Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457893
Omid Fatemieh, Ranveer Chandra, Carl A. Gunter
Collaborative Sensing is an important enabling technique for realizing opportunistic spectrum access in white space (cognitive radio) networks. We consider the security ramifications of crowdsourcing of spectrum sensing in presence of malicious users that report false measurements. We propose viewing the area of interest as a grid of square cells and using it to identify and disregard false measurements. The proposed mechanism is based on identifying outlier measurements inside each cell, as well as corroboration among neighboring cells in a hierarchical structure to identify cells with significant number of malicious nodes. We provide a framework for taking into consideration inherent uncertainties, such as loss due to distance and shadowing, to reduce the likelihood of inaccurate classification of legitimate measurements as outliers. We use simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach against attackers with varying degrees of sophistication. The results show that depending on the attacker-type and location parameters, in the worst case we can nullify the effect of up to 41% of attacker nodes in a particular region. This figure is as high as 100% for a large subset of scenarios.
{"title":"Secure Collaborative Sensing for Crowd Sourcing Spectrum Data in White Space Networks","authors":"Omid Fatemieh, Ranveer Chandra, Carl A. Gunter","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457893","url":null,"abstract":"Collaborative Sensing is an important enabling technique for realizing opportunistic spectrum access in white space (cognitive radio) networks. We consider the security ramifications of crowdsourcing of spectrum sensing in presence of malicious users that report false measurements. We propose viewing the area of interest as a grid of square cells and using it to identify and disregard false measurements. The proposed mechanism is based on identifying outlier measurements inside each cell, as well as corroboration among neighboring cells in a hierarchical structure to identify cells with significant number of malicious nodes. We provide a framework for taking into consideration inherent uncertainties, such as loss due to distance and shadowing, to reduce the likelihood of inaccurate classification of legitimate measurements as outliers. We use simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach against attackers with varying degrees of sophistication. The results show that depending on the attacker-type and location parameters, in the worst case we can nullify the effect of up to 41% of attacker nodes in a particular region. This figure is as high as 100% for a large subset of scenarios.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134185725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457881
T. Erpek, M. McHenry, Andrew Stirling
The effect of man-made noise in wireless microphone operation has been studied in this paper. Man-made noise measurements were taken in different locations in Vienna, VA and the amount of interference from man-made noise in potential wireless microphone channels were analyzed. Data collection results show that man-made noise levels can be up to 30 dB above the thermal noise floor. Our results show that wireless microphones have to have a high signal-to-noise ratio in order to cope with the adverse effects of high man-made noise levels (>60 dB). Furthermore, wireless microphone path loss measurements were conducted in Vienna, VA to determine the required exclusion distance for DSA devices to ensure reliable wireless microphone operation. The results show that the required exclusion zone can be safely and conservatively set at around 130 m when the results from man-made noise measurements and wireless microphone propagation measurements are used. Shared Spectrum Company also worked on a wireless microphone simulation to determine the required sensing threshold levels for impairment-free wireless microphone operation. An indoor-to-outdoor path loss model was created based on the wireless microphone path loss measurement results. This statistical path loss model was used to determine the received signal level at DSA devices and wireless microphone receiver (interference level). Our results show that the required sensing threshold can be set at around -110 dBm (in a 110 kHz channel) when man-made noise and representative propagation models are used.
{"title":"DSA Operational Parameters with Wireless Microphones","authors":"T. Erpek, M. McHenry, Andrew Stirling","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457881","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of man-made noise in wireless microphone operation has been studied in this paper. Man-made noise measurements were taken in different locations in Vienna, VA and the amount of interference from man-made noise in potential wireless microphone channels were analyzed. Data collection results show that man-made noise levels can be up to 30 dB above the thermal noise floor. Our results show that wireless microphones have to have a high signal-to-noise ratio in order to cope with the adverse effects of high man-made noise levels (>60 dB). Furthermore, wireless microphone path loss measurements were conducted in Vienna, VA to determine the required exclusion distance for DSA devices to ensure reliable wireless microphone operation. The results show that the required exclusion zone can be safely and conservatively set at around 130 m when the results from man-made noise measurements and wireless microphone propagation measurements are used. Shared Spectrum Company also worked on a wireless microphone simulation to determine the required sensing threshold levels for impairment-free wireless microphone operation. An indoor-to-outdoor path loss model was created based on the wireless microphone path loss measurement results. This statistical path loss model was used to determine the received signal level at DSA devices and wireless microphone receiver (interference level). Our results show that the required sensing threshold can be set at around -110 dBm (in a 110 kHz channel) when man-made noise and representative propagation models are used.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124696042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457840
Rong-Rong Chen, Xin Liu
Cognitive radio has the potential to improve spectrum efficiency and to alleviate spectrum scarcity by opportunistically utilizing un-utilized or under- utilized spectrum. A cognitive radio device needs to monitor primary user (PU) activities to identify white spaces and utilize spectral opportunities for transmission, without significantly affecting the PU performance. Additional challenges exist when PUs are reactive. An example of a reactive system is a CSMA-based primary system where PUs react to secondary user (SU) activities. Besides collision and throughput, we also introduce a deterrence metric to capture the impact of SU activity on PU. We present and compare four different SU access schemes for a CSMA-based primary system that takes into account the reactive nature of the PU access mechanism. Both simulation and analysis results show that the SU can utilize the available spectrum opportunities at the cost of additional delay of PUs.
{"title":"Coexisting with CSMA-Based Reactive Primary Users","authors":"Rong-Rong Chen, Xin Liu","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457840","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive radio has the potential to improve spectrum efficiency and to alleviate spectrum scarcity by opportunistically utilizing un-utilized or under- utilized spectrum. A cognitive radio device needs to monitor primary user (PU) activities to identify white spaces and utilize spectral opportunities for transmission, without significantly affecting the PU performance. Additional challenges exist when PUs are reactive. An example of a reactive system is a CSMA-based primary system where PUs react to secondary user (SU) activities. Besides collision and throughput, we also introduce a deterrence metric to capture the impact of SU activity on PU. We present and compare four different SU access schemes for a CSMA-based primary system that takes into account the reactive nature of the PU access mechanism. Both simulation and analysis results show that the SU can utilize the available spectrum opportunities at the cost of additional delay of PUs.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124112151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457912
P. Anker
At the moment experiments with the use of cognitive radio are performed in a number of countries. However, there is a considerable degree of uncertainty regarding the potential application of cognitive radio. For successful use of cognitive radio, there is a need for cooperation between the technological developments, the market players and the regulator to reduce these uncertainties. In this contribution a proposal is made to make a more congruent approach towards the implementation of cognitive radio to lower these uncertainties, with a special emphasis on the role of the regulator to lower these uncertainties to an acceptable level.
{"title":"Cognitive Radio, the Market and the Regulator","authors":"P. Anker","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457912","url":null,"abstract":"At the moment experiments with the use of cognitive radio are performed in a number of countries. However, there is a considerable degree of uncertainty regarding the potential application of cognitive radio. For successful use of cognitive radio, there is a need for cooperation between the technological developments, the market players and the regulator to reduce these uncertainties. In this contribution a proposal is made to make a more congruent approach towards the implementation of cognitive radio to lower these uncertainties, with a special emphasis on the role of the regulator to lower these uncertainties to an acceptable level.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127380220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457834
Yonghong Zeng, Ying-Chang Liang, Z. Lei, S. W. Oh, F. Chin, Sumei Sun
Cognitive radio is widely expected to be the next Big Bang in wireless communications. Government spectrum regulatory committees in many countries have been taking steps to open the door to dynamic spectrum access using this technology and also laying down the rules for its implementation. International organizations have also been striving for standardizing this technology for various applications. This paper overviews the state of art in the regulatory and standardization activities on cognitive radio all over the world, which are deemed to have fundamental impact on the future of wireless communications.
{"title":"Worldwide Regulatory and Standardization Activities on Cognitive Radio","authors":"Yonghong Zeng, Ying-Chang Liang, Z. Lei, S. W. Oh, F. Chin, Sumei Sun","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457834","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive radio is widely expected to be the next Big Bang in wireless communications. Government spectrum regulatory committees in many countries have been taking steps to open the door to dynamic spectrum access using this technology and also laying down the rules for its implementation. International organizations have also been striving for standardizing this technology for various applications. This paper overviews the state of art in the regulatory and standardization activities on cognitive radio all over the world, which are deemed to have fundamental impact on the future of wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126424549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457845
M. Marcus
In recent regulatory decisions, spectrum regulators have been very conservative in permitting use of cognitive radio systems requiring large "safety margins". This paper describes the nature of these safety margins and the factors that lead to them. New research that might counter such concerns is suggested. Cooperative approaches involving primary user systems that actively cooperate with cognitive users ad also suggested.
{"title":"Cognitive Radio under Conservative Regulatory Environments: Lessons Learned and near Term Options","authors":"M. Marcus","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457845","url":null,"abstract":"In recent regulatory decisions, spectrum regulators have been very conservative in permitting use of cognitive radio systems requiring large \"safety margins\". This paper describes the nature of these safety margins and the factors that lead to them. New research that might counter such concerns is suggested. Cooperative approaches involving primary user systems that actively cooperate with cognitive users ad also suggested.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122713222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457888
M. Wellens, J. Riihijarvi, P. Mahonen
Spectrum scarcity has been discussed as a possible road block that may slow down the growth of wireless communications. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) has been proposed as a possible solution. In this paper, we study the impact of the spectrum occupancy statistics on the MAC-layer sensing performance. Namely, we consider the duty cycle and the distributions of the lengths of time periods during which a channel is busy or idle (ON- and OFF-periods). We use spectrum occupancy data extracted from extensive measurements and generated from accurate models that we previously fitted to our measured traces. We show that if the ON- and OFF-period durations tend to be longer adaptive algorithms that exploit knowledge on these distributions will achieve significant performance gains. If the lengths are shorter the enhancements will be limited. Additionally, also the benefit from investigating more channels changes with the spectrum occupancy statistics. Under more rapidly changing conditions, adding resources for sensing yields more improvements compared to scenarios with longer ON- and OFF-periods.
频谱短缺被认为是阻碍无线通信发展的一个可能的障碍。动态频谱接入(DSA)被提出作为一种可能的解决方案。本文研究了频谱占用统计对mac层感知性能的影响。也就是说，我们考虑占空比和时间段长度的分布，在此期间通道是繁忙或空闲的(ON-和off -周期)。我们使用从广泛测量中提取的频谱占用数据，并从我们之前拟合到测量轨迹的精确模型中生成。我们表明，如果开和关周期持续时间倾向于更长，利用这些分布上的知识的自适应算法将获得显著的性能提升。如果长度较短，增强将是有限的。此外，调查更多频道的好处也随着频谱占用统计数据的变化而变化。在更快速变化的条件下，与更长的ON- and - off周期相比，增加用于传感的资源可以获得更多的改进。
{"title":"Evaluation of Adaptive MAC-Layer Sensing in Realistic Spectrum Occupancy Scenarios","authors":"M. Wellens, J. Riihijarvi, P. Mahonen","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457888","url":null,"abstract":"Spectrum scarcity has been discussed as a possible road block that may slow down the growth of wireless communications. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) has been proposed as a possible solution. In this paper, we study the impact of the spectrum occupancy statistics on the MAC-layer sensing performance. Namely, we consider the duty cycle and the distributions of the lengths of time periods during which a channel is busy or idle (ON- and OFF-periods). We use spectrum occupancy data extracted from extensive measurements and generated from accurate models that we previously fitted to our measured traces. We show that if the ON- and OFF-period durations tend to be longer adaptive algorithms that exploit knowledge on these distributions will achieve significant performance gains. If the lengths are shorter the enhancements will be limited. Additionally, also the benefit from investigating more channels changes with the spectrum occupancy statistics. Under more rapidly changing conditions, adding resources for sensing yields more improvements compared to scenarios with longer ON- and OFF-periods.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130906764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457926
J. Ansari, Xi Zhang, Andreas Achtzehn, M. Petrova, P. Mahonen
Cognitive radios are slowly becoming a reality. Besides the need for hardware reconfigurability and the capability to sense spectrum opportunities, adaptability in the MAC designs are required so that the wireless communication systems can support cognitive radio functionalities. In this demo paper, we propose a MAC design framework which enables fast composition of MAC protocols which are best fitted to the application requirements, communication capabilities of the radio and current regulations and policies. Our design is based on decomposition principle and allows on-the-fly realization of the required MAC protocol from a set of basic functional components. By exposing extended meta-data and hardware functionalities for the MAC implementation through our granular components together with the support for run-time re-configuration, spectrum agile and cognitive MAC solutions can easily be realized. We validate our approach through realization of a few MAC solutions on the WARP board from Rice University, USA. We also demonstrate the ease of MAC realization, fast on-the-fly adaptation based on the spectral characteristics and high degree of code reuse.
{"title":"Decomposable MAC Framework for Highly Flexible and Adaptable MAC Realizations","authors":"J. Ansari, Xi Zhang, Andreas Achtzehn, M. Petrova, P. Mahonen","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457926","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive radios are slowly becoming a reality. Besides the need for hardware reconfigurability and the capability to sense spectrum opportunities, adaptability in the MAC designs are required so that the wireless communication systems can support cognitive radio functionalities. In this demo paper, we propose a MAC design framework which enables fast composition of MAC protocols which are best fitted to the application requirements, communication capabilities of the radio and current regulations and policies. Our design is based on decomposition principle and allows on-the-fly realization of the required MAC protocol from a set of basic functional components. By exposing extended meta-data and hardware functionalities for the MAC implementation through our granular components together with the support for run-time re-configuration, spectrum agile and cognitive MAC solutions can easily be realized. We validate our approach through realization of a few MAC solutions on the WARP board from Rice University, USA. We also demonstrate the ease of MAC realization, fast on-the-fly adaptation based on the spectral characteristics and high degree of code reuse.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114192268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457838
J. Riihijarvi, M. Petrova, V. Atanasovski, L. Gavrilovska
Cognitive Radio research has been focusing mostly on Dynamic Spectrum Access concepts, and one of the key architectural components there is the capability to express and regulate Policies. In this paper we will report on our work of extending the existing policy language and server concepts to a wider context. As cognitive radios will eventually become software defined radios, there is a number of non-spectrum related policies that require management. In fact, there is a rich interplay between spectrum and other policies, and they can influence each other in the final policy reasoning. We discuss the rationale on extending policy languages to include functional description of utilities that users and applications perceive. We add also various ways to express priorities and preferences between technologies and services. Further we report on the on-going work and results, which we have obtained on implementing such extensions as a part of CoRaL language that has been proposed earlier by SRI. We also outline policy implications of such extensions.
{"title":"Extending Policy Languages with Utility and Prioritization Knowledge: The CAPRI Approach","authors":"J. Riihijarvi, M. Petrova, V. Atanasovski, L. Gavrilovska","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457838","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive Radio research has been focusing mostly on Dynamic Spectrum Access concepts, and one of the key architectural components there is the capability to express and regulate Policies. In this paper we will report on our work of extending the existing policy language and server concepts to a wider context. As cognitive radios will eventually become software defined radios, there is a number of non-spectrum related policies that require management. In fact, there is a rich interplay between spectrum and other policies, and they can influence each other in the final policy reasoning. We discuss the rationale on extending policy languages to include functional description of utilities that users and applications perceive. We add also various ways to express priorities and preferences between technologies and services. Further we report on the on-going work and results, which we have obtained on implementing such extensions as a part of CoRaL language that has been proposed earlier by SRI. We also outline policy implications of such extensions.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115036970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-06DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457852
N. Moayeri, Hui Guo
This paper presents a Bayesian framework and a pricing structure for a secondary wireless user that opportunistically uses a RF channel licensed to a network of N primary users. The secondary user operates in a time-slotted fashion, where each time slot consists of observing the channel for D seconds followed by possibly using it for W seconds depending on the decision the user makes after observing the channel. The paper assumes the secondary user observes the on-off Markov process modeling the primary user activity corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, and it employs a decision rule that is a time-averager followed by a threshold device. The pricing structure includes rewards for the secondary user when it uses the channel without interfering with the primary users and penalties when it does so and it interferes. The paper derives a formula for the average per unit time net profit of the secondary user. Numerical results are presented that show the behavior of the maximum profit of the secondary user, its throughput, and the resulting level of interference to the primary users as functions of various network parameters.
{"title":"How Often and How Long Should a Cognitive Radio Sense the Spectrum?","authors":"N. Moayeri, Hui Guo","doi":"10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457852","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a Bayesian framework and a pricing structure for a secondary wireless user that opportunistically uses a RF channel licensed to a network of N primary users. The secondary user operates in a time-slotted fashion, where each time slot consists of observing the channel for D seconds followed by possibly using it for W seconds depending on the decision the user makes after observing the channel. The paper assumes the secondary user observes the on-off Markov process modeling the primary user activity corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, and it employs a decision rule that is a time-averager followed by a threshold device. The pricing structure includes rewards for the secondary user when it uses the channel without interfering with the primary users and penalties when it does so and it interferes. The paper derives a formula for the average per unit time net profit of the secondary user. Numerical results are presented that show the behavior of the maximum profit of the secondary user, its throughput, and the resulting level of interference to the primary users as functions of various network parameters.","PeriodicalId":106204,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128923968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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