Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.CH61
Frank Martela
Self-determination theory is an empirically based, organismic theory of human nature that focuses on motivation, personality development, and wellness. Rooted in the assumption that humans are inherently curious, self-motivated, and growth-oriented, there are six mini-theories within the theory: Cognitive evaluations theory focuses on how social environments facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation. Organismic integration theory describes the process of integration through which extrinsically motivated behaviors becomes autonomous. Causality orientations theory focuses on the individual differences in how people orient to their environment. Basic psychological needs theory has identified three psychological needs – autonomy, competence, and relatedness – the satisfaction or thwarting of which significantly influences human growth and wellness. Goal content theory looks at how pursuing intrinsic and extrinsic goals influences well-being, and relationship motivation theory focuses on what makes high-quality interpersonal relationships possible. Together, the theories give substantial information about what conditions and contexts most consistently lead to human languishing or flourishing.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781119547174.CH236
Laura Borgogni, Mariella Miraglia
With the emergence of positive psychology and its rapid expansion in the organizational domain, research attention has shifted to individual’s strengths, growth and self-achievement. In this framework, positive self-capital is defined as the set of the positive features of individual functioning, able to support individuals’ health and wellbeing as well as to uncover their potentialities and abilities, in order to enhance successful performances and personal development. To describe positive self-capital, three high-order, comprehensive constructs are presented, namely psychological capital, core self-evaluations, and positivity. They define latent dimensions that accounts for individuals’ adjustment and achievement in different life domain, including organizational settings. Differences and similarities among the three concepts and with neighbor variables (i.e., personal resources) are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.
{"title":"Positive Self‐capital","authors":"Laura Borgogni, Mariella Miraglia","doi":"10.1002/9781119547174.CH236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119547174.CH236","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of positive psychology and its rapid expansion in the organizational domain, research attention has shifted to individual’s strengths, growth and self-achievement. In this framework, positive self-capital is defined as the set of the positive features of individual functioning, able to support individuals’ health and wellbeing as well as to uncover their potentialities and abilities, in order to enhance successful performances and personal development. To describe positive self-capital, three high-order, comprehensive constructs are presented, namely psychological capital, core self-evaluations, and positivity. They define latent dimensions that accounts for individuals’ adjustment and achievement in different life domain, including organizational settings. Differences and similarities among the three concepts and with neighbor variables (i.e., personal resources) are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115610289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch35
K. Wong, Marie Buda
{"title":"Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on","authors":"K. Wong, Marie Buda","doi":"10.1002/9781118970843.ch35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115683578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch97
D. Xie, Cory L. Cobb
This procedure performs item analysis. Item analysis studies the internal reliability of a particular instrument (test, survey, questionnaire, etc.). This instrument usually consists of several questions (items) which are answered by a group of respondents. Issues that arise include whether the instrument measures what was intended (does a particular IQ test reliably measure an individual’s intelligence?), whether it produces the same results when it is administered repeatedly, whether it contains cultural biases, and so on.
{"title":"Item Analysis","authors":"D. Xie, Cory L. Cobb","doi":"10.1002/9781118970843.ch97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch97","url":null,"abstract":"This procedure performs item analysis. Item analysis studies the internal reliability of a particular instrument (test, survey, questionnaire, etc.). This instrument usually consists of several questions (items) which are answered by a group of respondents. Issues that arise include whether the instrument measures what was intended (does a particular IQ test reliably measure an individual’s intelligence?), whether it produces the same results when it is administered repeatedly, whether it contains cultural biases, and so on.","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127449330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch63
R. Westfall
{"title":"Self‐esteem, Theory of","authors":"R. Westfall","doi":"10.1002/9781118970843.ch63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch63","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124722438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch245
Dario Cvencek, A. Greenwald
{"title":"Self‐esteem, Expressions of","authors":"Dario Cvencek, A. Greenwald","doi":"10.1002/9781118970843.ch245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch245","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124871091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch90
K. Mastor
{"title":"Multiple Regression in Personality Research","authors":"K. Mastor","doi":"10.1002/9781118970843.ch90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch90","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104084,"journal":{"name":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116598211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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