NUTRITIONAL, ELEMENTAL, AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF HONEY SAMPLES FROM SELECTED APIARIES IN EDO AND OSUN STATE
对埃多州和奥松州部分养蜂场蜂蜜样品的营养、元素和气相色谱-质谱分析
{"title":"NUTRITIONAL, ELEMENTAL, AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF HONEY SAMPLES FROM SELECTED APIARIES IN EDO AND OSUN STATE","authors":"Rosephine Enadeghe, Eugene O. Odoh","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v3i2.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v3i2.65","url":null,"abstract":"NUTRITIONAL, ELEMENTAL, AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF HONEY SAMPLES FROM SELECTED APIARIES IN EDO AND OSUN STATE","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Afolabi, O. Olorundare, Olatunde B Akanbi, Matthew K Bello, A. Njan, O. Agede, Jeptha Oche, Akinleye O Akinsola, Mary Ologe, Samuel Ibiyemi
Background and Purpose: A Nigerian-formulated polyherbal supplement (PHS) is consumed for its folkloric claims of boosting the immune system. The aim of this study was to toxicologically evaluate a 30-day administration of PHS. Methods: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of PHS. Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. One group served as control while the other three groups were administered 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of PHS for 30 consecutive days. The animals were anesthetized, and cardiac puncture was used to obtain whole blood for hematology and serum biochemistry. In vivo, antioxidant assays were also carried out on the liver homogenates. The liver, kidneys, and heart were examined histologically. Results: The most abundant compounds identified were eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, and phytol. There were no adverse hematological effects. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and catalase were reduced significantly (P<0.05). At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was a significant increase in creatinine, sodium ion, and glutathione peroxidase concentration. The histological examination of the heart, kidneys, and liver revealed that PHS did not cause any major tissue lesions at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Tissue lesions and pathologies were obvious at 1000 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: The polyherbal supplement seems to be relatively safe if used at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day. Higher doses may cause renal and hepatic lesions.
{"title":"GC/MS Analysis and a 30-day Toxicological Evaluation of a Nigerian Immunomodulatory Polyherbal Supplement (PHS)","authors":"S. Afolabi, O. Olorundare, Olatunde B Akanbi, Matthew K Bello, A. Njan, O. Agede, Jeptha Oche, Akinleye O Akinsola, Mary Ologe, Samuel Ibiyemi","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v3i2.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v3i2.70","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: A Nigerian-formulated polyherbal supplement (PHS) is consumed for its folkloric claims of boosting the immune system. The aim of this study was to toxicologically evaluate a 30-day administration of PHS. Methods: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of PHS. Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. One group served as control while the other three groups were administered 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of PHS for 30 consecutive days. The animals were anesthetized, and cardiac puncture was used to obtain whole blood for hematology and serum biochemistry. In vivo, antioxidant assays were also carried out on the liver homogenates. The liver, kidneys, and heart were examined histologically. Results: The most abundant compounds identified were eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, and phytol. There were no adverse hematological effects. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and catalase were reduced significantly (P<0.05). At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was a significant increase in creatinine, sodium ion, and glutathione peroxidase concentration. The histological examination of the heart, kidneys, and liver revealed that PHS did not cause any major tissue lesions at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Tissue lesions and pathologies were obvious at 1000 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: The polyherbal supplement seems to be relatively safe if used at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day. Higher doses may cause renal and hepatic lesions.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel J. Bunu, B. Ebeshi, Hilda F. Kpun, A. J. Kashimawo, Edebi N Vaikosen, Chubiyojo B. Itodo
Background and Purpose: Soft drinks are commonly consumed globally. Due to high demand, regulatory protocols may be breached thereby leading to contamination with heavy metals. In this study, we determined the content of five heavy metals in some Nigerian soft drinks and estimated their potential health risks. Methods: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of magnesium, aluminum, lead, arsenic, and zinc. Twelve (12) soft drinks (labeled B1–B12) were used. After the AAS, parameters such as target health quotient (THQ), average daily intake (EDI), and chronic daily intake (CDI) were evaluated. Results: The level of arsenic found in all soft drinks ranged from 0.001-0.0603 mg/L, as against the 0.01 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard. Lead was 0.001-0.023mg/L (MCL is 0.01 mg/L) and within the MCL except in one sample (0.023 mg/L). Aluminum levels ranged from 0.001-2.0491 mg/L except in one sample (0.001 mg/L) and the WHO limit is 0.02 mg/L. The concentration range for magnesium was 0.6954-2.4341 mg/L versus the standard limit of 0.02 mg/L. The THQ values of aluminum were significantly different from the values of other heavy metals. The order of abundance of the metals was: Mg > Zn > Al > Pb > As. Arsenic and lead were found in relatively small concentrations compared to the other metals. The THQ value of aluminum in most of the samples was higher than normal. Conclusion: The concentration of magnesium was above the acceptable limits in all the soft drinks. All the heavy metals, except aluminum, were within acceptable THQ limits. The high values of magnesium and aluminum underscores the need for quality control measures during production.
{"title":"Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) Analysis of Heavy Metals and Health Risks Assessment of some Common Energy Drinks","authors":"Samuel J. Bunu, B. Ebeshi, Hilda F. Kpun, A. J. Kashimawo, Edebi N Vaikosen, Chubiyojo B. Itodo","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v1i1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v1i1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Soft drinks are commonly consumed globally. Due to high demand, regulatory protocols may be breached thereby leading to contamination with heavy metals. In this study, we determined the content of five heavy metals in some Nigerian soft drinks and estimated their potential health risks. \u0000Methods: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of magnesium, aluminum, lead, arsenic, and zinc. Twelve (12) soft drinks (labeled B1–B12) were used. After the AAS, parameters such as target health quotient (THQ), average daily intake (EDI), and chronic daily intake (CDI) were evaluated. \u0000Results: The level of arsenic found in all soft drinks ranged from 0.001-0.0603 mg/L, as against the 0.01 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard. Lead was 0.001-0.023mg/L (MCL is 0.01 mg/L) and within the MCL except in one sample (0.023 mg/L). Aluminum levels ranged from 0.001-2.0491 mg/L except in one sample (0.001 mg/L) and the WHO limit is 0.02 mg/L. The concentration range for magnesium was 0.6954-2.4341 mg/L versus the standard limit of 0.02 mg/L. The THQ values of aluminum were significantly different from the values of other heavy metals. The order of abundance of the metals was: Mg > Zn > Al > Pb > As. Arsenic and lead were found in relatively small concentrations compared to the other metals. The THQ value of aluminum in most of the samples was higher than normal. \u0000Conclusion: The concentration of magnesium was above the acceptable limits in all the soft drinks. All the heavy metals, except aluminum, were within acceptable THQ limits. The high values of magnesium and aluminum underscores the need for quality control measures during production. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Purpose: Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae) is a plant used in ethnomedicine to treat asthma, colds, coughs, and other illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the antitussive, expectorant, and analgesic activities of a 70% methanol extract of the plant. Methods: Citric acid and ammonia-induced rodent cough models; and phenol red dye expectorant models in mice were used to evaluate the antitussive and expectorant properties of the orally administered extract. The hot plate and acetic acid-induced mouse writhing models were used to evaluate analgesia. Results: Dihydrocodeine (25 mg/kg); and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced the frequency of cough bouts and increased the percentage suppression of cough-in citric acid and ammonium hydroxide-induced cough models compared with control (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). Bromhexine (15 mg/kg); 100 and 400 mg/kg of the extract increased the secretion of phenol red dye in mice when compared with the control (P<0.05, P<0.01). Doses of the extract (100, 200 mg/kg) and pentazocine (3 mg/kg) increased (P<0.05) the latency to response time in hot plate-induced pain. At 400 mg/kg, the extract; and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) reduced the number of writhing and increased the percentage inhibition of pain in the acetic acid-induced model when compared to the control (P<0.05, P<0.001). Conclusion: The 70% methanol extract of P. pellucida possesses antitussive, expectorant, and analgesic activities in rodents.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Antitussive and Analgesic Activities of Peperomia pellucida Whole Plant Methanol Extract in Rodents","authors":"D. Uwaya, Faith O. Ikuoyemwen, O. N. Aghedo","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i4-6.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i4-6.47","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae) is a plant used in ethnomedicine to treat asthma, colds, coughs, and other illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the antitussive, expectorant, and analgesic activities of a 70% methanol extract of the plant.\u0000Methods: Citric acid and ammonia-induced rodent cough models; and phenol red dye expectorant models in mice were used to evaluate the antitussive and expectorant properties of the orally administered extract. The hot plate and acetic acid-induced mouse writhing models were used to evaluate analgesia.\u0000Results: Dihydrocodeine (25 mg/kg); and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced the frequency of cough bouts and increased the percentage suppression of cough-in citric acid and ammonium hydroxide-induced cough models compared with control (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). Bromhexine (15 mg/kg); 100 and 400 mg/kg of the extract increased the secretion of phenol red dye in mice when compared with the control (P<0.05, P<0.01). Doses of the extract (100, 200 mg/kg) and pentazocine (3 mg/kg) increased (P<0.05) the latency to response time in hot plate-induced pain. At 400 mg/kg, the extract; and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) reduced the number of writhing and increased the percentage inhibition of pain in the acetic acid-induced model when compared to the control (P<0.05, P<0.001).\u0000Conclusion: The 70% methanol extract of P. pellucida possesses antitussive, expectorant, and analgesic activities in rodents.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"180 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127042186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felix Keneolisa Asogwa, K. Okolo, J. A. Ibeabuchi, Celestine Obiora Ugwu, Augustine N. Okorie
Background and Purpose: Medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diseases because of the presence of therapeutic phytochemical constituents. Antioxidants play important roles in preventing and mitigating diseases. The plant Cola rostrata K. Schum (Sterculiaceae) is used in traditional medicine for pain relief, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, dental hygiene, and other conditions. The objective was to evaluate the total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant properties of C. rostrata leaf extract and fractions. Methods: The dried and pulverized leaves of the plant were soaked in methanol for 72 h for extraction. Fractionation of the methanol extract was done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol in a column. The extract and fractions were screened for phytochemical constituents. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. In vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid (standard). Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids among others. The total phenolic content was higher in the extract (1.34 mg/g GAE) compared to the fractions. In the DPPH assay, the n-hexane fraction had lower IC50 (0.93 µg/mL) than the standard (3.44 µg/mL). In the FRAP assay, the ethyl acetate fraction had EC50 of 0.71 µg/mL which was lower than that of the standard (1.34 µg/mL). In the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, the n-hexane had lower IC50 (0.37 µg/mL) than the standard (1.45µg/mL). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the leaves of C. rostrata have potential antioxidant properties which may be due to the high phenolic content.
背景与目的:药用植物因其具有治疗性的植物化学成分而被用于治疗疾病。抗氧化剂在预防和减轻疾病方面起着重要作用。植物可乐rostrata K. Schum (Sterculiaceae)在传统医学中用于缓解疼痛、糖尿病、勃起功能障碍、口腔卫生和其他疾病。目的是评价牛蒡叶提取物及其组分的总酚含量和体外抗氧化性能。方法:将植物叶片干燥粉碎后，用甲醇浸泡72h进行提取。甲醇提取物用正己烷、乙酸乙酯和甲醇在一柱中进行分馏。对提取物和馏分进行了植物化学成分筛选。用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量。采用2,2-二苯基-1-吡肼基(DPPH)、铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)和抗坏血酸羟基自由基清除试验(标准)评估其体外抗氧化性能。结果:经植物化学筛选，发现其中含有生物碱和黄酮类化合物。总酚含量较高，为1.34 mg/g GAE。在DPPH实验中，正己烷组分的IC50(0.93µg/mL)低于标准组分(3.44µg/mL)。在FRAP法中，乙酸乙酯组分的EC50为0.71µg/mL，低于标准品(1.34µg/mL)。在羟基自由基清除实验中，正己烷的IC50(0.37µg/mL)低于标准品(1.45µg/mL)。结论:山参叶具有潜在的抗氧化作用，这可能与山参叶中酚类物质含量较高有关。
{"title":"Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Methanol Extract and Fractions of Cola rostrata (K. Schum) Leaves","authors":"Felix Keneolisa Asogwa, K. Okolo, J. A. Ibeabuchi, Celestine Obiora Ugwu, Augustine N. Okorie","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i4-6.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i4-6.51","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diseases because of the presence of therapeutic phytochemical constituents. Antioxidants play important roles in preventing and mitigating diseases. The plant Cola rostrata K. Schum (Sterculiaceae) is used in traditional medicine for pain relief, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, dental hygiene, and other conditions. The objective was to evaluate the total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant properties of C. rostrata leaf extract and fractions. \u0000Methods: The dried and pulverized leaves of the plant were soaked in methanol for 72 h for extraction. Fractionation of the methanol extract was done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol in a column. The extract and fractions were screened for phytochemical constituents. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. In vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid (standard). \u0000Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids among others. The total phenolic content was higher in the extract (1.34 mg/g GAE) compared to the fractions. In the DPPH assay, the n-hexane fraction had lower IC50 (0.93 µg/mL) than the standard (3.44 µg/mL). In the FRAP assay, the ethyl acetate fraction had EC50 of 0.71 µg/mL which was lower than that of the standard (1.34 µg/mL). In the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, the n-hexane had lower IC50 (0.37 µg/mL) than the standard (1.45µg/mL). \u0000Conclusion: The findings suggest that the leaves of C. rostrata have potential antioxidant properties which may be due to the high phenolic content. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116320347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Purpose: This investigation evaluated the antidiabetic activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Strophanthus hispidus (SHP) in fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats due to the folkloric use of the root in traditional medicine for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were allotted into five groups of eight rats each and administered S. hispidus root extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; glibenclamide 5 mg/kg; and normal saline 10 mL/kg respectively. A sixth group that consisted of non-diabetic rats were given distilled water (10 mL/kg). Treatment was by the oral route for 28 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was checked at intervals of 7 days. Blood samples were collected on day 28 an hour after the administration of the last dose, for the assay of serum levels of enzymes, lipids, insulin, haemoglobin (Hb), and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: The aqueous root extract of SHP demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) reduction in FBG compared with diabetic non-treated control. The doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg of aqueous SHP and 5 mg /kg of glibenclamide elicited 82.07%, 88.83%, 88.03% and 78.01% reduction in FBG level respectively at day 28. The extract treated rats displayed significant (P<0.05) decrease in urea, ALT, AST, ALP, LDL, TC, TG and HbA1c levels and significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL and Hb levels. Significant (P<0.05) dose-independent upsurge in serum insulin level was equally observed. Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of SHP has blood glucose lowering potential and improves some of the imbalances that occur in diabetes.
{"title":"Aqueous Root Extract of Strophanthus hispidus Demonstrates Antidiabetic Effect in Fructose-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"M. Fageyinbo, A. Akindele, J. Falade, E. Agbaje","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i3.40","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: This investigation evaluated the antidiabetic activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Strophanthus hispidus (SHP) in fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats due to the folkloric use of the root in traditional medicine for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. \u0000Methods: Fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were allotted into five groups of eight rats each and administered S. hispidus root extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; glibenclamide 5 mg/kg; and normal saline 10 mL/kg respectively. A sixth group that consisted of non-diabetic rats were given distilled water (10 mL/kg). Treatment was by the oral route for 28 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was checked at intervals of 7 days. Blood samples were collected on day 28 an hour after the administration of the last dose, for the assay of serum levels of enzymes, lipids, insulin, haemoglobin (Hb), and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). \u0000Results: The aqueous root extract of SHP demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) reduction in FBG compared with diabetic non-treated control. The doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg of aqueous SHP and 5 mg /kg of glibenclamide elicited 82.07%, 88.83%, 88.03% and 78.01% reduction in FBG level respectively at day 28. The extract treated rats displayed significant (P<0.05) decrease in urea, ALT, AST, ALP, LDL, TC, TG and HbA1c levels and significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL and Hb levels. Significant (P<0.05) dose-independent upsurge in serum insulin level was equally observed. \u0000Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of SHP has blood glucose lowering potential and improves some of the imbalances that occur in diabetes.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131918269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Busari, Victor Olabowale Ikumawoyi, Olawale Sultan Yusuff, A. R. Adeosun, A. Sowemimo, O. Awodele
Background and Purpose: Synsepalum dulcificum (Sapotaceae) is used in traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes, cough and cancer. This study was designed to investigate the in vivo toxicological endpoints of the ethanol leaf extract of S. dulcificum in male and female rats. Methods: After estimating the LD50 in mice, forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups of twelve rats each in a sex ratio of 1:1 and were orally administered 10 mL/kg distilled water (control) and 118, 237, 475 mg/kg/day of the extract respectively for forty-five days. The animals were thereafter euthanized and blood samples collected for haematological, biochemical and antioxidant assays. Sperm parameters were evaluated and testis, liver, heart and ovary were harvested for histopathology. Constituents of the extract were determined by GC-MS. Result: The LD50 (oral) was estimated to be 4750 mg/kg in mice. There was a significant decrease in haemoglobin but lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly increased compared to control. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased compared to control. Creatinine increased, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin decreased significantly in treated rats. There was a significant increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA). There were significant increases in reproductive markers of sperm count, motility and abnormality. Renovascular congestion and preserved cytoarchitecture in other organs were observed. Twenty-one compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxyl-6- methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) and phytol were identified. Conclusion: Prolonged use of the ethanol leaf extract of S. dulcificum could result in hepatic and renal dysfunctions and may increase the risk for male infertility and cardiovascular diseases.
{"title":"Ethanol Leaf Extract of Synsepalum dulcificum Schumach. & Thonn. (Sapotaceae) Induces Distortions in Renal, Hepatic and Reproductive Indices in Sprague-Dawley Rats","authors":"A. Busari, Victor Olabowale Ikumawoyi, Olawale Sultan Yusuff, A. R. Adeosun, A. Sowemimo, O. Awodele","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i2.33","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Synsepalum dulcificum (Sapotaceae) is used in traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes, cough and cancer. This study was designed to investigate the in vivo toxicological endpoints of the ethanol leaf extract of S. dulcificum in male and female rats. \u0000Methods: After estimating the LD50 in mice, forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups of twelve rats each in a sex ratio of 1:1 and were orally administered 10 mL/kg distilled water (control) and 118, 237, 475 mg/kg/day of the extract respectively for forty-five days. The animals were thereafter euthanized and blood samples collected for haematological, biochemical and antioxidant assays. Sperm parameters were evaluated and testis, liver, heart and ovary were harvested for histopathology. Constituents of the extract were determined by GC-MS. \u0000Result: The LD50 (oral) was estimated to be 4750 mg/kg in mice. There was a significant decrease in haemoglobin but lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly increased compared to control. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased compared to control. Creatinine increased, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin decreased significantly in treated rats. There was a significant increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA). There were significant increases in reproductive markers of sperm count, motility and abnormality. Renovascular congestion and preserved cytoarchitecture in other organs were observed. Twenty-one compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxyl-6- methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) and phytol were identified. \u0000Conclusion: Prolonged use of the ethanol leaf extract of S. dulcificum could result in hepatic and renal dysfunctions and may increase the risk for male infertility and cardiovascular diseases.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: Camphor is an additive in certain remedies for the treatment of coryza, bronchitis, musculoskeletal pains and wounds. This study investigated the possible seizure-induction mechanism of edible camphor (EC) and the biochemical changes in brain and blood after its administration. Methods: Seizure characteristics were evaluated in twenty-five male Wistar rats randomly distributed into five groups and given intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mL coconut oil; 100 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol (PTZ); 1000 mg/kg EC; 5 mg/kg diazepam + 1000 mg/kg EC; and 250 mg/kg carbamazepine + 1000 mg/kg EC respectively. Oral acute toxicity was evaluated using 15 male rats assigned to 3 groups (n=5) and orally administered a single sub-convulsive dose (300 mg/kg) of EC and monitored for 3, 24, and 168 hours respectively. Fasting blood sugar, blood lipid parameters and brain weight were evaluated. In a 28-day toxicity evaluation, 300 mg/kg/day EC was administered to test and control groups of male rats (n=10) and brains were excised for evaluation of weight, oxidative, inflammatory and cell component changes. Results: At 1000 mg/kg, EC had superior seizure-inducing potential, longer seizure latency but shorter duration than PTZ. Acute administration of EC increased blood sugar, decrease serum phospholipids and triglycerides. Daily treatment for 28 days increased brain weight, and lysosomal enzyme activities neuroinflammatory indicators (TNF?, IL-4, IL-8, IL-9 and IL-10) except IL-2. Treatment also resulted in the elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) level but reduction in catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. Photomicrographs of the cerebral cortex of treated animals showed degenerated axonal and dendritic projections as well as soma filled with neurofibrillary tangles. Conclusions: EC neurotoxicity may be due to inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission resulting in oxidative, inflammatory and eventual neurodegenerative damages.
{"title":"Mechanism and Changes Associated with Edible Camphor Induced Neurotoxicity","authors":"A. Njan","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i2.29","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000Background and Purpose: Camphor is an additive in certain remedies for the treatment of coryza, bronchitis, musculoskeletal pains and wounds. This study investigated the possible seizure-induction mechanism of edible camphor (EC) and the biochemical changes in brain and blood after its administration. \u0000Methods: Seizure characteristics were evaluated in twenty-five male Wistar rats randomly distributed into five groups and given intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mL coconut oil; 100 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol (PTZ); 1000 mg/kg EC; 5 mg/kg diazepam + 1000 mg/kg EC; and 250 mg/kg carbamazepine + 1000 mg/kg EC respectively. Oral acute toxicity was evaluated using 15 male rats assigned to 3 groups (n=5) and orally administered a single sub-convulsive dose (300 mg/kg) of EC and monitored for 3, 24, and 168 hours respectively. Fasting blood sugar, blood lipid parameters and brain weight were evaluated. In a 28-day toxicity evaluation, 300 mg/kg/day EC was administered to test and control groups of male rats (n=10) and brains were excised for evaluation of weight, oxidative, inflammatory and cell component changes. \u0000Results: At 1000 mg/kg, EC had superior seizure-inducing potential, longer seizure latency but shorter duration than PTZ. Acute administration of EC increased blood sugar, decrease serum phospholipids and triglycerides. Daily treatment for 28 days increased brain weight, and lysosomal enzyme activities neuroinflammatory indicators (TNF?, IL-4, IL-8, IL-9 and IL-10) except IL-2. Treatment also resulted in the elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) level but reduction in catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. Photomicrographs of the cerebral cortex of treated animals showed degenerated axonal and dendritic projections as well as soma filled with neurofibrillary tangles. \u0000Conclusions: EC neurotoxicity may be due to inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission resulting in oxidative, inflammatory and eventual neurodegenerative damages.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125492910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Oyovwi, B. Ben-Azu, T. P. Edesiri, Rotu R. Arientare, Victor Emojevwe, K. E. Nwangwa, K. E. Edje, O. G. Adebayo
Background: Male reproductive toxicity has been linked to cyclosporine, a commonly used immunosuppressive drug for the prevention of organ rejection in patients undergoing renal transplant. The goal of this study was to elucidate how lutein protects male testicles from cyclosporine-induced damage. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted to five groups, each with six animals. Rats in groups 1 and 2 were given saline (2 mL/kg/day p.o) and corn oil (2 mL/day p.o) respectively. Rats in groups 3 and 4 were given lutein (40 mg/kg/day p.o) and cyclosporine (40 mg/kg/p.o./day), while rats in group 5 were given a combination of cyclosporine (40 mg/kg/day p.o) and lutein (40 mg/kg/day p.o). At the end of the fourth week, sperm indices, serum hormones, testicular steroidogenic enzymes [3 and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3?-HSD and 17?-HSD)] and enzyme markers of spermatogenesis [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (?-GT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were assayed. The testis of each rat was also investigated for histopathological abnormalities and germ cell count. Results: Lutein attenuated cyclosporine-induced sperm impairment. In rats treated with cyclosporine, lutein reduced LDH-X, SDH, ACP, ?-GT; raised LH, FSH, testosterone, 3ß-HSD, 17ß-HSD, ALP levels, and improved spermatogenesis. Conclusion: These results suggest that lutein attenuates cyclosporine-induced testicular impairment through modulation of androgenic hormones and enzymes.
{"title":"Lutein Attenuates Cyclosporin-induced Testicular Impairment in Male Rats through Modulation of Androgenic Hormones and Enzymes","authors":"M. Oyovwi, B. Ben-Azu, T. P. Edesiri, Rotu R. Arientare, Victor Emojevwe, K. E. Nwangwa, K. E. Edje, O. G. Adebayo","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v2i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Male reproductive toxicity has been linked to cyclosporine, a commonly used immunosuppressive drug for the prevention of organ rejection in patients undergoing renal transplant. The goal of this study was to elucidate how lutein protects male testicles from cyclosporine-induced damage. \u0000Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted to five groups, each with six animals. Rats in groups 1 and 2 were given saline (2 mL/kg/day p.o) and corn oil (2 mL/day p.o) respectively. Rats in groups 3 and 4 were given lutein (40 mg/kg/day p.o) and cyclosporine (40 mg/kg/p.o./day), while rats in group 5 were given a combination of cyclosporine (40 mg/kg/day p.o) and lutein (40 mg/kg/day p.o). At the end of the fourth week, sperm indices, serum hormones, testicular steroidogenic enzymes [3 and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3?-HSD and 17?-HSD)] and enzyme markers of spermatogenesis [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (?-GT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were assayed. The testis of each rat was also investigated for histopathological abnormalities and germ cell count. \u0000Results: Lutein attenuated cyclosporine-induced sperm impairment. In rats treated with cyclosporine, lutein reduced LDH-X, SDH, ACP, ?-GT; raised LH, FSH, testosterone, 3ß-HSD, 17ß-HSD, ALP levels, and improved spermatogenesis. \u0000Conclusion: These results suggest that lutein attenuates cyclosporine-induced testicular impairment through modulation of androgenic hormones and enzymes.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128536647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Purpose: Simarouba glauca is widely reported to contain a number of biologically active compounds with potentials in the treatment of numerous diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the sub-acute effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Methods: Oral administration of AESG was carried out in line with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), No. 425 using a total of 24 male Wistar rats allotted to four groups (n=6); given distilled water, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day of AESG respectively for 30 days. Results: In plasma, there was a significant reduction (P?0.05) in HDL-cholesterol; elevated (P?0.05) triglycerides (TG) at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day; elevated (P?0.05), and LDL-cholesterol at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, relative to the control. While the level of liver total cholesterol (TC) reduced significantly, it increased in the heart. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver increased significantly (P?0.05) at all doses. The dose of 1000 mg/kg/day significantly (P?0.05) elevated kidney CAT activity. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and heart reduced (P?0.05) at 500 mg/kg/day. At all doses, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma, liver and heart were comparable with the control. Although, there were no significant changes in plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity at all doses, animals given 500 mg/kg had reduction (P?0.05) in the heart GSH-PX activity compared to the control. Conclusion: Oral sub-acute AESG at high doses altered lipid homeostasis in plasma and heart without lipid peroxidation or oxidative stress. The extract has the potential to cause hyperlipidemia.
{"title":"Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca DC (Simaroubaceae) on Lipoprotein Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers","authors":"S. E. Osagie-Eweka, N. Orhue, Eric K. I. Omogbai","doi":"10.52406/ptnm.v1i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v1i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Simarouba glauca is widely reported to contain a number of biologically active compounds with potentials in the treatment of numerous diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the sub-acute effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rats. \u0000Methods: Oral administration of AESG was carried out in line with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), No. 425 using a total of 24 male Wistar rats allotted to four groups (n=6); given distilled water, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day of AESG respectively for 30 days. \u0000Results: In plasma, there was a significant reduction (P?0.05) in HDL-cholesterol; elevated (P?0.05) triglycerides (TG) at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day; elevated (P?0.05), and LDL-cholesterol at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day, relative to the control. While the level of liver total cholesterol (TC) reduced significantly, it increased in the heart. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver increased significantly (P?0.05) at all doses. The dose of 1000 mg/kg/day significantly (P?0.05) elevated kidney CAT activity. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and heart reduced (P?0.05) at 500 mg/kg/day. At all doses, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma, liver and heart were comparable with the control. Although, there were no significant changes in plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity at all doses, animals given 500 mg/kg had reduction (P?0.05) in the heart GSH-PX activity compared to the control. \u0000Conclusion: Oral sub-acute AESG at high doses altered lipid homeostasis in plasma and heart without lipid peroxidation or oxidative stress. The extract has the potential to cause hyperlipidemia.","PeriodicalId":104078,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines (ISSN: 2756-6838)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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