Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3
{"title":"Solar Cells: From Materials to Device Technology","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87625405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82891
J. M. Baruah, J. Narayan
Quantum dots (QDs) of group IIB-VIA are one of the most promising materials for various advanced technological applications in the field of optoelectronics, photovoltaic solar cells and biomedicine. Recent developments have suggested the incorporation of aqueous-mediated synthesis for the QDs, as it is greener, environment friendly, cost-effective and reproducible. However, the process involves several challenges, which ought to be met in order to produce stable, consistent and sustainable product formation. The present review discusses the significance of semiconducting QDs, their synthesis through various processes, their pros and cons, and above all the advantage of aqueous-mediated, atom economic and energy-saving methodologies.
{"title":"Aqueous-Mediated Synthesis of Group IIB-VIA Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Challenges and Developments","authors":"J. M. Baruah, J. Narayan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.82891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82891","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum dots (QDs) of group IIB-VIA are one of the most promising materials for various advanced technological applications in the field of optoelectronics, photovoltaic solar cells and biomedicine. Recent developments have suggested the incorporation of aqueous-mediated synthesis for the QDs, as it is greener, environment friendly, cost-effective and reproducible. However, the process involves several challenges, which ought to be met in order to produce stable, consistent and sustainable product formation. The present review discusses the significance of semiconducting QDs, their synthesis through various processes, their pros and cons, and above all the advantage of aqueous-mediated, atom economic and energy-saving methodologies.","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84618037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_9
H. Anwar, Iram Arif, Uswa Javeed, H. Mushtaq, K. Ali, S. Sharma
{"title":"Quantum Dot Solar Cells","authors":"H. Anwar, Iram Arif, Uswa Javeed, H. Mushtaq, K. Ali, S. Sharma","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86083659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_4
M. Almeida
{"title":"Recent Advances in Solar Cells","authors":"M. Almeida","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88819611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_1
M. Y. Naz, S. Shukrullah, A. Ghaffar, K. Ali, S. Sharma
{"title":"Synthesis and Processing of Nanomaterials","authors":"M. Y. Naz, S. Shukrullah, A. Ghaffar, K. Ali, S. Sharma","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"116 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91033909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84820
N. Balaji, Mehul C. Raval, S Saravanan
Solar cell market is led by silicon photovoltaics and holds around 92% of the total market. Silicon solar cell fabrication process involves several critical steps which affects cell efficiency to large extent. This includes surface texturization, diffusion, antireflective coatings, and contact metallization. Among the critical processes, metallization is more significant. By optimizing contact metallization, electrical and optical losses of the solar cells can be reduced or controlled. Conventional and advanced silicon solar cell processes are discussed briefly. Subsequently, different metallization technologies used for front contacts in conventional silicon solar cells such as screen printing and nickel/copper plating are reviewed in detail. Rear metallization is important to improve efficiency in passivated emitter rear contact cells and interdigitated back contact cells. Current models on local Al contact formation in passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) cells are reviewed, and the influence of process parameters on the formation of local Al contacts is discussed. Also, the contact mechanism and the influence of metal contacts in interdigitated back contact (IBC) cells are reviewed briefly. The research highlights on metallization of conventional screen printed solar cells are compared with PERC and IBC cells.
{"title":"Review on Metallization in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"N. Balaji, Mehul C. Raval, S Saravanan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84820","url":null,"abstract":"Solar cell market is led by silicon photovoltaics and holds around 92% of the total market. Silicon solar cell fabrication process involves several critical steps which affects cell efficiency to large extent. This includes surface texturization, diffusion, antireflective coatings, and contact metallization. Among the critical processes, metallization is more significant. By optimizing contact metallization, electrical and optical losses of the solar cells can be reduced or controlled. Conventional and advanced silicon solar cell processes are discussed briefly. Subsequently, different metallization technologies used for front contacts in conventional silicon solar cells such as screen printing and nickel/copper plating are reviewed in detail. Rear metallization is important to improve efficiency in passivated emitter rear contact cells and interdigitated back contact cells. Current models on local Al contact formation in passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) cells are reviewed, and the influence of process parameters on the formation of local Al contacts is discussed. Also, the contact mechanism and the influence of metal contacts in interdigitated back contact (IBC) cells are reviewed briefly. The research highlights on metallization of conventional screen printed solar cells are compared with PERC and IBC cells.","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89896192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84817
Mehul C. Raval, Sukumar Madugula Reddy
The chapter will introduce industrial silicon solar cell manufacturing technologies with its current status. Commercial p-type and high efficiency n-type solar cell structures will be discussed and compared so that the reader can get a head-start in industrial solar cells. A brief over-view of various process steps from texturing to screen-printed metallization is presented. Texturing processes for mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon wafers have been reviewed with the latest processes. An over-view of the thermal processes of diffusion and anti-reflective coating deposition has been presented. The well-established screen-printing process for solar cell metallization is introduced with the fast-firing step for sintering of the contacts. I-V testing of solar cells with various parameters for solar cell characterization is introduced. Latest developments in various processes and equipment manufacturing are also discussed along with the expected future trends.
{"title":"Industrial Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"Mehul C. Raval, Sukumar Madugula Reddy","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84817","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter will introduce industrial silicon solar cell manufacturing technologies with its current status. Commercial p-type and high efficiency n-type solar cell structures will be discussed and compared so that the reader can get a head-start in industrial solar cells. A brief over-view of various process steps from texturing to screen-printed metallization is presented. Texturing processes for mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon wafers have been reviewed with the latest processes. An over-view of the thermal processes of diffusion and anti-reflective coating deposition has been presented. The well-established screen-printing process for solar cell metallization is introduced with the fast-firing step for sintering of the contacts. I-V testing of solar cells with various parameters for solar cell characterization is introduced. Latest developments in various processes and equipment manufacturing are also discussed along with the expected future trends.","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76922475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85074
D. Christiansen, S. Mehraeen
We study the merits of a reaction-diffusion model to unravel the effects of active layer morphology and donor-acceptor interfacial roughness, density of states, charge carrier concentration, and local charge density fluctuations on the bimolecular recombination kinetics in bulk heterojunction organic semiconductors. We consider the cases of a single and composite electronic density of states (DoS) that consists of a superposition of a Gaussian and an exponential DoS. Using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, we apply the reaction-diffusion model in order to investigate the factors impacting bimolecular recombination (BMR) kinetics and rates at short and long time scales. We find that morphology, donor-acceptor interfacial roughness, and charge carrier concentration only affect BMR time, whereas DoS characteristics as well as local charge density fluctuations can significantly impact BMR kinetics and rates.
{"title":"Impact of Active Layer Morphology, Density of States, Charge Carrier Concentration, and Local Charge Density Fluctuations on Bimolecular Recombination of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Theoretical Perspective","authors":"D. Christiansen, S. Mehraeen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85074","url":null,"abstract":"We study the merits of a reaction-diffusion model to unravel the effects of active layer morphology and donor-acceptor interfacial roughness, density of states, charge carrier concentration, and local charge density fluctuations on the bimolecular recombination kinetics in bulk heterojunction organic semiconductors. We consider the cases of a single and composite electronic density of states (DoS) that consists of a superposition of a Gaussian and an exponential DoS. Using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, we apply the reaction-diffusion model in order to investigate the factors impacting bimolecular recombination (BMR) kinetics and rates at short and long time scales. We find that morphology, donor-acceptor interfacial roughness, and charge carrier concentration only affect BMR time, whereas DoS characteristics as well as local charge density fluctuations can significantly impact BMR kinetics and rates.","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86204908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84794
R. Much, Prakash Natarajan, A. Shalabny, Sumesh Sadhujan, S. Harilal, M. Bashouti
It is known that defect-free, i.e., oxide-free, Si nanowires (Si NWs) exhibit lower defect density emissions than unmodified Si NWs. This is successfully established by grafting organic molecules on the surface. Here we show that by using a two-step chlorination/alkylation process, we are able to graft organic molecules on Si NWs for solar cell applications. Afterward, we show the electronic properties of the molecular surface (such as work function and band bending). Finally, we correlate these properties to the solar cell performance.
{"title":"Heterojunction-Based Hybrid Silicon Nanowires Solar Cell","authors":"R. Much, Prakash Natarajan, A. Shalabny, Sumesh Sadhujan, S. Harilal, M. Bashouti","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84794","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that defect-free, i.e., oxide-free, Si nanowires (Si NWs) exhibit lower defect density emissions than unmodified Si NWs. This is successfully established by grafting organic molecules on the surface. Here we show that by using a two-step chlorination/alkylation process, we are able to graft organic molecules on Si NWs for solar cell applications. Afterward, we show the electronic properties of the molecular surface (such as work function and band bending). Finally, we correlate these properties to the solar cell performance.","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73166281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(91)90096-8
Richard Corkish
The literature has been surveyed to identify semiconductors which could be grown as lattice-matched layers on silicon substrates, with an emphasis on liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). Applications are discussed for multi-junction solar cells and as window layers on silicon solar cells. The following pseudo-binary solid solutions (alloys) have been investigated: boronIIIV, IIIIVI2, IIVI, IIVI/IIIV, IIIVV2 and I IIIVV2/IIIV. . The latter was considered to be the most promising candidate because its major constituent, GaP, has already been grown on silicon by LPE from a suitable solvent (tin) and because only 2.2% of the gallium atoms need to be replaced by boron in order to match the lattice spacing of silicon.
{"title":"Some candidate materials for lattice-matched liquid-phase epitaxial growth on silicon","authors":"Richard Corkish","doi":"10.1016/0379-6787(91)90096-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0379-6787(91)90096-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The literature has been surveyed to identify semiconductors which could be grown as lattice-matched layers on silicon substrates, with an emphasis on liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). Applications are discussed for multi-junction solar cells and as window layers on silicon solar cells. The following pseudo-binary solid solutions (alloys) have been investigated: boronIIIV, IIIIVI<sub>2</sub>, IIVI, IIVI/IIIV, IIIVV<sub>2</sub> and I IIIVV<sub>2</sub>/IIIV. <span><math><mtext>B</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>x</mn></msub><mtext>Ga</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>1−x</mn></msub><mtext>P</mtext></math></span>. The latter was considered to be the most promising candidate because its major constituent, GaP, has already been grown on silicon by LPE from a suitable solvent (tin) and because only 2.2% of the gallium atoms need to be replaced by boron in order to match the lattice spacing of silicon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101172,"journal":{"name":"Solar Cells","volume":"31 6","pages":"Pages 537-548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0379-6787(91)90096-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85761773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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