Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00008
O. Price, K. Lovell
Quantitative research uses large samples and, as such, the fi ndings of well-conducted studies can often be generalised to larger populations. However, it is important that studies are well-designed to avoid errors in their interpretation and/or the reporting of inaccurate results. Misleading results from quantitative studies can have serious negative implications such as wasting public money on fl awed policies and subjecting service users to ineff ective or harmful treatments. This chapter explores descriptive and experimental quantitative research designs and examines, through case examples, the diff erence between cross-sectional, longitudinal and cohort studies. Factors leading to poorly and well-constructed studies are explored, along with a discussion of the key features of well-designed randomised controlled trials, the gold-standard design for testing treatment eff ectiveness.
{"title":"Quantitative research design","authors":"O. Price, K. Lovell","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative research uses large samples and, as such, the fi ndings of well-conducted studies can often be generalised to larger populations. However, it is important that studies are well-designed to avoid errors in their interpretation and/or the reporting of inaccurate results. Misleading results from quantitative studies can have serious negative implications such as wasting public money on fl awed policies and subjecting service users to ineff ective or harmful treatments. This chapter explores descriptive and experimental quantitative research designs and examines, through case examples, the diff erence between cross-sectional, longitudinal and cohort studies. Factors leading to poorly and well-constructed studies are explored, along with a discussion of the key features of well-designed randomised controlled trials, the gold-standard design for testing treatment eff ectiveness.","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"37 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120923245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00009
P. Callaghan, P. Bee
{"title":"Quantitative data analysis","authors":"P. Callaghan, P. Bee","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130192430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00013
H. Brooks, P. Bee, A. Rogers
Qualitative data includes a range of textual (e.g. transcripts of interviews and focus groups) and visual (photographic and video) data. During qualitative analysis researchers make sense of this data gathered from research. Analysing the data by looking for common themes (known as thematic analysis) is one of the most common ways in which to do this and involves examining and recording patterns within the data relating to a specifi c research question. There are various criticisms levelled at qualitative analysis including issues relating to validity, reliability and credibility. Researchers can address these through a range of methods including triangulation of data, member validation, careful sampling and transparency of approach. The themes resulting from this form of analysis can illuminate participants’ meanings, actions and social contexts relating to the phenomena under consideration.
{"title":"Introduction to qualitative data analysis","authors":"H. Brooks, P. Bee, A. Rogers","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Qualitative data includes a range of textual (e.g. transcripts of interviews and focus groups) and visual (photographic and video) data. During qualitative analysis researchers make sense of this data gathered from research. Analysing the data by looking for common themes (known as thematic analysis) is one of the most common ways in which to do this and involves examining and recording patterns within the data relating to a specifi c research question. There are various criticisms levelled at qualitative analysis including issues relating to validity, reliability and credibility. Researchers can address these through a range of methods including triangulation of data, member validation, careful sampling and transparency of approach. The themes resulting from this form of analysis can illuminate participants’ meanings, actions and social contexts relating to the phenomena under consideration.","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125304543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00007
K. Rushton, O. Price
{"title":"Introduction to systematic reviews","authors":"K. Rushton, O. Price","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133876605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00003
{"title":"List of abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131623247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00014
O. Price, Lauren Walker
By defi nition, research seeks to explore something that is unknown. This uncertainty means there is always the possibility of harm arising from research. There are many examples in both near and distant history of serious harm to participants as a consequence of research, including permanent disability and death. This is why it is of great importance that research projects are informed by sound ethics, properly planned, approved by an independent ethical board and rigorously monitored throughout the duration of the study. This chapter will introduce four principles that govern the conduct of ethical research using relevant case examples to bring each principle to life. Topics explored in the chapter include: • The importance of ‘informed consent’ • Assessment of capacity to provide consent • Measures to minimise and manage harm arising from planned research • The importance of ensuring that possible benefi ts of the research outweigh the risks and costs to participants • Ensuring that participants are treated fairly and equally throughout the study
{"title":"Principles of ethical research","authors":"O. Price, Lauren Walker","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00014","url":null,"abstract":"By defi nition, research seeks to explore something that is unknown. This uncertainty means there is always the possibility of harm arising from research. There are many examples in both near and distant history of serious harm to participants as a consequence of research, including permanent disability and death. This is why it is of great importance that research projects are informed by sound ethics, properly planned, approved by an independent ethical board and rigorously monitored throughout the duration of the study. This chapter will introduce four principles that govern the conduct of ethical research using relevant case examples to bring each principle to life. Topics explored in the chapter include: • The importance of ‘informed consent’ • Assessment of capacity to provide consent • Measures to minimise and manage harm arising from planned research • The importance of ensuring that possible benefi ts of the research outweigh the risks and costs to participants • Ensuring that participants are treated fairly and equally throughout the study","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128339438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00012
H. Brooks, P. Bee, A. Rogers
{"title":"Introduction to qualitative research methods","authors":"H. Brooks, P. Bee, A. Rogers","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124527516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00010
Linda Davies, G. Shields
{"title":"Health economics","authors":"Linda Davies, G. Shields","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131698064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00015
H. Brooks, P. Bee
{"title":"Research dissemination and impact","authors":"H. Brooks, P. Bee","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"15 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132374842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.7765/9781526136527.00004
P. Bee, H. Brooks, P. Callaghan, K. Lovell
{"title":"How this book came about / How this book is presented","authors":"P. Bee, H. Brooks, P. Callaghan, K. Lovell","doi":"10.7765/9781526136527.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136527.00004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101802,"journal":{"name":"A research handbook for patient and public involvement researchers","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125991722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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