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Employee Engagement: Conceptual Clarification from Existing Confusion and Towards an Instrument of Measuring It 员工敬业度:从现有的困惑中厘清概念并走向测量工具
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699798
Anuradha Iddagoda, H. Opatha, K. Gunawardana
In the literature of Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior, it seems that growing attention has been given to employee engagement which is an employee related outcome contributing to organizational effectiveness. There is a conceptual confusion with regard to the meaning of employee engagement, as there are several associated terms such as job satisfaction, job involvement, work involvement, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior which have been used in the literature either synonymously or non-synonymously in addition to the labels of engagement. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive conceptualization of employee engagement so as to develop an appropriate working definition for research purpose. Also an attempt was made to decide whether employee engagement is an attitude or a behavior, and to explore its dimensions and elements for the purpose of developing an instrument to measure the variables of employee engagement.
在人力资源管理和组织行为学的文献中,似乎越来越多的人关注员工敬业度,这是一种与员工相关的结果,有助于组织有效性。关于员工敬业度的含义存在概念上的混淆,因为除了敬业度的标签外,文献中还有几个相关术语,如工作满意度、工作投入、工作投入、组织承诺和组织公民行为,这些术语要么同义使用,要么非同义使用。本文旨在为员工敬业度提供一个全面的概念化,以便为研究目的制定一个适当的工作定义。本文还试图确定员工敬业度是一种态度还是一种行为,并探讨其维度和要素,以开发一种测量员工敬业度变量的工具。
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引用次数: 5
Analysis of Public Satisfaction on Services Quality of Urban Local Authorities in Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡城市地方政府服务质量公众满意度分析
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699879
H. Karunarathne, W. Gunawardhana, J. Edirisinghe
Local Authorities are in the lowest level administration structure in Sri Lanka. As enormous amount of literature suggest, service quality and beneficiaries satisfaction are very important concepts that local authorities must understand in order to remain efficient and effective. Accordingly, SERVQUAL is one of best models used in measuring level of service quality of local authorities. This paper aims to measure the satisfaction level of beneficiaries’ in selected Urban Local Authorities in Colombo district using SERVQUAL model and describe how beneficiaries perceive service quality and whether they are satisfied with services offered by local authorities. Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Dehivala Mount Lavinia MC, Mahagaragama UC and Boralesgamuwa UC limits were selected as sampling framework. Unit of analysis is beneficiaries and 50 beneficiaries were interviewed in each authority using seven point Likert scaled, self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed as per the SERVQUAL model with help of SPSS 20.0 package. Considering all aspects by which public are satisfied related to the services provided by the local authorities in selected sample, Maharagama UC is providing expected services as it is; with a small gap -0.02. Also CMC’s gap -0.11 indicates a better sign of their services without having a large deviation from the expected level. However, Boralesgamuwa UC is the most inefficient services providing local authority which scores a 3.00 gap. As per the gap shows, Dehiwal Mt. Levenia is also slightly weak service providing local authority. However, further research on this area is required to verify the findings and find out the reasons/causes to the dissatisfaction (gap) of the people who look for services from Local Authorities in Sri Lanka.
地方当局是斯里兰卡最低一级的行政机构。正如大量文献所表明的那样,服务质量和受益人满意度是地方当局必须了解的非常重要的概念,以便保持效率和效力。因此,SERVQUAL是衡量地方政府服务质量水平的最佳模型之一。本文旨在使用SERVQUAL模型测量科伦坡地区选定城市地方政府的受益人满意度,并描述受益人如何感知服务质量以及他们是否对地方政府提供的服务感到满意。选择科伦坡市议会(CMC)、德希瓦拉拉维尼亚山市议会(Dehivala Mount Lavinia MC)、Mahagaragama市议会和Boralesgamuwa市议会作为抽样框架。分析的单位是受益人和50名受益人在每个权威访问使用七点李克特量表,自我管理的问卷。使用SPSS 20.0软件包,按照SERVQUAL模型进行数据分析。考虑到选定样本中公众对地方当局提供的服务感到满意的各个方面,Maharagama UC正在提供预期的服务;有一个小的间隙-0.02。此外,CMC的差距-0.11表明他们的服务较好,但与预期水平没有很大偏差。然而,Boralesgamuwa UC是提供地方当局的最低效的服务,得分为3.00。根据差距显示,Dehiwal Levenia也为地方当局提供了稍弱的服务。然而,需要对这一领域进行进一步的研究,以验证调查结果,并找出斯里兰卡寻求地方当局服务的人不满意(差距)的原因/原因。
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引用次数: 2
Application of Building Management System for Sustainable Built Environment 建筑管理系统在可持续建筑环境中的应用
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699767
W. Kumara, K. Waidyasekara, R. Weerasinghe
Managing a built environment in a sustainable way is the biggest challenge for the built environment professionals. Building Management System (BMS) is one of the solutions that have been dedicated recently, considering its potential capabilities towards a sustainable building. BMS is a computer based system that used to monitor, coordinate, organize, and optimize building subsystems such as HVAC, lighting, security, fire/life safety, elevators, and others. The system provides various supports for the operation and maintenance functions of a building. However, the application of BMS towards a sustainable built environment is still challenged in Sri Lankan context. Therefore, this paper aims to find the preliminary investigation on application of BMS towards a sustainable built environment in Sri Lanka. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to draw the linkages between sustainable dimensions and BMS functions. An opinion survey was directed to attain the aim of the study. Six industrial professionals who have experience in the process of selection, operation, and maintenance of BMS were interviewed with a semi structured interview guideline. The study identified five sequence steps of BMS implementation process namely: identifying user requirement, identifying BMS features, designing, installation and commission, and operation and maintenance. Cost, lack of confidence in result, lack of knowledge and skilled person are some prevailing issues among building professionals to execute the system in sustainable manner.
以可持续的方式管理建筑环境是建筑环境专业人士面临的最大挑战。建筑管理系统(BMS)是最近致力于解决方案之一,考虑到它对可持续建筑的潜在能力。BMS是一种基于计算机的系统,用于监控、协调、组织和优化建筑子系统,如暖通空调、照明、安全、消防/生命安全、电梯等。该系统为建筑物的运行和维护功能提供各种支持。然而,在斯里兰卡的背景下,BMS对可持续建筑环境的应用仍然受到挑战。因此,本文旨在对斯里兰卡BMS在可持续建筑环境中的应用进行初步调查。通过全面的文献调查,得出可持续发展维度与管理系统功能之间的联系。为了达到这项研究的目的,进行了一次民意调查。采用半结构化访谈指南对6位具有管理管理系统选型、操作和维护经验的行业专业人士进行了访谈。研究确定了BMS实施过程的五个顺序步骤,即:识别用户需求、识别BMS功能、设计、安装和调试、运行和维护。成本、对结果缺乏信心、缺乏知识和技术人员是建筑专业人员以可持续方式执行该系统的一些普遍问题。
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引用次数: 0
Consumer Responses Towards the 4PS Marketing Strategies in the Conflict Affected Areas of Sri Lanka: A Grounded Theory Approach 斯里兰卡受冲突影响地区消费者对4PS营销策略的反应:一种扎根的理论方法
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699835
Dr.Mrs. Shivany Shanmugathas, V. Thirunavukkarasu, K. Kajendra
In the post-war era, local firms are facing stiff competition from foreign brands. In order to compete successfully they need to develop new marketing strategies on post-war perspective. At the same time, they also need to focus on all the marketing activities from the consumer’s perspectives. During war, consumers were more conscious on the product accessibility, and did not consider the other aspects in the brands, but in the post-conflict marketing environment they expect good value for the money which they spent on the product.Extent research on marketing strategies lacks in theory based frame work that explicate what marketing strategies are appropriate for the war/conflict affected places. The present study explored marketing strategies, appropriate to the unique context. Using grounded theory methodology data were collected, through 5 focus group discussions and 25 interviews with the consumers in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Theoretical sampling technique is used to select the appropriate respondents; Data were collected until the data saturation was arrived. 89 initial codes were identified from the initial coding viaNvivo (version 09) software. From the axial coding and substantial coding 11 categories were found. Marketers adopt 15 strategies to reach the consumers in the conflict affected places. Consumers prefer 05 strategies, such as social responsibility, cultural match, ethical marketing, employee’s behavior, and infrastructure development as the best from the 15 strategies. Ethical marketing strategy is needed in the conflict affected places. Findings show that, consumers in the conflict affected places expect ethical behavior in all aspects of marketing activities.
在战后时期,本土公司面临着来自外国品牌的激烈竞争。为了在竞争中取得成功,他们需要从战后的角度制定新的营销策略。同时,他们还需要从消费者的角度来关注所有的营销活动。在战争期间,消费者更注重产品的可访问性,并没有考虑品牌的其他方面,但在冲突后的营销环境中,他们希望他们花在产品上的钱物有所值。营销策略的广度研究缺乏一个理论框架来解释什么样的营销策略适合受战争/冲突影响的地区。本研究探讨了适合于独特背景的营销策略。采用扎根理论的方法收集数据,通过5焦点小组讨论和25访谈消费者在斯里兰卡北部省。采用理论抽样技术选择合适的调查对象;数据一直收集到数据饱和为止。通过anvivo (version 09)软件从初始编码中识别出89个初始编码。从轴向编码和实质编码中发现了11种类型。营销人员采用15种策略来接触受冲突影响地区的消费者。消费者认为社会责任、文化匹配、道德营销、员工行为、基础设施建设等5个策略是15个策略中效果最好的。在受冲突影响的地区需要道德营销策略。调查结果表明,受冲突影响地区的消费者期望在营销活动的各个方面都表现出道德行为。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Size and Book to Market Effects in Stock Returns: Evidence from Sri Lanka 宏观经济变量对股票收益规模和账面对市场效应的影响:来自斯里兰卡的证据
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699692
S.D.L. Kongahawatte, P. D. Nimal
The main purpose of this study is to find out whether size and BM effects are subsumed by macroeconomic variables in explaining variation in stock returns in Sri Lanka using stocks listed in the CSE. The sample covers the listed stocks from 1998 to 2013 that have information on share price, market capitalization and book value of equity. The macroeconomic variables considered for the study consist of change in expected inflation, unanticipated inflation, unanticipated change in term structure, unanticipated change in risk premium and growth rate in industrial production. Nine Size-BM portfolios are constructed each year for the purpose of analysis and Fama-MacBeth cross sectional regressions designed for various models over four holding periods ranging from one month to one year constitute the main test method. The results indicate that apart from semiannual holding period macroeconomic variables subsume size and BM effects in explaining variation in stock returns.
本研究的主要目的是找出是否规模和BM效应被纳入宏观经济变量在解释股票收益的变化在斯里兰卡使用在CSE上市的股票。样本涵盖了1998年至2013年上市的股票,这些股票具有股价、市值和股本账面价值的信息。研究中考虑的宏观经济变量包括预期通货膨胀的变化、意外通货膨胀、期限结构的意外变化、风险溢价的意外变化和工业生产的增长率。每年构建9个Size-BM投资组合进行分析,Fama-MacBeth横截面回归是主要的检验方法,对不同的模型设计了一个月到一年的四个持有期。结果表明,除半年持有期外,宏观经济变量在解释股票收益变化时还包含规模和BM效应。
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引用次数: 3
The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model: A Systematic Review of Literature from the Apparel Industry 供应链运作参考(SCOR)模型:对服装行业文献的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699886
R. Thilakarathna, M. Dharmawardana, T. Rupasinghe
Present day supply chains are inherently complex and involve multiple companies working simultaneously within a single function and rivalry is such that it’s a competition not between companies but between supply chains. This ever growing complexity and increased involvement of multiple stakeholders in the supply chain pointed out the need for a universal framework for measuring performance and benchmarking, thus resulting in the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model. Globally significance of SCOR for benchmarking, performance measuring and business process re-engineering had been recognized long time back. In previous literature there are many instances where SCOR model had been useful in facing challenges such as constantly decreasing product life cycle and pressure to reduce time to market. In defining the scope of the study basically two dimensions of SCOR were considered: processes and performance attributes adapted from SCOR.A thorough systematic review of existing literature specifically focusing on the application of SCOR model for the apparel industry is being conducted. This study is based on the theoretical gap in the application of SCOR model in relation to apparel industry. Application aspect of SCOR model for improved performance of the apparel supply chain will be presented along further recommendations for apparel industry for improved competitiveness. This study could be used as a guidance to determine the applicability of SCOR model to other industries as well considering the characteristics of the specific industry.
今天的供应链本质上是复杂的,涉及多个公司同时在一个单一的功能和竞争是这样的,它不是公司之间的竞争,而是供应链之间的竞争。供应链中不断增长的复杂性和越来越多的利益相关者的参与表明需要一个通用的框架来衡量绩效和基准,从而产生了供应链运营参考(SCOR)模型。在全球范围内,SCOR对基准制定、绩效衡量和业务流程再造的重要意义早已得到认可。在以前的文献中,有许多例子表明SCOR模型在面对诸如不断减少的产品生命周期和减少上市时间的压力等挑战时非常有用。在定义研究范围时,主要考虑了SCOR的两个维度:从SCOR改编的过程和性能属性。对现有文献进行全面系统的回顾,特别关注SCOR模型在服装行业的应用。本研究是基于SCOR模型在服装行业应用中的理论空白。本文将介绍SCOR模型在提高服装供应链绩效方面的应用,并为服装行业提高竞争力提出进一步的建议。本研究可以在考虑具体行业特点的同时,为确定SCOR模型对其他行业的适用性提供指导。
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引用次数: 6
Innovativeness of Sri Lankan it Firms: The Roles of Knowledge Management and Dynamic Innovation Capabilities 斯里兰卡it企业的创新能力:知识管理与动态创新能力的作用
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699756
A. Wijekoon, N. Galahitiyawe
The present study explores the mediating role of dynamic innovation capabilities, focusing on the relationship between knowledge management and innovativeness in Sri Lankan IT firms. Survey data were collected from 197 IT firms and the analysis indicates that dynamic innovation capabilities fully mediate the relationship between knowledge management and innovativeness. While contributing to the ongoing attempt in explaining how knowledge management practices lead to innovations, the study suggests that managers should pioneer in building dynamic capabilities in order to gain competitive advantage through innovativeness in a dynamic environment.
本研究探讨动态创新能力的中介作用,重点研究斯里兰卡IT企业知识管理与创新能力的关系。通过对197家IT企业的调查数据分析,发现动态创新能力在知识管理与创新能力之间起着中介作用。在为解释知识管理实践如何导致创新做出贡献的同时,该研究表明,管理者应该率先建立动态能力,以便在动态环境中通过创新获得竞争优势。
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引用次数: 5
An Impact of Environmental Practices on Financial Performance: A Literature Review 环境实践对财务绩效的影响:文献综述
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699776
L. Gunathilaka, K. Gunawardana, M. D. Pushpakumari
In the course of developing interest in environmental management practices within the organization, many companies world over now focus attention towards environmental sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a literature review of the quantitative and qualitative studies that analyzes the relationship between environmental practices and the resultant impact on financial performance. An examination of the literature was undertaken to review the quantitative and qualitative studies. A total of 130 studies were identified and examined the sample size, financial variables, environmental variables, statistical methods and also the main findings of the researchers. Results were mixed and varied, ranging from positive to negative and in some cases with no result, inconsistent, often contradictory and statistically insignificant in relationship. Findings suggested that 52% studies of selected sample show positive relations and the rest 48% still remaining with negative mix or no relationship. The inconsistency is due to the absence of clear framework that explains what actually constitutes environmental practices and how to determine their outcome, measures of financial performance, sample composition, time period and control variable. Consequently, it is more difficult to identify general relationship between different indicators of environment and financial performance. The paper offers interesting implications for managers, pointing out that a real commitment to green management may result in a positive influence on financial performance. Therefore it is critical to build a scope for future research to achieve better and more consistent results.
在组织内部发展对环境管理实践的兴趣的过程中,世界各地的许多公司现在都把注意力集中在环境可持续性上。本文的目的是对定量和定性研究进行文献综述,分析环境实践与对财务绩效的最终影响之间的关系。对文献进行了审查,以审查定量和定性研究。共确定了130项研究,并对样本大小、财务变量、环境变量、统计方法以及研究人员的主要发现进行了检查。结果是混合的和不同的,从积极的到消极的,在一些情况下没有结果,不一致的,经常是矛盾的,在统计上不显著的关系。结果表明,所选样本中52%的研究显示出正相关,其余48%仍然保持负混合或无相关。这种不一致是由于缺乏明确的框架来解释实际构成环境实践的内容以及如何确定其结果、财务业绩的衡量标准、样本组成、时间段和控制变量。因此,很难确定不同的环境指标与财务业绩之间的一般关系。这篇论文为管理者提供了有趣的启示,指出真正致力于绿色管理可能会对财务绩效产生积极影响。因此,为未来的研究建立一个范围以获得更好和更一致的结果是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 10
Lin-Log Model for Forecasting International Tourism Income in Sri Lanka: Post-War Period 战后斯里兰卡国际旅游收入预测的林对数模型
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699689
K.M.U.B Konarasinghe
Income forecasting is an essential discipline in planning and other decision-making processes within any business. Fitting a suitable Lin-log model for forecasting international tourism income in Sri Lanka is the objective of the study. Monthly income data utilized from January 2009 to December 2013. Data obtained from annual reports of Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model with log transformation (Lin-Log Model) was tested on forecasting income at different lags. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique was used for overall model testing and t-test was used for individual parameter testing. Residual plots and Anderson-Darling test for residuals and the Durbin-Watson test was used as a model validation criterion. Forecasting ability of the models was assessed by considering adjusted R2 and three measurements of errors. Box and whisker plot showed no outliers in the data set. Results revealed that Lin-log model was significant at lag 1, 2 and 3. MAPE’s of the model in model fitting and verification were 14.86% and 16.63% respectively. Adjusted R2 of the model was 83.6 %. Residual plots and Anderson-Darling tests confirmed the normality of residuals. Also, residuals Vs fits confirmed the independence of residuals. Durbin-Watson statistic confirms the same. It was concluded that the Lin- log model is suitable for forecasting international tourism income in Sri Lanka. It is recommended to test Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models also on forecasting international tourism income in Sri Lanka.
收入预测在任何企业的计划和其他决策过程中都是必不可少的。拟合一个合适的林对数模型来预测斯里兰卡的国际旅游收入是本研究的目的。月收入数据为2009年1月至2013年12月。数据来自斯里兰卡旅游发展局的年度报告。采用对数变换的自回归分布滞后模型(Lin-Log模型)对不同滞后情况下的收益预测进行了检验。整体模型检验采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)技术,单项参数检验采用t检验。残差图和残差的Anderson-Darling检验和Durbin-Watson检验作为模型验证标准。通过考虑调整后的R2和三个误差测量来评估模型的预测能力。箱形图和须状图显示数据集中没有异常值。结果表明,林对数模型在滞后1、滞后2和滞后3处具有显著性。模型拟合和验证时的MAPE分别为14.86%和16.63%。模型校正后的R2为83.6%。残差图和Anderson-Darling检验证实了残差的正态性。残差Vs拟合也证实了残差的独立性。Durbin-Watson的数据也证实了这一点。结果表明,林对数模型适用于斯里兰卡国际旅游收入的预测。建议在预测斯里兰卡的国际旅游收入时也测试自动回归综合移动平均(ARIMA)模型。
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引用次数: 1
Relationship between Work-Family Balance and Job Performance of Academics: A Study on Selected National Universities in Sri Lanka 工作家庭平衡与学者工作绩效的关系——以斯里兰卡国立大学为例
Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699796
V. Vithanage, J. Bhadra
Work-family balance is a challenging issue for many working adults. As far as Sri Lanka is concerned employees’ awareness and perception about work-family balance is very limited in comparison to Western countries. Academics in Sri Lanka are no exceptions and they receive very little or no family-friendly support from universities as they struggle to achieve a balance between work and family with their never-ending workload. The main research objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between university academics’ work-family balance and job performance. Further this study aimed to find the dimensional impact of work-family balance on job performance of university academics. With the purpose of accomplishing the aforesaid objectives, a self-administered survey was carried out among 200 university academics that belong to the University of Sri Jayewardenapura, University of Colombo, University of Kelaniya and the University of Ruhuna. The sample was selected based on simple random sampling from the management faculties of the respective universities. This research study has found a statistically significant positive relationship between work-family balance and job performance among academics. It was also found that a significant positive relationship existed between work-family balance dimensions and job performance. Multiple regression analysis revealed satisfaction balance as the major contributor to job performance. These results are useful to the university administration to make policies to increase academics’ work life and family life through adopting supportive work environment.
对许多职场成年人来说,平衡工作与家庭是一个具有挑战性的问题。就斯里兰卡而言,与西方国家相比,员工对工作与家庭平衡的认识和看法非常有限。斯里兰卡的学者也不例外,他们从大学得到的家庭友好型支持很少或根本没有,因为他们努力在没完没了的工作量中实现工作和家庭之间的平衡。本研究的主要研究目的是探讨大学教师工作家庭平衡与工作绩效之间的关系。本研究旨在进一步探讨工作家庭平衡对大学学者工作绩效的影响。为了实现上述目标,在属于Sri Jayewardenapura大学、科伦坡大学、Kelaniya大学和Ruhuna大学的200名大学学者中进行了一项自我管理的调查。样本是根据从各自大学的管理学院简单随机抽样的方式选择的。本研究发现,学者的工作家庭平衡与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。工作家庭平衡维度与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。多元回归分析显示,满意度平衡是影响工作绩效的主要因素。这些研究结果有助于大学管理部门制定政策,通过采取支持性的工作环境来改善学者的工作生活和家庭生活。
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引用次数: 2
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12th International Conference on Business Management (ICBM) 2015 (Archive)
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