Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie最新文献

Four bacteriophages of Clostridum novyi type A (PFö, P5771, PA1350e and P19402) were examined. The phages were spontaneously released to the culture medium in titers of 10⁶ to 10⁸ pfu/ml at the end of the bacterial growth of the donor strain. The phage titer could be increased to 10⁹ to 10¹² pfu/ml by growing the phages in the culture of the indicator strain C. novyi 5771/HS10. These high titered phage suspensions were used for morphological studies and for the production of anti-phage-sera. The phages of C. novyi were unstable and lost most of their infectivity within 24 h. Lyophilizing the phages in glutamate medium seemed to be one possible way of partially stabilizing these phages. Phages PFö, P5771, PA1350e and P19402 were similar in morphology and size, in antigenic pattern and in plaque morphology. Phage PA1350e was stabile only at pH 7 and below 40 °C for a short time. It was inactivated at 50 °C within 20 min, at 55 °C and at 60 °C in 4 min.

A direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay (dRIA) was developed in order to demonstrate antibodies against Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in sera obtained from pigs and rabbits. In the presence of guinea-pig complement the above test is 160-fold to 1500-fold more sensitive than the neutralization test (NT) and 320-fold to 150000-fold more sensitive than NT without complement. By means of dRIA ADV antibodies could be detected in swine sera obtained from an ADV-infected farm, which were found to be negative in the complement assisted NT. It is possible to test a single dilution of unknown serum by dRIA by comparing same with a standard curve and to make a statement regarding its ADV-specific binding capacity to ¹²⁵I-labelled ADV antigen.

The advantages of dRIA in comparison to the indirect RIA and the advantages and disadvantages with regard to ELISA were discussed.

The changes induced in strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Salmonella typhimuriumunder the action of D.L-ureidosuccinic acid dihydrazide were characterized. A decrease of the speed of multiplication in vitro and of the oxygen consumption was established.The virulence of the strains was reduced and their susceptibility to phagocytosis in vitro was increased.

Es werden die unter dem Einfluß von D,L-Ureidobernsteinsäuredihydrazin aufgetretenen Veränderungen in Pseudomonas pseudomallei- und Salmonella typhimurium-Stämmen charakterisiert, wobei eine verringerte Vermehrungsrate in vitro und ein Rückgang des Sauerstoffverbrauches festgestellt wurde. Die Virulenz der Stämme nahm ab, während sich ihre Phagozytoseempfindlichkeit in vitro verstärkte.

The new media are recommended for the isolation of cholera vibrios. The medium for Vibrio El Tor contains only starch, gelatin polymyxin B and natrium chloride and has no nutrient or inhibitor substances such as peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, blood, natrium taurocholate and bile salts. The medium for Vibrio cholerae contains starch, gelatin, natrium taurocholate and potassium tellurite, but has no peptone, meat extract, yeast extract or polymyxin B.

In the course of a study which was made in order to contribute to the knowledge about influenza viruses in birds, 18 strains of avian Influenza-A-subtypes were isolated from cloaca swabs.

From the Central European bird species, one strain of Influenza A/England/62 was isolated from a mallard.

All other species of birds obtained from three different biotopes from Austria and Hungary showed negative results.

The other 17 influenza strains were isolated from imported birds from Senegal.

Nine of these strains corresponded to subtype A/duck/England/62, five to subtype duck/ England/56. One isolated strain showed a relation to A/duck/England/56 in terms of the hemagglutinin and to chicken/Brescia/1902 in terms of the neuraminidase. Two other strains reacted best with antisera against duck/England/62 in the hemagglutination inhibition test; the neuraminidase inhibition test showed a relation to subtype quail/Italy/65. The Newcastle disease-Virus was not isolated in any sample.

In einem Beitrag zum Studium der aviären Influenza-Viren wurden Vögel aus Österreich (Biotop Schützen am Gebirge, Mörbisch und Apetlon am Neusiedlersee, den Murauen bei Graz) und Jagdwild aus Ungarn untersucht. Die Virusisolierung von einem Stamm Influenza A/duck/England/62 gelang von einer Stockente (Anas platyrhynchos).

Weiters wurden Importe von exotischen Vögeln aus Senegal und Argentinien auf die Anwesenheit von Influenzaviren untersucht. Dabei konnten 17 Stämme isoliert werden. Es handelt sich dabei um 10 Stämme verwandt mit Influenza A/duck/England/62, viermal wurden Stämme gefunden, die verwandt sind mit Influenza A/duck/England/56. Ein Isolat war hinsichtlich des Hämagglutinins verwandt mit duck/England/56 und bezüglich der Neuraminidase reagierte es am besten mit Antisera gegen chicken/Brescia/1902.

Zwei weitere Stämme reagierten im Hämagglutinationshemmtest am besten mit Antisera gegen duck/England/62 aber die Neuraminidase reagierte am besten mit Antisera gegen quail/Italy/65.

Insgesamt wurden also 18 aviäre Influenzastämme aus 700 Vögeln isoliert: New castle disease konnte in keinem Fall isoliert werden.

A biotyping scheme has been described which is based on the biochemical behaviour of S. weltevreden strains towards 5 substrates (sorbitol, dextrin, malonate, rhamnose, starch). The 228 S. weltevreden strains examined were grouped into 25 of the 32 theoretical biotypes. Frequently occurring biotypes were: biotype 10 (16.2%), biotype 5 (13.4%) and biotype 11 (11.4%). No substantial correlation could be established between biotypes and source or geographic distribution of S. weltevreden. Sero-fermentative-phage types were computed for 145 strains, phage-types of which has been described earlier and five predominant sero-fermentative-phage types emerged. The sero-fermentative-phage type 3,10:r: z6;5;1 (serotype = 3, 10:r:z6; biotype = 5; phagetype = 1) occurred most commonly with a frequency of 10.3%. The strains belonging to this pattern were from lizard, guinea-pig and humans in India, Netherlands and United States of America.

Es wird ein Schema zur Ermittlung des Biotyps beschrieben, das auf dem biochemischen Verhalten von S. weltevreden-Stämmen gegenüber 5 Substraten (Sorbit, Dextrin, Malonat, Rhamnose, Stärke) basiert. Die 228 untersuchten Stämme von S. weltevreden wurden 25 von 32 theoretisch möglichen Biotypen zugeordnet. Die häufig auftretenden Biotypen waren 10 (16,2%), 5 (13,4%) und 11 (11,4%). Es ließ sich keine substantielle Korrelation zwischen den Biotypen und der Herkunft oder geographischen Verteilung von S. weltevreden herstellen. Die Sero-, Gärungs- und Lysotypen wurden bei 145 Stämmen berechnet, deren Lysotypen bereits vorher beschrieben worden waren; dabei stellte sich heraus, daß 5 Sero-, Gärungs- und Lysotypen vorherrschten. Der Sero-, Gärungs- und Lysotyp 3,10:r:z6;5;l (Serotyp = 3, 10:r:z6; Biotyp = 5; Lysotyp = 1) war mit einer Häufigkeit von 10,3% am weitesten verbeitet. Die diesem Schema entsprechenden Stämme stammten von Eidechsen, Meerschweinchen und vom Menschen in Indien, den Niederlanden und den USA.

In a clinical routine study 304 yeasts were examined with the aid of API 20 C Auxanogram (Analytab Products Inc.), Mycotube (Roche) and Bacto-Candida-albicans-Antiserum (Difco) (=CAA). API (in parenthesis the result of the Mycotube test) identified 99% (92.4%) correctly; without considering C. albicans, the result was correct in 96.5% (75.8%). The CAA indicated a high specificity against C. albicans.

For the Routine Laboratory we recommend screening of all yeasts with the CAA; an additional morphological examination is also recommended as cross-reactions with C. tropicalis and Torulopsis species are found. The non-agglutinating yeasts can then be further examined with the API 20 C.

In einer Studie wurden im Routinelabor 304 Sproßpilze mit dem neuen API 20 C Auxanogramm (Analytab Products Inc.), dem Mycotube (Roche) und dem Bacto-Candida-albicans-Antiserum ( = CAA) (Difco) untersucht. API 20 C (in Klammern Ergebnisse des Mycotube) differenzierte 99% (92,4%) der Sproßpilze korrekt, wenn man C. albicans nicht berücksichtigt, traf das Ergebnis in 96,5% (75,8%) der Fälle zu. Das CAA zeichnete sich durch hohe Spezifität gegenüber C. albicans aus.

Für das Routinelabor wird empfohlen, ein Screening aller Hefen und hefeähnlichen Pilze mit dem CAA vorzunehmen; man muß dabei berücksichtigen, daß Kreuzreaktionen mit C. tropicalis und T. glabrata möglich sind, so daß auch eine morphologische Beurteilung zu empfehlen ist. Die mit dem CAA nicht agglutinierenden Pilze sollten mit dem API 20 C untersucht werden.

In the State of Bahia (Brazil) the leptospirin produced in Germany for experimental use by the Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Federal Health Office, Berlin, was administered to humans and animals in order to diagnose leptospirosis in collaboration with this Institute. The results were compared with the microscopic agglutination reaction. The total number of test persons or animals was 268; this group included 81 human patients, 60 heads of cattle, 50 goats, 40 pigs, 25 horses, and 12 dogs. All were tested serologically and simultaneously the intracutaneous test was carried out. This test was positive when the erythema formed had a diameter of more than 9 mm. The evaluation took place 8 to 10 h and 24 h after the injection of leptospirin.

• 1.

  52 humans reacted serologically; out of this group 44 were positive in the leptospirin test. The allergy test was also negative in the 29 serologically negative patients.

• 2.

  Out of the 21 heads of cattle with a positive agglutination test 7 reacted to leptospirin whereas 39 animals which did not react serologically were also negative in the skin test.

• 3.

  Although 10 goats out of 50 reacted serologically, all were negative in the intracutaneous test.

• 4.

  9 out of 40 pigs reacted serologically; however, 8 reacted only to apathogenic leptospires (L. patoc, L. rufino, L.andamana). Out of these 9 animals 4 were positive in the intracutaneous test; among them the pig which reacted serologically to L. autumnalis. Out of 31 serologically negative pigs 2 were allergologically positive.

• 5.

  Out of 21 serologically positive horses 15 exhibited an erythema which was considered positive in the skin test. 4 serologically negative animals also were negative in the intracutaneous test.

• 6.

  Out of 6 serologically positive dogs, 4 reacted to leptospirin. 6 that had not reacted serologically were all negative in the intracutaneous test.

A comparison of the serological and allergological findings judged by the serological standard showed that out of all cases tested, 0.7% had at the same time a serologically negative and allergologically positive reaction and 16.8% had a serologically positive and allergologically negative reaction.

In some cases, the administration of leptospirin caused the formation of antibodies which could only be detected in low dilutions and usually disappeared after 6–8 weeks.

In humans, pigs, and horses the leptospirin also showed positive reactions which serologically could be attributed only to biflexa leptospires. Serotypes not contained in the leptospirin were accounted for to a varying degree in the individual animal species. These reactions and the results of other studies carried out in pig stocks have