Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0008
N. E. Sarantakes
The Pacific world of the early twentieth century, dominated by Europe, Japan, and the United States, is gone. The region’s control by outsiders has been succeeded by increasing economic importance, broader political negotiation, and wider cultural acceptance. Whether considering transoceanic communication, popular understanding of air power, the limits to training a continental Asian army, local uses of food, the role of “special” military units, the understanding of nuclear weapons, or the impact of American military occupation, these essays shed light on the volatile Pacific as a whole. The chapters in War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941–1972illustrate how the mid-twentieth-century world set the stage for the Pacific of our own era, offering important waypoints for explaining the transition to the twenty-first century.
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Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0007
K. Reist
The attempt of United States government personnel in postwar China to effect an end to the resumption of the civil war by offering military training and support to both sides foundered on the assumptions of both the Nationalists and Communists that each would be victorious in the conflict. Nonetheless an American military training mission was authorized. The American goal was to establish a democratic, economically viable nation with a modern military to offset the expansion of Soviet influence in Asia.The goals of the Nationalist government did not necessarily align with those of the United States, although support and aid were continuously sought. However, the Nationalist political and organizationalstructure was difficult to adapt to American models even when the Chinese saw an advantage in doing so. For reasons explored in this chapter, the mission failed.
{"title":"Training a National Army in Time of Civil War","authors":"K. Reist","doi":"10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The attempt of United States government personnel in postwar China to effect an end to the resumption of the civil war by offering military training and support to both sides foundered on the assumptions of both the Nationalists and Communists that each would be victorious in the conflict. Nonetheless an American military training mission was authorized. The American goal was to establish a democratic, economically viable nation with a modern military to offset the expansion of Soviet influence in Asia.The goals of the Nationalist government did not necessarily align with those of the United States, although support and aid were continuously sought. However, the Nationalist political and organizationalstructure was difficult to adapt to American models even when the Chinese saw an advantage in doing so. For reasons explored in this chapter, the mission failed.","PeriodicalId":105702,"journal":{"name":"War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132151645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0005
J. Levy
Oral histories of Pacific Islanders who lived through World War II and its aftermath burst with memories of food: the hunger and deprivation of wartime, the forced agricultural labor, and the revelatory liberation of a full plate after the guns finally fell silent. The image of generous Americans bearing food is pervasive in written accounts of the war as well. But on bypassed islands like Pohnpei in the Central Carolines the story was never quite so clear-cut, if indeed it was anywhere. On Pohnpei, American personnel landed in small numbers without an overabundance of supplies, plunging into a society that had used food and gift giving to define its social identities, politics, and relationships with outsiders for centuries. Pohnpei therefore offers an opportunity to rethink military gifts of food on an island where gifts were few and often contested, where American sailors imbued food and nutrition with their own anxieties over race and modernity, where military planners moved to assert control over imports to shield the region from subversive foreign influence, and where Pohnpeians swiftly drew American military personnel into the logic of their own food politics.
{"title":"Yams, Rice, and Soda","authors":"J. Levy","doi":"10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Oral histories of Pacific Islanders who lived through World War II and its aftermath burst with memories of food: the hunger and deprivation of wartime, the forced agricultural labor, and the revelatory liberation of a full plate after the guns finally fell silent. The image of generous Americans bearing food is pervasive in written accounts of the war as well. But on bypassed islands like Pohnpei in the Central Carolines the story was never quite so clear-cut, if indeed it was anywhere. On Pohnpei, American personnel landed in small numbers without an overabundance of supplies, plunging into a society that had used food and gift giving to define its social identities, politics, and relationships with outsiders for centuries. Pohnpei therefore offers an opportunity to rethink military gifts of food on an island where gifts were few and often contested, where American sailors imbued food and nutrition with their own anxieties over race and modernity, where military planners moved to assert control over imports to shield the region from subversive foreign influence, and where Pohnpeians swiftly drew American military personnel into the logic of their own food politics.","PeriodicalId":105702,"journal":{"name":"War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132739367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0003
Steve Call
By World War II, public fascination with aviation and air power had created a powerful presence in popular culture.Military and government leaders sought to exploit that presence in shaping public perceptions of the war against Japan and the public fascination that drove it, but so too did writers, editors, producers, and even air power theorists.Movies, books, and popular magazine articles in significant numbers featured air power themes in a number of different guises.Some sought merely to cash in on audience appeal, while others sought to boost public morale or support for the war effort; still others used the various media to build public support for air power itself or to push distinctive theories about air power’s application.Regardless of intent, these depictions reached wide audiences and helped shape attitudes toward the war, the enemy, and air power itself, giving a unique insight into the nature of the Pacific air war.
{"title":"Here’s Your Air War","authors":"Steve Call","doi":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"By World War II, public fascination with aviation and air power had created a powerful presence in popular culture.Military and government leaders sought to exploit that presence in shaping public perceptions of the war against Japan and the public fascination that drove it, but so too did writers, editors, producers, and even air power theorists.Movies, books, and popular magazine articles in significant numbers featured air power themes in a number of different guises.Some sought merely to cash in on audience appeal, while others sought to boost public morale or support for the war effort; still others used the various media to build public support for air power itself or to push distinctive theories about air power’s application.Regardless of intent, these depictions reached wide audiences and helped shape attitudes toward the war, the enemy, and air power itself, giving a unique insight into the nature of the Pacific air war.","PeriodicalId":105702,"journal":{"name":"War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125997267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0006
H. Friedman
Interservice rivalry between the United States Army and Navy over the 1946 Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests was an example of a larger rivalry over roles, missions, and budgets that was endemic to U.S. defense policy immediately after World War II.The tests became embroiled in this larger conflict because of the perception that they could be employed by either service to argue its case for the lion’s share of resources in the postwar world.Therefore, each service went to great lengths to try to assure the press and public that the tests were not “rigged.”What is most interesting, however, about the atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads was the fact that the test results were so inconclusive.
{"title":"Arguing over A-Bombs","authors":"H. Friedman","doi":"10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/KENTUCKY/9780813176550.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Interservice rivalry between the United States Army and Navy over the 1946 Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests was an example of a larger rivalry over roles, missions, and budgets that was endemic to U.S. defense policy immediately after World War II.The tests became embroiled in this larger conflict because of the perception that they could be employed by either service to argue its case for the lion’s share of resources in the postwar world.Therefore, each service went to great lengths to try to assure the press and public that the tests were not “rigged.”What is most interesting, however, about the atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads was the fact that the test results were so inconclusive.","PeriodicalId":105702,"journal":{"name":"War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134367923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-14DOI: 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0004
Stephen Houseknecht
In 1942, the U.S. Marine Corps created the Marine Raider battalions, the first American special forces units of World War II.However, the introduction of an elite subculture within the ranks of the Marine Corps, which already prided itself on being the nation’s elite fighting force, resulted in conflicting cultures and competing identities.The preferential treatment and widespread publicity accorded to the Raiders, combined with the Raiders’ sense of exceptionalism and claims to superiority, garnered resentment among other Marines.Ultimately, the leadership of the Corps concluded that the Raider battalions were a detriment to the morale and esprit of the Marine Corps, leading to the end of the Raider program in early 1944.As an elite organization operating within the culture of a recognized corps d’elite, the Raiders present a unique case study in the nature of elitism in military cultures.
{"title":"The U.S. Marine Corps Raiders, 1942–1944","authors":"Stephen Houseknecht","doi":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176550.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In 1942, the U.S. Marine Corps created the Marine Raider battalions, the first American special forces units of World War II.However, the introduction of an elite subculture within the ranks of the Marine Corps, which already prided itself on being the nation’s elite fighting force, resulted in conflicting cultures and competing identities.The preferential treatment and widespread publicity accorded to the Raiders, combined with the Raiders’ sense of exceptionalism and claims to superiority, garnered resentment among other Marines.Ultimately, the leadership of the Corps concluded that the Raider battalions were a detriment to the morale and esprit of the Marine Corps, leading to the end of the Raider program in early 1944.As an elite organization operating within the culture of a recognized corps d’elite, the Raiders present a unique case study in the nature of elitism in military cultures.","PeriodicalId":105702,"journal":{"name":"War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972","volume":"28 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115040575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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