Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.2174/2212711907666210629111129
D. Brune
Global seafood production has doubled over the last two decades, with aquaculture now contributing nearly 50% of supply. Pressure to reduce or eliminate water and waste discharge from aquaculture increases with each passing year. In response to this pressure, producers have adopted increasingly sophisticated technology, expanding fish and shellfish production from 2,000 kg/ha to over 40,000 kg/ha. While water discharge has been drastically reduced, waste solids production from intensive aquaculture continues to pose a management challenge. One potential solution is to co-culture filter-feeding aquatic organisms with higher-value aquaculture species as a technique to harvest and covert excess bacterial and algal biomass into useful co-products and biofuels. Over a period of twenty years, the author and co-workers have designed and operated catfish and marine shrimp production systems employing co-culture of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and brine shrimp (Artemia) to remove, concentrate, and convert microbial solids into animal biomass and biofertilizer. Past system operations are reviewed, and additional methods and data are presented and discussed. In the case of tilapia, a technique entitled “tilapia enhanced sedimentation” is evaluated for use in converting algae into concentrated fertilizer and fish flesh. Alternatively, brine shrimp are used to harvest and convert microbial solids into a potential fish-meal replacement. Tilapia co-culture was shown to be cost-effective in controlling aquaculture system algal species and density, selectively removing cyanobacteria from culture water promoting green algal dominance, reducing off-flavor in cultured fish species. Tilapia co-culture at biomass levels from 20-25% of targeted fish carrying capacity was required to reduce algal and bacterial levels, significantly reducing oxygen demand and aeration requirements. Tilapia enhanced sedimentation was demonstrated to be effective in removing suspended algal and bacterial solids, concentrating excreted biomass into rapidly settling fecal pellets. Brine shrimp culture has been demonstrated at densities of 2,000-4,000 animals/liter, corresponding to 4 gm/liter of dry weight animal biomass concentration. Brine shrimp are capable of conversation efficiencies as high as 50% of microbial dry weigh to brine dry shrimp weight, as opposed to < 3% conversion with tilapia. However, successful Artemia culture necessitates unique culture system design and management, requiring two-stage, multiple-batch cultures of uniformly sized cohorts to yield maximum growth and conversion efficiency. Unique pH and ammonia toxicity response of brine shrimp necessitates management protocols very different from typical aquatic animal culture. Tilapia harvested algal sludge is limited to fertilizer application, yielding a value of $0.10/kg at 98% dry weight. On the other hand, brine shrimp biomass can be used as a potential fish-meal replacement at a value of $ 1.50/kg d
{"title":"Microbially Derived Co-Products from Zero-Discharge Aquaculture","authors":"D. Brune","doi":"10.2174/2212711907666210629111129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711907666210629111129","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Global seafood production has doubled over the last two decades, with aquaculture now contributing nearly 50% of supply. Pressure to reduce or eliminate water and waste discharge from aquaculture increases with each passing year. In response to this pressure, producers have adopted increasingly sophisticated technology, expanding fish and shellfish production from 2,000 kg/ha to over 40,000 kg/ha. While water discharge has been drastically reduced, waste solids production from intensive aquaculture continues to pose a management challenge. One potential solution is to co-culture filter-feeding aquatic organisms with higher-value aquaculture species as a technique to harvest and covert excess bacterial and algal biomass into useful co-products and biofuels. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Over a period of twenty years, the author and co-workers have designed and operated catfish and marine shrimp production systems employing co-culture of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and brine shrimp (Artemia) to remove, concentrate, and convert microbial solids into animal biomass and biofertilizer. Past system operations are reviewed, and additional methods and data are presented and discussed. In the case of tilapia, a technique entitled “tilapia enhanced sedimentation” is evaluated for use in converting algae into concentrated fertilizer and fish flesh. Alternatively, brine shrimp are used to harvest and convert microbial solids into a potential fish-meal replacement. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Tilapia co-culture was shown to be cost-effective in controlling aquaculture system algal species and density, selectively removing cyanobacteria from culture water promoting green algal dominance, reducing off-flavor in cultured fish species. Tilapia co-culture at biomass levels from 20-25% of targeted fish carrying capacity was required to reduce algal and bacterial levels, significantly reducing oxygen demand and aeration requirements. Tilapia enhanced sedimentation was demonstrated to be effective in removing suspended algal and bacterial solids, concentrating excreted biomass into rapidly settling fecal pellets. Brine shrimp culture has been demonstrated at densities of 2,000-4,000 animals/liter, corresponding to 4 gm/liter of dry weight animal biomass concentration. Brine shrimp are capable of conversation efficiencies as high as 50% of microbial dry weigh to brine dry shrimp weight, as opposed to < 3% conversion with tilapia. However, successful Artemia culture necessitates unique culture system design and management, requiring two-stage, multiple-batch cultures of uniformly sized cohorts to yield maximum growth and conversion efficiency. Unique pH and ammonia toxicity response of brine shrimp necessitates management protocols very different from typical aquatic animal culture. Tilapia harvested algal sludge is limited to fertilizer application, yielding a value of $0.10/kg at 98% dry weight. On the other hand, brine shrimp biomass can be used as a potential fish-meal replacement at a value of $ 1.50/kg d","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88274066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.2174/2212711907666210622153521
G. Schwartz, M. Ibekwe, T. Lundquist, S. Murinda, M. Murry
The utilization of animal wastes in algal culture has proven to be challenging. The utilization of “free” nutrients has drawn many researchers and industries to developing business models that call for the use of these free nutrients, which comes at a cost. Some of these costs include reduced productivity, increased contamination, lower-value target markets, and lower treatment capabilities (for wastewater treatment applications). This paper evaluates the impact of dairy lagoon effluent on productivity and wastewater treatment ability. Screened dairy lagoon wash water was fed to four three square meter outdoor open paddlewheel algal cultivation reactors. The units were operated semi-continuously for one and a half years. Seasonal productivity and nutrient uptake rates for nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (N) were measured against wastewater dilution requirements. Seasonal algal species dominance was also recorded. Wastewater was added at two levels, and the lower level was supplemented with synthetic fertilizer. Seasonal N uptake rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 grams of N uptake per square meter per day, while P uptake ranged from 0.17 to 0.3 grams of P per square meter per day depending on season and hydraulic residence time (HRT). N removal efficiency ranged at 40 to 70% for semicontinuous operation, depending on HRT, season, and dilution of influent wastewater, which was made up from 1.5% to 13% of the daily water exchange. Algal reactors tended to be N limited due to the inability to add enough dairy wastewater to mitigate the high turbidity and dark color. Treatments with lower levels of added dairy wastewater tended to show higher nutrient removal. Algal culture from dairy wash water could benefit from a pretreatment step to reduce turbidity and color, promoting algal growth and productivity.
{"title":"Utilization of Semi-Continuous Algae Culture for the Treatment of Recycled Dairy Lagoon Wash Water","authors":"G. Schwartz, M. Ibekwe, T. Lundquist, S. Murinda, M. Murry","doi":"10.2174/2212711907666210622153521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711907666210622153521","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The utilization of animal wastes in algal culture has proven to be challenging. The utilization of “free” nutrients has drawn many researchers and industries to developing business models that call for the use of these free nutrients, which comes at a cost. Some of these costs include reduced productivity, increased contamination, lower-value target markets, and lower treatment capabilities (for wastewater treatment applications). This paper evaluates the impact of dairy lagoon effluent on productivity and wastewater treatment ability. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Screened dairy lagoon wash water was fed to four three square meter outdoor open paddlewheel algal cultivation reactors. The units were operated semi-continuously for one and a half years. Seasonal productivity and nutrient uptake rates for nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (N) were measured against wastewater dilution requirements. Seasonal algal species dominance was also recorded. Wastewater was added at two levels, and the lower level was supplemented with synthetic fertilizer.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Seasonal N uptake rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 grams of N uptake per square meter per day, while P uptake ranged from 0.17 to 0.3 grams of P per square meter per day depending on season and hydraulic residence time (HRT). N removal efficiency ranged at 40 to 70% for semicontinuous operation, depending on HRT, season, and dilution of influent wastewater, which was made up from 1.5% to 13% of the daily water exchange.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Algal reactors tended to be N limited due to the inability to add enough dairy wastewater to mitigate the high turbidity and dark color. Treatments with lower levels of added dairy wastewater tended to show higher nutrient removal. Algal culture from dairy wash water could benefit from a pretreatment step to reduce turbidity and color, promoting algal growth and productivity.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89824073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-28DOI: 10.2174/2212711906999200601121232
Nikita Gupta, Nishant Bhardwaj, Gulam Muhammad Khan, Vivek Dave
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) came into existence with great success, thereby replacing the traditional methods used to simulate the problems related to the flow of fluid. First CFD utilitarian was introduced to the world in 1957, which was developed by a team at Los Alamos National Lab. For tremendous performance and to meet the expected results with ease for modern process conditions, engineers are now more inclined towards the use of simulation software rather than traditional methods. Hence, in the current scenario with the advancement of computer technologies, “CFD is recognized as an excellent tool for engineers to resolve real-world problems.” CFD is defined as a branch of fluid dynamics which involves the use of numerical analysis and data structure to solve complications related to the flow of fluids (gasses or liquids). CFD is based on three major principles that are mass conservation, Newton's second law, and energy conservation. CFD has extended to a number of applications at an alarming rate in every field such as in aerospace, sports, food industry, engineering, hydraulics, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air conditioning), automotive, environmental, power generation, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and many more. Hence, a number of software like ANSYS, Open Foam, SimScale, Gerris, Auto desk simulation, Code_Saturne, etc, are beneficial in order to execute the operations, and to find the solution of realworld problems within a fraction of seconds. CFD analysis involves three major steps; pre-processing, solution, and post-processing. Preprocessing deals with defining model goals, identification of domain, designing, and creating the grid. Solution involves setting up the numerical model, computing, and monitoring the solution; whereas, post-processing includes results of the examination and revision of the model. The review includes current challenges about the computational fluid dynamics. It is relevant in different areas of engineering to find answers for the problems occurring globally with the aid of a number of simulation-based software hereby, making the world free from complex problems in order to have a non-complicated scenario. Computational fluid dynamics are relevant in each, and every kind of problem related to the fluid flow, either existing in the human body or anywhere. In the contemporary era, there are enormous numbers of simulation-based software, which provide excellent results with just one click, thereby resolving the problems within microseconds. Hence, we cannot imagine our present and upcoming future without CFD, which has ultimately made the execution of work easier, leaving behind non-complicating scenarios. Lastly, we can conclude that “CFD is a faster, smarter, and lighter way in designing process.”
计算流体力学(CFD)的出现取得了巨大的成功，从而取代了传统的模拟流体流动问题的方法。1957年，洛萨拉莫斯国家实验室的一个团队开发了第一个CFD实用程序。为了在现代工艺条件下获得巨大的性能并轻松满足预期结果，工程师现在更倾向于使用仿真软件而不是传统方法。因此，随着计算机技术的进步，“CFD被认为是工程师解决现实问题的绝佳工具。”CFD被定义为流体动力学的一个分支，它涉及使用数值分析和数据结构来解决与流体(气体或液体)流动有关的复杂问题。CFD基于三个主要原理，即质量守恒、牛顿第二定律和能量守恒。CFD已经以惊人的速度扩展到许多应用领域，例如航空航天，体育，食品工业，工程，液压，暖通空调(采暖，通风和空调)，汽车，环境，发电，生物医学，制药等等。因此，许多软件，如ANSYS, Open Foam, SimScale, Gerris, Auto desk simulation, code_saturn等，都有利于执行操作，并在几分之一秒内找到现实世界问题的解决方案。CFD分析包括三个主要步骤;预处理，解决方案和后处理。预处理处理定义模型目标、识别域、设计和创建网格。解决方案包括建立数值模型、计算和监测解决方案;而后处理则包括对模型的检验和修正结果。综述了当前计算流体力学面临的挑战。在此，借助大量基于仿真的软件，为全球范围内发生的问题寻找答案，使世界摆脱复杂的问题，从而拥有一个不复杂的场景，这是与工程的不同领域相关的。计算流体动力学与人体或任何地方的流体流动相关的每一种问题都有关系。在当今时代，基于仿真的软件数不胜数，只需点击一下就能提供出色的结果，从而在微秒内解决问题。因此，我们无法想象没有CFD的现在和未来，CFD最终使工作的执行变得更容易，留下了不复杂的场景。最后，我们可以得出结论:“CFD在设计过程中是一种更快、更智能、更轻的方式。”
{"title":"Global Trends of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Resolve Real World Problems in the Contemporary Era","authors":"Nikita Gupta, Nishant Bhardwaj, Gulam Muhammad Khan, Vivek Dave","doi":"10.2174/2212711906999200601121232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711906999200601121232","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) came into existence with great success,\u0000thereby replacing the traditional methods used to simulate the problems related to the flow of fluid.\u0000First CFD utilitarian was introduced to the world in 1957, which was developed by a team at Los\u0000Alamos National Lab. For tremendous performance and to meet the expected results with ease for\u0000modern process conditions, engineers are now more inclined towards the use of simulation software\u0000rather than traditional methods. Hence, in the current scenario with the advancement of computer\u0000technologies, “CFD is recognized as an excellent tool for engineers to resolve real-world problems.”\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CFD is defined as a branch of fluid dynamics which involves the use of numerical analysis\u0000and data structure to solve complications related to the flow of fluids (gasses or liquids). CFD is\u0000based on three major principles that are mass conservation, Newton's second law, and energy conservation.\u0000CFD has extended to a number of applications at an alarming rate in every field such as in aerospace,\u0000sports, food industry, engineering, hydraulics, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air conditioning),\u0000automotive, environmental, power generation, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and many more.\u0000Hence, a number of software like ANSYS, Open Foam, SimScale, Gerris, Auto desk simulation,\u0000Code_Saturne, etc, are beneficial in order to execute the operations, and to find the solution of realworld\u0000problems within a fraction of seconds.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CFD analysis involves three major steps; pre-processing, solution, and post-processing. Preprocessing\u0000deals with defining model goals, identification of domain, designing, and creating the grid.\u0000Solution involves setting up the numerical model, computing, and monitoring the solution; whereas,\u0000post-processing includes results of the examination and revision of the model.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The review includes current challenges about the computational fluid dynamics. It is relevant\u0000in different areas of engineering to find answers for the problems occurring globally with the aid of a\u0000number of simulation-based software hereby, making the world free from complex problems in order\u0000to have a non-complicated scenario.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Computational fluid dynamics are relevant in each, and every kind of problem related to\u0000the fluid flow, either existing in the human body or anywhere. In the contemporary era, there are\u0000enormous numbers of simulation-based software, which provide excellent results with just one click,\u0000thereby resolving the problems within microseconds. Hence, we cannot imagine our present and upcoming\u0000future without CFD, which has ultimately made the execution of work easier, leaving behind\u0000non-complicating scenarios. Lastly, we can conclude that “CFD is a faster, smarter, and lighter way in\u0000designing process.”\u0000","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88188905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.2174/2212711906999201020201710
T. Christensen, Y. Dersjant-Li, V. Sewalt, R. Mejldal, S. Haaning, S. Pricelius, I. Nikolaev, R. Sorg, A. de Kreij
Microbial phytases are added to animal feed to hydrolyze phytic acid (myoinositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) and phytate (salt of phytic acid) increasing phosphorus bioavailability. Novel phytases with enhanced bio-efficacy are being developed. To characterize the biochemical and enzymatic properties of a novel consensus bacterial 6- phytase and its variant (PhyG), produced in Trichoderma reesei. The in vitro specific activity, kinetic parameters, pH-activity profiles (relative to pH5.5), IP6 degradation, hydrolysis products and phosphate release of the phytases were determined using sodium phytate substrate. Melting point (Tm) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermostability assessed by measuring residual activity at different temperatures. In vivo effects of PhyG supplementation at 0 to 1,000 FTU/kg on ileal IP6 digestibility and IP ester concentrations were determined in piglets. Both phytases exhibited pH optima of 3.5-4.5, high relative activity over a wide pH range (pH2.0-5.0), and substantial relative activity at pH1.5. At pH3.0, the specific activity of the PhyG variant was 1487 U/mg protein and at pH3.5 the kinetic constants were 240 μM (Km) and 1873 s-1 (Kcat). The hydrolysis of IP6 by both phytases was rapid. The major initial hydrolysis product was DLI( 1,2,3,4,5)P5, designating the phytases as bacterial 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26). Hydrolysis occurred at the D-3 (L-1) position in ~30% of instances, indicating a dual-specificity. Both phytases showed high thermostability compared to wild type and existing commercial bacterial 6-phytases; PhyG exhibited 95% residual activity after 20 min incubation at 85.4ºC (pH5.5), Tm50 of ~93.2ºC and Tm of 98.8ºC. In vivo, PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg achieved an ileal digestibility of IP6 of 89.3%.
{"title":"In Vitro Characterization of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-Phytase and One of its Variants","authors":"T. Christensen, Y. Dersjant-Li, V. Sewalt, R. Mejldal, S. Haaning, S. Pricelius, I. Nikolaev, R. Sorg, A. de Kreij","doi":"10.2174/2212711906999201020201710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711906999201020201710","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Microbial phytases are added to animal feed to hydrolyze phytic acid (myoinositol\u0000hexakisphosphate, IP6) and phytate (salt of phytic acid) increasing phosphorus bioavailability.\u0000Novel phytases with enhanced bio-efficacy are being developed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To characterize the biochemical and enzymatic properties of a novel consensus bacterial 6-\u0000phytase and its variant (PhyG), produced in Trichoderma reesei.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The in vitro specific activity, kinetic parameters, pH-activity profiles (relative to pH5.5), IP6\u0000degradation, hydrolysis products and phosphate release of the phytases were determined using sodium\u0000phytate substrate. Melting point (Tm) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermostability\u0000assessed by measuring residual activity at different temperatures. In vivo effects of PhyG\u0000supplementation at 0 to 1,000 FTU/kg on ileal IP6 digestibility and IP ester concentrations were determined\u0000in piglets.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Both phytases exhibited pH optima of 3.5-4.5, high relative activity over a wide pH range\u0000(pH2.0-5.0), and substantial relative activity at pH1.5. At pH3.0, the specific activity of the PhyG variant\u0000was 1487 U/mg protein and at pH3.5 the kinetic constants were 240 μM (Km) and 1873 s-1 (Kcat).\u0000The hydrolysis of IP6 by both phytases was rapid. The major initial hydrolysis product was DLI(\u00001,2,3,4,5)P5, designating the phytases as bacterial 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26). Hydrolysis occurred at\u0000the D-3 (L-1) position in ~30% of instances, indicating a dual-specificity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Both phytases showed high thermostability compared to wild type and existing commercial\u0000bacterial 6-phytases; PhyG exhibited 95% residual activity after 20 min incubation at 85.4ºC\u0000(pH5.5), Tm50 of ~93.2ºC and Tm of 98.8ºC. In vivo, PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg achieved an ileal digestibility\u0000of IP6 of 89.3%.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86332568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.2174/2212711906999201020202052
K. Chandrasekaran
In the long run, synthetic tints were found to be harmful to the chemicals. As a result natural tints have come to be used for their many intrinsic values. The main reason being, then availability of local plants as the main source of natural colorants. Their easy availability in the country being zero cost – effective and planted for other purposes are the main reasons for utilizing them as natural tints. Almost all the parts of the plants, namely stem, leaves, fruits, seeds, barks etc. are used for extracting natural colour. In addition, they are antimicrobial antifungal, insect – repellant deodorant, disinfectant having medicinal values. Sweet Indrajao leaves were cleaned by washing with water and dried under direct sunlight and ground as fine powder. A fine strainer was used to remove the wastages. After all these processes, 1-kilogram leaves weighed 318 grams. Then, it is put in 75% ethanol 25% water and heated in a breaker which in kept over a water bath for 2 hours. After this, the contents were filtered and kept in a separate beaker. Bleached fleece draperies stained with stain extract were made to become wet and put into different stain baths which contain the required amount of stain extract and water. Acetic acid was added to it after 20 minutes. The fleece drapery was stained for about one hour at 60oC. The draperies thus stained were removed, squeezed, and put to treatment with metal salts without washing. Different metal salts were used for the treatment using 3% of any one of the chemical mordants like alum, stannous chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous sulphate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and natural mordants such as myrobolan, turmeric, cow dung, Banana sap juice at 60oC for 30 minutes with MLR of 1:30. The stained draperies were washed repeatedly in all the three methods in water and dried in air. At last, the stained draperies were put to soap with soap solution at 60oC for 10 minutes. The draperies were repeatedly washed in water and dried under the sun. Sweet Indrajao leaves discharged colour easily in alcoholic water. The fleece draperies were stained with chemical and natural mordants. It was observed that the stain uptake was found to be good in post-mordanting method. Ultrasonication has clearly improved the stainability of the draperies at pH 3 and 3.5 values. The pH decreases the stain ability under both Conventional and Ultrasonic conditions. The colour strength increases with an increase in staining temperature in both cases of US and CH methods. Sweet Indrajao.L has been found to have good ultrasonic potential as a stain plant. The stain uptake as well as the fastness properties of the fleece drapery were found to enhance when metal mordant was used in conjugation with ultra-sonication for the extract of Sweet Indrajao. It was also found that the enhancement of staining ability was better without mordant draperies. The dye extract showed good antibacterial activity against the three bacterial pat
{"title":"Application of Natural Dye Obtained from Sweet Indrajao on Fabrics","authors":"K. Chandrasekaran","doi":"10.2174/2212711906999201020202052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711906999201020202052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In the long run, synthetic tints were found to be harmful to the chemicals. As\u0000a result natural tints have come to be used for their many intrinsic values. The main reason being, then\u0000availability of local plants as the main source of natural colorants. Their easy availability in the country\u0000being zero cost – effective and planted for other purposes are the main reasons for utilizing them as\u0000natural tints. Almost all the parts of the plants, namely stem, leaves, fruits, seeds, barks etc. are used\u0000for extracting natural colour. In addition, they are antimicrobial antifungal, insect – repellant deodorant,\u0000disinfectant having medicinal values.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Sweet Indrajao leaves were cleaned by washing with water and dried under direct sunlight\u0000and ground as fine powder. A fine strainer was used to remove the wastages. After all these processes,\u00001-kilogram leaves weighed 318 grams. Then, it is put in 75% ethanol 25% water and heated in a\u0000breaker which in kept over a water bath for 2 hours. After this, the contents were filtered and kept in a\u0000separate beaker. Bleached fleece draperies stained with stain extract were made to become wet and put\u0000into different stain baths which contain the required amount of stain extract and water. Acetic acid was\u0000added to it after 20 minutes. The fleece drapery was stained for about one hour at 60oC. The draperies\u0000thus stained were removed, squeezed, and put to treatment with metal salts without washing. Different\u0000metal salts were used for the treatment using 3% of any one of the chemical mordants like alum, stannous\u0000chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous sulphate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and natural\u0000mordants such as myrobolan, turmeric, cow dung, Banana sap juice at 60oC for 30 minutes with MLR\u0000of 1:30. The stained draperies were washed repeatedly in all the three methods in water and dried in\u0000air. At last, the stained draperies were put to soap with soap solution at 60oC for 10 minutes. The draperies\u0000were repeatedly washed in water and dried under the sun.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Sweet Indrajao leaves discharged colour easily in alcoholic water. The fleece draperies were\u0000stained with chemical and natural mordants. It was observed that the stain uptake was found to be\u0000good in post-mordanting method. Ultrasonication has clearly improved the stainability of the draperies\u0000at pH 3 and 3.5 values. The pH decreases the stain ability under both Conventional and Ultrasonic\u0000conditions. The colour strength increases with an increase in staining temperature in both cases of\u0000US and CH methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Sweet Indrajao.L has been found to have good ultrasonic potential as a stain plant. The\u0000stain uptake as well as the fastness properties of the fleece drapery were found to enhance when metal\u0000mordant was used in conjugation with ultra-sonication for the extract of Sweet Indrajao. It was also\u0000found that the enhancement of staining ability was better without mordant draperies. The dye extract\u0000showed good antibacterial activity against the three bacterial pat","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73601854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Validamycin A (Val-A) is one of the most widely used agricultural antibiotics in East Asia especially for controlling rice sheath blight disease. Fermentation contamination of the industrial Val-A producing strain is a common occurrence. Fermentation culture of S. hygroscopicus 5008 has a special smell that could be distinguished from other tainted samples. The change of the volatiles in untainted and tainted samples was characterized using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventy-one volatile compounds (including alkanes, amines, alcohols, esters, aldehydes and others) were identified and there were significant differences in the composition of volatiles among different samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the GC-MS data was used to identify the important volatile compounds that contributed to the differentiation of the fermentation samples under different fermentation stages, as well as among different pollution species and fermentation media. Contamination could be discovered in time irrespective of the stage of fermentation and the contaminating bacteria in broth. It is the first report to detect contamination by volatile compounds in the antibiotic fermentation and it was proved that HS-SPME/GC-MS is an effective contamination detection method in Val-A production.
缬霉素A (valamycin A, Val-A)是东亚地区应用最广泛的农业抗生素之一，尤其用于防治水稻纹枯病。发酵污染的工业vala生产菌株是一个常见的事件。吸湿菌5008的发酵培养物有一种特殊的气味，可以与其他污染样品区分开来。采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对未污染和污染样品中挥发物的变化进行了表征。共鉴定出71种挥发性化合物(包括烷烃、胺类、醇类、酯类、醛类等)，不同样品的挥发性成分存在显著差异。基于GC-MS数据的主成分分析(PCA)鉴定了在不同发酵阶段、不同污染种类和发酵介质中导致发酵样品差异的重要挥发性化合物。无论发酵期和发酵液中的污染菌数如何，都能及时发现污染。本文首次报道了抗生素发酵过程中挥发性污染物的检测方法，证明了HS-SPME/GC-MS是一种有效的抗生素发酵过程中挥发性污染物的检测方法。
{"title":"Rapid Contamination Detection in Validamycin A Production by HS-SPME/GC-MS","authors":"Xiao-Mei Yu, Jing Jiang, Shangtian Yang, Wen-Wen Zhou","doi":"10.2174/2212711906666200814130418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212711906666200814130418","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Validamycin A (Val-A) is one of the most widely used agricultural antibiotics\u0000in East Asia especially for controlling rice sheath blight disease. Fermentation contamination of the\u0000industrial Val-A producing strain is a common occurrence.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Fermentation culture of S. hygroscopicus 5008 has a special smell that could be distinguished\u0000from other tainted samples. The change of the volatiles in untainted and tainted samples was\u0000characterized using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-\u0000mass spectrometry (GC-MS).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Seventy-one volatile compounds (including alkanes, amines, alcohols, esters, aldehydes and\u0000others) were identified and there were significant differences in the composition of volatiles among\u0000different samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the GC-MS data was used to identify\u0000the important volatile compounds that contributed to the differentiation of the fermentation samples\u0000under different fermentation stages, as well as among different pollution species and fermentation media.\u0000Contamination could be discovered in time irrespective of the stage of fermentation and the contaminating\u0000bacteria in broth.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 It is the first report to detect contamination by volatile compounds in the antibiotic fermentation\u0000and it was proved that HS-SPME/GC-MS is an effective contamination detection method in\u0000Val-A production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10795,"journal":{"name":"Current Biochemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80621550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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