移的脂质单层,其中含有一定量的具有活性基团的脂质,这些脂质与聚合物系链结合后,充当锚定脂质,稳定整个单层/缓冲复合材料。最后,我们首先(自)将不同长度的氨基酸序列通过其n端附近的sh基团组装到Au物质上,然后使用它们的COO -末端化学连接磷脂酰乙醇胺脂质,形成稳定的脂质-肽偶联物单层,从而构建肽支持的单层。通过表面等离子体光谱、x射线和中子反射、接触角测量、红外光谱、荧光显微镜、扫描探针显微镜以及电化学技术,对所有单独的制备步骤和所得到的各种(多)层进行了表征。对于所有系带系统,最终膜的结构是通过将脂质囊泡融合到脂质单层上获得的。蛋白质可以通过重组过程融合装载各自受体、孔或离子泵的囊泡,或者通过透析步骤直接从胶束溶液转移到固体支撑处预先形成的脂质双分子层。拴系膜的两个结构/动力学特征被认为具有特殊的功能相关性,即吸水程度,从而聚合物载体的膨胀程度,以及膜中脂质分子的横向迁移率,分别通过表面等离子体光学和光漂白后荧光恢复(FRAP)的测量进行了测试。结果证实,所提出的制备方案产生流体双层,模拟某些相关性质的生物膜。栓系膜的功能表征是基于各种电化学技术,特别是阻抗谱、循环伏安法和计时安培法的研究。从叶绿体和大肠杆菌中重组的H+- atp酶和细胞色素氧化酶(含和不含细胞色素c)的结果证实了蛋白质以活性形式的掺入,从而为新型传感器格式或提供全新的模型膜系统开辟了机会。
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引用次数: 157
X-ray and neutron surface scattering for studying lipid/polymer assemblies at the air–liquid and solid–liquid interfaces x射线和中子表面散射在气-液和固-液界面研究脂质/聚合物组件
Pub Date : 2000-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00011-8
Jaroslaw Majewski , Tonya L. Kuhl , Joyce Y. Wong , Gregory S. Smith

Simple mono- and bilayers, built of amphiphilic molecules and prepared at air–liquid or solid–liquid interfaces, can be used as models to study such effects as water penetration, hydrocarbon chain packing, and structural changes due to head group modification. In the paper, we will discuss neutron and X-ray reflectometry and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction techniques used to explore structures of such ultra-thin organic films in different environments. We will illustrate the use of these methods to characterize the morphologies of the following systems: (i) polyethylene glycol-modified distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine monolayers at air–liquid and solid–liquid interfaces; and (ii) assemblies of branched polyethyleneimine polymer and dimyristoylphophatidylcholine lipid at solid–liquid interfaces.

两亲分子在气-液或固-液界面上制备的简单单层和双层,可以作为研究水渗透、烃链填充和头基修饰引起的结构变化等影响的模型。在本文中,我们将讨论中子和x射线反射法以及掠入射x射线衍射技术用于探索不同环境下这种超薄有机薄膜的结构。我们将说明使用这些方法来表征以下系统的形态:(i)在空气-液体和固体-液体界面上聚乙烯乙二醇修饰的二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺单层;支化聚乙烯亚胺聚合物和二肉芽酰基磷脂酰胆碱脂在固液界面的组装。
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引用次数: 28
Tethered membranes 系膜
Pub Date : 2000-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00017-9
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引用次数: 1
New silk protein: modification of silk protein by gene engineering for production of biomaterials 新型丝蛋白:利用基因工程技术对丝蛋白进行修饰,用于生产生物材料
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00004-0
Hajime Mori , Masuhiro Tsukada

The interest in silk fibroin morphology and structure have increased due to its attractiveness for bio-related applications. Silk fibers have been used as sutures for a long time in the surgical field, due to the biocompatibility of silk fibroin fibers with human living tissue. In addition, it has been demonstrated that silk can be used as a substrate for enzyme immobilization in biosensors. A more complete understanding of silk structure would provide the possibility to further exploit silk fibroin for a wide range of new uses, such as the production of oxygen-permeable membranes and biocompatible materials. Silk fibroin-based membranes could be utilized as soft tissue compatible polymers. Baculovirus-mediated transgenesis of the silkworm allows specific alterations in a target sequence. Homologous recombination of a foreign gene downstream from a powerful promoter, such as the fibroin promoter, would allow the constitutive production of a useful protein in the silkworm and the modification of the character of silk protein. A chimeric protein consisted of fibroin and green fluorescent protein was expressed under the control of fibroin in the posterior silk gland and the gene product was spun into the cocoon layer. This technique, gene targeting, will lead to the modification and enhancement of physicochemical properties of silk protein.

由于丝素蛋白在生物相关领域的应用,其形态学和结构的研究日益受到关注。由于丝素蛋白纤维与人体活组织具有良好的生物相容性,丝素纤维在外科手术领域被长期用作缝合线。此外,已经证明蚕丝可以作为生物传感器中酶固定的底物。对丝素结构的更全面的了解将为进一步开发丝素蛋白的广泛新用途提供可能性,例如生产透氧膜和生物相容性材料。丝素基膜可作为软组织相容性聚合物。杆状病毒介导的家蚕转基因允许对目标序列进行特异性改变。从强力启动子(如丝素蛋白启动子)下游对外源基因进行同源重组,可以在蚕丝中产生有用的蛋白质,并对蚕丝蛋白的特性进行修饰。在丝素蛋白的调控下,在蚕丝后腺中表达了丝素蛋白与绿色荧光蛋白的嵌合蛋白,并将该基因产物纺成茧层。基因靶向技术将导致蚕丝蛋白理化性质的修饰和增强。
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引用次数: 88
Silk biotechnology 丝绸生物技术
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00010-6
Klaus Weisshart
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引用次数: 0
Reviews in molecular biotechnology 分子生物技术综述
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00009-X
Stephan Diekmann
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引用次数: 14
Strength and structure of spiders’ silks 蜘蛛丝的强度和结构
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00006-4
Fritz Vollrath

Spider silks are composite materials with often complex microstructures. They are spun from liquid crystalline dope using a complicated spinning mechanism which gives the animal considerable control. The material properties of finished silk are modified by the effects of water and other solvents, and spiders make use of this to produce fibres with specific qualities. The surprising sophistication of spider silks and spinning technologies makes it imperative for us to understand both material and manufacturing in nature before embarking on the commercialization of biotechnologically modified silk dope.

蛛丝是具有复杂微观结构的复合材料。它们是用一种复杂的纺丝机制从液晶浆料中纺成的,这种纺丝机制给了动物相当大的控制力。成品丝的材料特性受到水和其他溶剂的影响而发生改变,蜘蛛利用这一点生产出具有特定品质的纤维。蜘蛛丝和纺丝技术的惊人复杂性使得我们在着手将生物技术修饰的丝涂料商业化之前,必须了解材料和制造的本质。
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引用次数: 271
Lessons from nature — protein fibers 大自然的教训——蛋白质纤维
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00007-6
Karl-Heinz Gührs , Klaus Weisshart , Frank Grosse

Silks are protein fibers with remarkable mechanical properties. The discovery of the structural features that govern these properties is a challenge for biochemistry and structural biology. This review summarizes the results of the biochemistry of silk proteins as well as the knowledge of the molecular biology of the respective genes. In addition, an overview is presented on the efforts to produce recombinant silk proteins by biotechnological techniques.

蚕丝是一种具有显著机械性能的蛋白质纤维。发现控制这些特性的结构特征对生物化学和结构生物学来说是一个挑战。本文综述了近年来蚕丝蛋白的生物化学研究进展以及相关基因的分子生物学研究进展。此外,综述了利用生物技术生产重组丝蛋白的研究进展。
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引用次数: 29
Molecular biology of spider silk 蜘蛛丝的分子生物学
Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0352(00)00005-2
Stefan Winkler, David L Kaplan

Spider silks are an intriguing family of fibrous proteins due to their highly repetitive primary sequence, their solution properties and their assembly and processing into fibers with remarkable mechanical properties. Current research efforts aimed at understanding and manipulating genes encoding these proteins are helping to gain insight into the relationships between protein sequence, protein assembly and macromolecular properties.

蜘蛛丝是一个有趣的纤维蛋白家族,因为它们具有高度重复的初级序列,它们的溶液特性以及它们的组装和加工成具有显着机械性能的纤维。目前的研究努力旨在理解和操纵编码这些蛋白质的基因,这有助于深入了解蛋白质序列、蛋白质组装和大分子特性之间的关系。
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引用次数: 111
期刊
Reviews in Molecular Biotechnology
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