Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1862389
Zelalem Abdisa, Fekede Kenea
Abstract Clematis hirsuta in the family of Ranunculaceae is geographically dispersed in highland areas including Ethiopia. The leaves and roots of Clematis hirsuta is traditionally used to treat various diseases in different regions of Ethiopia. This study is aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activity studies on the crude root extracts of Clematis hirsuta. The air-dried plant sample was powdered, extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol. The solid matter was separated by filtration and then filtrates were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The dried extract was subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening test using standard procedures and the result showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrates. Antibacterial activity of the crude extract was determined by using the disc diffusion method. The methanol extract of the roots of Clematis hirsuta showed a significant inhibition zone on all of the selected bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella thyphi) while chloroform extract had inhibition on Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol crude extract was screened for antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay method. At 2 mg/mL methanol crude extract gave %DPPH inhibition of 98.2% as compared to reference ascorbic acid (95.8%) at the same concentration. This study showed that the roots of Clematis hirsuta constitute phytochemicals that possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities and can serve as a potential source in search of plant-based antibiotics and natural antioxidants.
{"title":"Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant activity studies on the crude root extract of Clematis hirsuta","authors":"Zelalem Abdisa, Fekede Kenea","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1862389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1862389","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clematis hirsuta in the family of Ranunculaceae is geographically dispersed in highland areas including Ethiopia. The leaves and roots of Clematis hirsuta is traditionally used to treat various diseases in different regions of Ethiopia. This study is aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activity studies on the crude root extracts of Clematis hirsuta. The air-dried plant sample was powdered, extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol. The solid matter was separated by filtration and then filtrates were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The dried extract was subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening test using standard procedures and the result showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrates. Antibacterial activity of the crude extract was determined by using the disc diffusion method. The methanol extract of the roots of Clematis hirsuta showed a significant inhibition zone on all of the selected bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella thyphi) while chloroform extract had inhibition on Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol crude extract was screened for antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay method. At 2 mg/mL methanol crude extract gave %DPPH inhibition of 98.2% as compared to reference ascorbic acid (95.8%) at the same concentration. This study showed that the roots of Clematis hirsuta constitute phytochemicals that possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities and can serve as a potential source in search of plant-based antibiotics and natural antioxidants.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1862389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1743403
Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Michel Selassie Doetse, Samuel Ofori – Baah, Jennifer Amo Mensah
Abstract Various parts of Tamarindus indica L are used to treat inflammatory disorders. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts of the root and stem bark of the plant. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model of inflammation in chicks was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The phosphomolybdenum (PM) assay, 2, 2—diphenyl—1—picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to investigate antioxidant potential. Total phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Both stem bark and root extracts possessed similar total phenolic content (11–13 g/100 g AAE) and had comparable total antioxidant capacities (about 27 g/100 g GAE). However, the stem bark extract was a better scavenger of both DPPH radicals and hydrogen peroxide, with lower IC50 values than the root extract. In the anti-inflammation test, both extracts exhibited dose-dependent reduction of edema, similar to the standard drugs used. The root extract, with ED50 of 118.1 ± 1.9 mg/kg, proved superior to the stem bark extract, whose ED50 was 154.5 ± 2.6 mg/kg. The results showed that both stem bark and root extracts possess potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity and confirm their use in folkloric medicine.
摘要柽柳(Tamarindus indica L)的不同部位被用于治疗炎性疾病。本研究评价了该植物根和茎皮乙醇提取物的抗炎和抗氧化活性。采用角叉菜胶致炎症雏鸡足跖水肿模型评价其抗炎活性。采用磷钼(PM)测定、2,2 -二苯基- 1 -苦味酰肼(DPPH)自由基测定和过氧化氢清除测定来考察其抗氧化能力。用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量。茎皮和根提取物具有相似的总酚含量(11-13 g/100 g AAE)，具有相似的总抗氧化能力(约27 g/100 g GAE)。然而，茎皮提取物对DPPH自由基和过氧化氢的清除能力都较好，IC50值低于根提取物。在抗炎测试中，两种提取物都表现出剂量依赖性的水肿减轻，与使用的标准药物相似。根提取物的ED50为118.1±1.9 mg/kg，优于茎皮提取物的ED50为154.5±2.6 mg/kg。结果表明，其茎皮和根提取物均具有较强的抗炎和抗氧化活性，证实了其在民间医学中的应用。
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae)","authors":"Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Michel Selassie Doetse, Samuel Ofori – Baah, Jennifer Amo Mensah","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1743403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1743403","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Various parts of Tamarindus indica L are used to treat inflammatory disorders. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extracts of the root and stem bark of the plant. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model of inflammation in chicks was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The phosphomolybdenum (PM) assay, 2, 2—diphenyl—1—picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to investigate antioxidant potential. Total phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Both stem bark and root extracts possessed similar total phenolic content (11–13 g/100 g AAE) and had comparable total antioxidant capacities (about 27 g/100 g GAE). However, the stem bark extract was a better scavenger of both DPPH radicals and hydrogen peroxide, with lower IC50 values than the root extract. In the anti-inflammation test, both extracts exhibited dose-dependent reduction of edema, similar to the standard drugs used. The root extract, with ED50 of 118.1 ± 1.9 mg/kg, proved superior to the stem bark extract, whose ED50 was 154.5 ± 2.6 mg/kg. The results showed that both stem bark and root extracts possess potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity and confirm their use in folkloric medicine.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1743403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47372394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1720892
H. Gebretsadik, A. Gebrekidan, Libargachew Demlie
Abstract The discharge of untreated wastewater become a major threat to the environment and posed health risk to human. Thus, in this study a low-cost and eco-friendly bio-sorbent produced from cheap and locally available material of Eucalyptus camaldulensi was used for removing toxic heavy metals from wastewater. The bio-sorbent was studied for its capacity of removing total Pb, Cd and Cr from synthetic and industrial wastewater of textile and leather industries. Parameters such as the effect of particle size, contact time, pH, and amount of adsorbent and initial concentration of metal ions were examined using the batch method. The removal of metal ions was mainly dependent on the physico-chemical nature of the adsorbent and concentration of the adsorbate. Maximum removal for Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (III) were observed at pH 10.0 for Pb and Cr and pH 12.0 for Cd, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed based on Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Langmuir was found to be best suited for the studied bio-sorbent. At the optimum pH and particle size studied, the adsorption capacity (mg/L) of the bio-sorbent was obtained to be 9.259, 6.173 and 47.619 for Pb, Cd and Cr. Thus, the finding suggests that the Eucalyptus camaldulensis bio-sorbent can be employed as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr from wastewater.
{"title":"Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using Eucalyptus Camaldulensis: An alternate low cost adsorbent","authors":"H. Gebretsadik, A. Gebrekidan, Libargachew Demlie","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1720892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1720892","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The discharge of untreated wastewater become a major threat to the environment and posed health risk to human. Thus, in this study a low-cost and eco-friendly bio-sorbent produced from cheap and locally available material of Eucalyptus camaldulensi was used for removing toxic heavy metals from wastewater. The bio-sorbent was studied for its capacity of removing total Pb, Cd and Cr from synthetic and industrial wastewater of textile and leather industries. Parameters such as the effect of particle size, contact time, pH, and amount of adsorbent and initial concentration of metal ions were examined using the batch method. The removal of metal ions was mainly dependent on the physico-chemical nature of the adsorbent and concentration of the adsorbate. Maximum removal for Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (III) were observed at pH 10.0 for Pb and Cr and pH 12.0 for Cd, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed based on Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Langmuir was found to be best suited for the studied bio-sorbent. At the optimum pH and particle size studied, the adsorption capacity (mg/L) of the bio-sorbent was obtained to be 9.259, 6.173 and 47.619 for Pb, Cd and Cr. Thus, the finding suggests that the Eucalyptus camaldulensis bio-sorbent can be employed as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1720892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1815273
J. Apau, W. Sefah, Eric Adua
Abstract When human is exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates, for example, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP)in early life may contribute to overweight and obesity. EDCs are also called obesogen. Obesogen can promote adipogenesis and cause weight gain. Phthalates are man-made chemicals used in polyvinyl (PVC) products such as wires, cables, floorings, wall coverings, medical devices and cosmetics. The vulnerability of humans to EDCs has resulted in adverse health consequences, including decreased sperm motility, infertility in men, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and obesity. This paper will educate people all over the world about the danger associated with contact with phthalates. It will also help to make people limit exposure to materials made of phthalates.
{"title":"Human contact with phthalates during early life stages leads to weight gain and obesity","authors":"J. Apau, W. Sefah, Eric Adua","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1815273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1815273","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When human is exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates, for example, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP)in early life may contribute to overweight and obesity. EDCs are also called obesogen. Obesogen can promote adipogenesis and cause weight gain. Phthalates are man-made chemicals used in polyvinyl (PVC) products such as wires, cables, floorings, wall coverings, medical devices and cosmetics. The vulnerability of humans to EDCs has resulted in adverse health consequences, including decreased sperm motility, infertility in men, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and obesity. This paper will educate people all over the world about the danger associated with contact with phthalates. It will also help to make people limit exposure to materials made of phthalates.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1815273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43039257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1788291
E. Nyankson, Richard Q. Mensah, Lucky Kumafle, W. N. Gblerkpor, Shadrack O. Aboagye, B. Asimeng, E. Tiburu
Abstract In this study, a clay sample recovered from an archaeological excavation from the Krobo Mountains in Ghana was examined for its potential to decolorize and adsorb cationic methylene blue. The raw and calcined clay samples were characterized with XRD, SEM, FTIR and EDX. The supernatant obtained by washing the raw clay with 70% ethanol solution decolorized methylene blue. The decolorization of methylene blue was independent of calcination temperature up to 300°C. The clay material subjected to calcination temperature at 600°C showed strong adsorption towards cationic methylene blue. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm indicating adsorption unto heterogeneous surface with the interaction between the adsorbed molecules which is not restricted to the formation of a monolayer. The data also fitted well with the Weber and Morris model which described the rate-controlling steps. The intra-particle diffusion was controlled by pore and surface diffusion. In addition, the adsorption data followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a chemisorption process. The results highlight a unique property of the clay material as an effective decolorizing and adsorption agent for the removal of water-soluble dyes from contaminated water bodies.
{"title":"Dual application of natural clay material for decolorization and adsorption of methylene blue dye","authors":"E. Nyankson, Richard Q. Mensah, Lucky Kumafle, W. N. Gblerkpor, Shadrack O. Aboagye, B. Asimeng, E. Tiburu","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1788291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1788291","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, a clay sample recovered from an archaeological excavation from the Krobo Mountains in Ghana was examined for its potential to decolorize and adsorb cationic methylene blue. The raw and calcined clay samples were characterized with XRD, SEM, FTIR and EDX. The supernatant obtained by washing the raw clay with 70% ethanol solution decolorized methylene blue. The decolorization of methylene blue was independent of calcination temperature up to 300°C. The clay material subjected to calcination temperature at 600°C showed strong adsorption towards cationic methylene blue. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm indicating adsorption unto heterogeneous surface with the interaction between the adsorbed molecules which is not restricted to the formation of a monolayer. The data also fitted well with the Weber and Morris model which described the rate-controlling steps. The intra-particle diffusion was controlled by pore and surface diffusion. In addition, the adsorption data followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a chemisorption process. The results highlight a unique property of the clay material as an effective decolorizing and adsorption agent for the removal of water-soluble dyes from contaminated water bodies.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1788291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46748422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1831715
Belete B. Beyene, Fentahun A. Alem, Misganaw T. Ayana
Abstract Traditionally, the leaves of Plumbago Zeylanica were used for the treatment of several diseases. Herein, we report phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activities of the leaf extracts of the plant. The phytochemical analysis test of the extracts showed the presence of biologically important compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Moreover, the total flavonoid content of 69.566, 66.966, and 59.133 mgQE/100 g was obtained from methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts respectively. And the total phenolic content of methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts were 82.738, 69.784, and 51.630 mgGAE/g dry samples. The extracts have promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), S. pyogens (Streptococcus pyogens), E. coli (Escherichia coli), and K. peneumona (Klebsiella pneumonia). The high antibacterial and antioxidant activity was found for methanol extract of the leaf extract of P. Zeylanica is attributing to the presence of polar phytochemicals such as; flavonoids, phenolic, and glycosidic groups in the crude extract obtained from maceration of polar solvents.
{"title":"Determination of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Plumbago zeylanica (Amira)","authors":"Belete B. Beyene, Fentahun A. Alem, Misganaw T. Ayana","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1831715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1831715","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditionally, the leaves of Plumbago Zeylanica were used for the treatment of several diseases. Herein, we report phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activities of the leaf extracts of the plant. The phytochemical analysis test of the extracts showed the presence of biologically important compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Moreover, the total flavonoid content of 69.566, 66.966, and 59.133 mgQE/100 g was obtained from methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts respectively. And the total phenolic content of methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts were 82.738, 69.784, and 51.630 mgGAE/g dry samples. The extracts have promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), S. pyogens (Streptococcus pyogens), E. coli (Escherichia coli), and K. peneumona (Klebsiella pneumonia). The high antibacterial and antioxidant activity was found for methanol extract of the leaf extract of P. Zeylanica is attributing to the presence of polar phytochemicals such as; flavonoids, phenolic, and glycosidic groups in the crude extract obtained from maceration of polar solvents.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1831715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1767017
M. Adegunwa, J. E. Ayanlowo, G. Olatunde, L. A. Adebanjo, E. Alamu
Abstract Recently, the extrusion process has been applied to the production of snacks, cereals, and pasta due to the advantages it offers but processing temperature is a critical factor that affects the retention of nutrients in biofortified crops. This study examined the effect of extrusion cooking on the proximate, antinutritional, and carotenoid properties of biofortified maize and soybean flour blends. Samples were prepared by blending maize and soybeans flours in varied proportions (100:0, 90:10, 85:10, 80:20, 70:30) and were extruded at a feed rate of 1.5 kg/h with different temperatures and screw speeds. The extrudates were subjected to proximate, antinutritional, and carotenoid analyses using standard laboratory methods. The moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and ash contents of the extrudates ranged from 8.89 to 12.91%, 8.21 to 20.61%, 2.08 to 4.64%, 3.81 to 5.90% and 1.62 to 2.37%, respectively. The comparative percentage composition of carotenoids of the flour blends indicated that lutein, zeaxanthin, β- cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, 13-cis β-carotene, 9-cis β-carotene, total β-carotene, total xanthophylls, provitamin A were higher when extruded at lower processing speed and temperature. The antinutrient composition shows a significant reduction in the levels of oxalate, tannins and phytate compared with previous related work. Sample ABM (90:10 biofortified Maize and soybean flours) showed high contents of carotenoid properties and low antinutritional properties and made it better than other samples. The extruded samples are nutritious, and further processing (addition of ingredients) will help derive a new product with increased nutritional quality.
{"title":"Quality and carotenoid compositions of extrudates produced from composite biofortified maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) flours","authors":"M. Adegunwa, J. E. Ayanlowo, G. Olatunde, L. A. Adebanjo, E. Alamu","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1767017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1767017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recently, the extrusion process has been applied to the production of snacks, cereals, and pasta due to the advantages it offers but processing temperature is a critical factor that affects the retention of nutrients in biofortified crops. This study examined the effect of extrusion cooking on the proximate, antinutritional, and carotenoid properties of biofortified maize and soybean flour blends. Samples were prepared by blending maize and soybeans flours in varied proportions (100:0, 90:10, 85:10, 80:20, 70:30) and were extruded at a feed rate of 1.5 kg/h with different temperatures and screw speeds. The extrudates were subjected to proximate, antinutritional, and carotenoid analyses using standard laboratory methods. The moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and ash contents of the extrudates ranged from 8.89 to 12.91%, 8.21 to 20.61%, 2.08 to 4.64%, 3.81 to 5.90% and 1.62 to 2.37%, respectively. The comparative percentage composition of carotenoids of the flour blends indicated that lutein, zeaxanthin, β- cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, 13-cis β-carotene, 9-cis β-carotene, total β-carotene, total xanthophylls, provitamin A were higher when extruded at lower processing speed and temperature. The antinutrient composition shows a significant reduction in the levels of oxalate, tannins and phytate compared with previous related work. Sample ABM (90:10 biofortified Maize and soybean flours) showed high contents of carotenoid properties and low antinutritional properties and made it better than other samples. The extruded samples are nutritious, and further processing (addition of ingredients) will help derive a new product with increased nutritional quality.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1767017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42358385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1824336
M. Tefera, D. Ayele
Abstract Total polyphenol, antioxidant activity, and heavy metal contents in selected Ethiopian beers (Dashen= B1, Harar = B2, Habesha= B3, Saint George= B4, and Walya= B5) were investigated. The average concentration of total phenolic content in B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 were found to be 219.80, 206.09, 190.24, 193.00, and 212.10 mg GAE/L, respectively. The obtained results showed that B1 contained significantly highest total polyphenol content (219.80±2.83 mg/L) and showed the highest radical scavenging capacities (84.16±0.65). According to Pearson’s correlation between polyphenol extract with antioxidant activities, suggested that phenolic compound in beer were contributor to antioxidant activity. Similarly, all the beer samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The total metal concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were found to be in the range of (ND–0.022 mg/L), (0.02 −0.041), (0.023-0.054), (ND-0.064), and (ND-0.022 mg/L), respectively. The efficiency of the procedure was validated by spiking and the percent recovery of the metals varied from 90.9 to 104.3%.
{"title":"Investigation of total polyphenol, antioxidant activity, and levels of metals in Ethiopian commercial beers","authors":"M. Tefera, D. Ayele","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1824336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1824336","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Total polyphenol, antioxidant activity, and heavy metal contents in selected Ethiopian beers (Dashen= B1, Harar = B2, Habesha= B3, Saint George= B4, and Walya= B5) were investigated. The average concentration of total phenolic content in B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 were found to be 219.80, 206.09, 190.24, 193.00, and 212.10 mg GAE/L, respectively. The obtained results showed that B1 contained significantly highest total polyphenol content (219.80±2.83 mg/L) and showed the highest radical scavenging capacities (84.16±0.65). According to Pearson’s correlation between polyphenol extract with antioxidant activities, suggested that phenolic compound in beer were contributor to antioxidant activity. Similarly, all the beer samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The total metal concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were found to be in the range of (ND–0.022 mg/L), (0.02 −0.041), (0.023-0.054), (ND-0.064), and (ND-0.022 mg/L), respectively. The efficiency of the procedure was validated by spiking and the percent recovery of the metals varied from 90.9 to 104.3%.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1824336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48698716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This work introduces a new air and moisture stable ionic liquid which is tested for the extraction of Pb2+from neutral aqueous solution. Here, no chelating agents were used. Grafting coordinating functional groups on the cation of the ionic liquid was not necessary. Very small ionic liquid to aqueous phase ratio was used. The ionic liquid used for this purpose was N-hexyl-4,4-bipyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([C6byp][Tf2 N]). Its synthesis is characterized by spectrometry (1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR, ESI-MS, FTIR) as well as Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to analyze in detail the thermal behavior in the temperature range of −20 to 200 °C. Interestingly, the ionic liquid demonstrated nearly complete removal of the metal ion from the aqueous phase (98.16%). Furthermore, the reusability (recyclability) investigation demonstrated that the ionic liquid can be used at least for four cycles with undiminished efficiency (98.16% for the second cycle, 97.64% for the third and fourth cycles). Its cycle ability reduces the concern arising from the high cost of ILs. This result indicates that the use of this ionic liquid for the extraction of heavy metals is very promising. The mechanism of removal of the Pb2+ ions is speculated to be by the formation of a complex with a formula of [Pb(C6bpy)n][(CF3SO2)2 N]n(NO3), where, n = 1–6.
{"title":"Synthesis of a new ionic liquid for efficient liquid/liquid extraction of lead ions from neutral aqueous environment without the use of extractants","authors":"Atakilt Abebe, Kidanemariam Teklay Hilawea, Yayesew Amlaku, Bosena Denber Tamrat","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1771832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1771832","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work introduces a new air and moisture stable ionic liquid which is tested for the extraction of Pb2+from neutral aqueous solution. Here, no chelating agents were used. Grafting coordinating functional groups on the cation of the ionic liquid was not necessary. Very small ionic liquid to aqueous phase ratio was used. The ionic liquid used for this purpose was N-hexyl-4,4-bipyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([C6byp][Tf2 N]). Its synthesis is characterized by spectrometry (1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR, ESI-MS, FTIR) as well as Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to analyze in detail the thermal behavior in the temperature range of −20 to 200 °C. Interestingly, the ionic liquid demonstrated nearly complete removal of the metal ion from the aqueous phase (98.16%). Furthermore, the reusability (recyclability) investigation demonstrated that the ionic liquid can be used at least for four cycles with undiminished efficiency (98.16% for the second cycle, 97.64% for the third and fourth cycles). Its cycle ability reduces the concern arising from the high cost of ILs. This result indicates that the use of this ionic liquid for the extraction of heavy metals is very promising. The mechanism of removal of the Pb2+ ions is speculated to be by the formation of a complex with a formula of [Pb(C6bpy)n][(CF3SO2)2 N]n(NO3), where, n = 1–6.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1771832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41671819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2020.1833476
Abdulazeez T. Lawal, E. AlShamaileh
Abstract This paper reviews recent progress in the fabrication of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites and their applications. The modification of graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and the utilization of these materials in the fabrication of nanocomposites with different polymer matrixes have been explored. The methods for surface modification of Graphene with polymers, including various covalent and non-covalent techniques, are discussed in detail. Series of effective processing routes for producing high-quality G–polymer nanocomposites, such as melt compounding, solution blending, in situ polymerization, latex mixing, and electropolymerization, are introduced and discussed. Various organic polymers have been used to fabricate graphene-filled polymer nanocomposites using different methods. Different characterisation methods and applications of these polymer composites were reviewed.
{"title":"Recent progress in graphene based polymer nanocomposites","authors":"Abdulazeez T. Lawal, E. AlShamaileh","doi":"10.1080/23312009.2020.1833476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2020.1833476","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reviews recent progress in the fabrication of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites and their applications. The modification of graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and the utilization of these materials in the fabrication of nanocomposites with different polymer matrixes have been explored. The methods for surface modification of Graphene with polymers, including various covalent and non-covalent techniques, are discussed in detail. Series of effective processing routes for producing high-quality G–polymer nanocomposites, such as melt compounding, solution blending, in situ polymerization, latex mixing, and electropolymerization, are introduced and discussed. Various organic polymers have been used to fabricate graphene-filled polymer nanocomposites using different methods. Different characterisation methods and applications of these polymer composites were reviewed.","PeriodicalId":10640,"journal":{"name":"Cogent Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23312009.2020.1833476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47771074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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