of women in science and engineering. (Incidentally, my only daughter has a degree in electrical engineering and is gainfully employed in artificial intelligence and robotics.) I support increased efforts to teach coding to girls (and boys) and eliminate gender bias (such as in grant and paper reviewing). I thus read Jodi L. Tims’s “From the Chair of ACM-W” column “Achieving Gender Equity: ACM-W Can’t Do It Alone” (Feb. 2018) with great interest, especially when she said, “ . . . a nagging question that many of us who work so hard in the space of gender equity in computing have. Why, with so much sustained effort by so many individuals and organizations, is progress toward gender equity so slow?” My concern is that neither the column nor its cited works defined the “equity” mentioned in its headline. Is the only possible definition 50%/50% representation at every level of expertise? Or could it be, say, 56%/44% women/ men—the percentages of all students in U.S. public colleges? Conversely, are the numerous professional disciplines where women outnumber or out-earn men manifestly “iniquitous” according to the column’s assumed definition? We STEM professionals and educators, and the public more generally, would gain clarity, and hence be better able to take enlightened action, if the goal were first made explicit and justified, then accepted by stakeholders. David G. Stork, Portola Valley, CA, USA
在科学和工程领域的女性。(顺便说一句，我唯一的女儿拥有电气工程学位，在人工智能和机器人领域工作，收入颇高。)我支持加大力度向女孩(和男孩)教授编程，消除性别偏见(比如在拨款和论文评审方面)。因此，我怀着极大的兴趣阅读了乔迪·l·蒂姆斯(Jodi L. Tims)的“从ACM-W主席的角度”专栏“实现性别平等:ACM-W不能独自完成”(2018年2月)，特别是她说，“……这是一个困扰我们很多人的问题，我们在计算机领域的性别平等领域努力工作。为什么如此多的个人和组织做出了如此多的持续努力，性别平等的进展却如此缓慢?”我担心的是，该专栏及其引用的文章都没有定义标题中提到的“公平”。唯一可能的定义是在每个专业水平上50%/50%的代表性吗?或者说，美国公立大学学生中男女比例分别为56%和44% ?相反，根据本专栏假设的定义，女性人数超过男性或收入超过男性的众多专业领域是否明显“不公平”?如果目标首先明确和合理，然后被利益相关者接受，我们STEM专业人士和教育工作者以及更广泛的公众将获得清晰度，从而能够更好地采取开明的行动。David G. Stork, Portola Valley, CA, USA
{"title":"Predicting failure of the university","authors":"Cacm Staff","doi":"10.1145/3190615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3190615","url":null,"abstract":"of women in science and engineering. (Incidentally, my only daughter has a degree in electrical engineering and is gainfully employed in artificial intelligence and robotics.) I support increased efforts to teach coding to girls (and boys) and eliminate gender bias (such as in grant and paper reviewing). I thus read Jodi L. Tims’s “From the Chair of ACM-W” column “Achieving Gender Equity: ACM-W Can’t Do It Alone” (Feb. 2018) with great interest, especially when she said, “ . . . a nagging question that many of us who work so hard in the space of gender equity in computing have. Why, with so much sustained effort by so many individuals and organizations, is progress toward gender equity so slow?” My concern is that neither the column nor its cited works defined the “equity” mentioned in its headline. Is the only possible definition 50%/50% representation at every level of expertise? Or could it be, say, 56%/44% women/ men—the percentages of all students in U.S. public colleges? Conversely, are the numerous professional disciplines where women outnumber or out-earn men manifestly “iniquitous” according to the column’s assumed definition? We STEM professionals and educators, and the public more generally, would gain clarity, and hence be better able to take enlightened action, if the goal were first made explicit and justified, then accepted by stakeholders. David G. Stork, Portola Valley, CA, USA","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"17 1","pages":"8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83067200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A procedure for reflection and discourse on the behavior of bots in the context of law, deception, and societal norms.
在法律、欺骗和社会规范的背景下反思和讨论机器人行为的程序。
{"title":"Is that social bot behaving unethically?","authors":"C. Salge, N. Berente","doi":"10.1145/3126492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3126492","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure for reflection and discourse on the behavior of bots in the context of law, deception, and societal norms.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"17 1","pages":"29-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84325073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seeking to use software, hardware, and algorithmic ingenuity to create unique domain-independent instruments.
寻求使用软件，硬件和算法的独创性来创建独特的领域独立的工具。
{"title":"Wanted: toolsmiths","authors":"W. Regli","doi":"10.1145/2983529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2983529","url":null,"abstract":"Seeking to use software, hardware, and algorithmic ingenuity to create unique domain-independent instruments.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"10895 1","pages":"26-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76144615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49851-4
Wil M.P. van der Aalst
{"title":"Process Mining","authors":"Wil M.P. van der Aalst","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-49851-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49851-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"533 1","pages":"3-452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74967141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a 10-year struggle within ACM to define a Journal for All Members (JAM), a "new" Communications was launched in the cold of February 1983. CACM was to leave behind its pure research past and transform into a professionally useful, interesting, monthly magazine for all members. The CACM that evolved in the decade following 1983 is substantially the form you find today. I was the EIC who managed the transition.
{"title":"Déjà vu all over again","authors":"P. Denning","doi":"10.1145/1327452.1327472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327472","url":null,"abstract":"After a 10-year struggle within ACM to define a Journal for All Members (JAM), a \"new\" Communications was launched in the cold of February 1983. CACM was to leave behind its pure research past and transform into a professionally useful, interesting, monthly magazine for all members. The CACM that evolved in the decade following 1983 is substantially the form you find today. I was the EIC who managed the transition.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"20 1","pages":"35-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90728155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S oftware engineering management encompasses two major functions, planning and control, both of which require the capability to accurately and reliably measure the software being delivered. Planning of software development projects emphasizes estimation of appropriate budgets and schedules. Control of software development requires a means to measure progress on the project and to perform after-the-fact evaluations of the project, for example, to evaluate the effectiveness of the tools and techniques employed on the project to improve productivity.
{"title":"Reliability of function points measurement: a field experiment","authors":"C. Kemerer","doi":"10.1145/151220.151230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/151220.151230","url":null,"abstract":"S oftware engineering management encompasses two major functions, planning and control, both of which require the capability to accurately and reliably measure the software being delivered. Planning of software development projects emphasizes estimation of appropriate budgets and schedules. Control of software development requires a means to measure progress on the project and to perform after-the-fact evaluations of the project, for example, to evaluate the effectiveness of the tools and techniques employed on the project to improve productivity.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"32 1","pages":"85-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75461105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The great principles of computing have been interred beneath layers of technology in our understanding and our teaching. It is time to set them free.
在我们的理解和教学中，计算的伟大原理已经被层层技术所掩盖。是时候释放他们了。
{"title":"Great principles of computing","authors":"Peter J. Denning","doi":"10.1145/948383.948400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/948383.948400","url":null,"abstract":"The great principles of computing have been interred beneath layers of technology in our understanding and our teaching. It is time to set them free.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"9 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73247194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gap between processor and memory performance has become a focal point for microprocessor research and development over the past three decades. Modern architectures use two orthogonal approaches to help alleviate this issue: (1) Almost every microprocessor includes some form of on-chip storage, usually in the form of caches, to decrease memory latency and make more effective use of limited memory bandwidth. (2) Massively multithreaded architectures, such as graphics processing units (GPUs), attempt to hide the high latency to memory by rapidly switching between many threads directly in hardware. This paper explores the intersection of these two techniques. We study the effect of accelerating highly parallel workloads with significant locality on a massively multithreaded GPU. We observe that the memory access stream seen by on-chip caches is the direct result of decisions made by the hardware thread scheduler. Our work proposes a hardware scheduling technique that reacts to feedback from the memory system to create a more cache-friendly access stream. We evaluate our technique using simulations and show a significant performance improvement over previously proposed scheduling mechanisms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of scheduling as a cache management technique by comparing cache hit rate using our scheduler and an LRU replacement policy against other scheduling techniques using an optimal cache replacement policy.
{"title":"Learning your limit: managing massively multithreaded caches through scheduling","authors":"Timothy G. Rogers, Mike O'Connor, Tor M. Aamodt","doi":"10.1145/2682583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2682583","url":null,"abstract":"The gap between processor and memory performance has become a focal point for microprocessor research and development over the past three decades. Modern architectures use two orthogonal approaches to help alleviate this issue: (1) Almost every microprocessor includes some form of on-chip storage, usually in the form of caches, to decrease memory latency and make more effective use of limited memory bandwidth. (2) Massively multithreaded architectures, such as graphics processing units (GPUs), attempt to hide the high latency to memory by rapidly switching between many threads directly in hardware. This paper explores the intersection of these two techniques. We study the effect of accelerating highly parallel workloads with significant locality on a massively multithreaded GPU. We observe that the memory access stream seen by on-chip caches is the direct result of decisions made by the hardware thread scheduler. Our work proposes a hardware scheduling technique that reacts to feedback from the memory system to create a more cache-friendly access stream. We evaluate our technique using simulations and show a significant performance improvement over previously proposed scheduling mechanisms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of scheduling as a cache management technique by comparing cache hit rate using our scheduler and an LRU replacement policy against other scheduling techniques using an optimal cache replacement policy.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"14 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80792103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O VER THE PAST YEAR, David Nordfors and I have organized several invitation-only seminars we call " Innovation and Jobs. " Our purpose has been to draw upon many points of view from experts in many fields to understand more deeply how innovation relates to the workplace. One of the first surprises, for me at least, was the observation that, once there is food on the table and a roof over one's head, everyone is not necessarily looking for remu-nerative work. What seemed very important was meaningful work. As this thread was teased out, we recognized that a significant fraction of some economies depends on or benefits from a lot of volunteer work. There are even websites devoted to connecting volunteers with work they find meaningful, such as the very successful www.volunteer-match.org. One wonders how much of the world's economy involves this kind of non-remunerative work and to what degree we are dependent as a society on the gratifying sense of having contributed to the well-being of others or satisfying an itch that happens to produce benefits for others (think of volunteer do-cents in museums, volunteer nature walk guides, and people who volunteer in hospitals). In this column, I would ask you read jobs in the most general sense as work that may or may not involve conventional remuneration (that is, pay). As the title asks, do we know whether innovation creates or destroys jobs? The answer is yes to both aspects. Novel ways to do things, especially with forms of automatic production, clearly take away the need for manual jobs. The Jacquard loom a is a perfect example. But it also created work. Someone had to design the cards that drove the loom. Someone had to build and maintain the loom. The productivity of fabric manufacture must have increased with the introduction of this invention. The same can be said for many other inventions. The development of production lines actually increased the availability of jobs and while also increasing productivity per capita. What should be fairly obvious, on reflection, is that new jobs created by innovation often require new skills and some displaced workers may not be able to learn them. Even when there is a net increase in jobs resulting from innovation (think of the invention of the integrated circuit, the World Wide Web, YouTube), not everyone displaced will find new work unless or until they are able …
{"title":"Does innovation create or destroy jobs?","authors":"V. Cerf","doi":"10.1145/2685035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2685035","url":null,"abstract":"O VER THE PAST YEAR, David Nordfors and I have organized several invitation-only seminars we call \" Innovation and Jobs. \" Our purpose has been to draw upon many points of view from experts in many fields to understand more deeply how innovation relates to the workplace. One of the first surprises, for me at least, was the observation that, once there is food on the table and a roof over one's head, everyone is not necessarily looking for remu-nerative work. What seemed very important was meaningful work. As this thread was teased out, we recognized that a significant fraction of some economies depends on or benefits from a lot of volunteer work. There are even websites devoted to connecting volunteers with work they find meaningful, such as the very successful www.volunteer-match.org. One wonders how much of the world's economy involves this kind of non-remunerative work and to what degree we are dependent as a society on the gratifying sense of having contributed to the well-being of others or satisfying an itch that happens to produce benefits for others (think of volunteer do-cents in museums, volunteer nature walk guides, and people who volunteer in hospitals). In this column, I would ask you read jobs in the most general sense as work that may or may not involve conventional remuneration (that is, pay). As the title asks, do we know whether innovation creates or destroys jobs? The answer is yes to both aspects. Novel ways to do things, especially with forms of automatic production, clearly take away the need for manual jobs. The Jacquard loom a is a perfect example. But it also created work. Someone had to design the cards that drove the loom. Someone had to build and maintain the loom. The productivity of fabric manufacture must have increased with the introduction of this invention. The same can be said for many other inventions. The development of production lines actually increased the availability of jobs and while also increasing productivity per capita. What should be fairly obvious, on reflection, is that new jobs created by innovation often require new skills and some displaced workers may not be able to learn them. Even when there is a net increase in jobs resulting from innovation (think of the invention of the integrated circuit, the World Wide Web, YouTube), not everyone displaced will find new work unless or until they are able …","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"1 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83351534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new book inspires a reflection on what it means to be a whole, competent, and effective professional---and may portend a wave of disruption in education.
{"title":"The whole professional","authors":"P. Denning","doi":"10.1145/2676859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676859","url":null,"abstract":"A new book inspires a reflection on what it means to be a whole, competent, and effective professional---and may portend a wave of disruption in education.","PeriodicalId":10645,"journal":{"name":"Commun. ACM","volume":"17 1","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88893550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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