Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001029
Hisham Mehanna, Laia Alemany, Christian von Buchwald
Purpose of review: New evidence has recently emerged regarding the utility and benefits of dual p16 INKa (p16) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) status testing when determining the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with oropharyngeal cancer.
Recent findings: HPV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate diagnostic test. The other assays (HPV DNA PCR, HPV DNA/RNA in-situ hybridization (ISH) and p16) applied to formalin fixed tumour tissue have varying but high sensitivities and specificities. Dual p16 and HPV testing identifies discordant (p16+/HPV- or p16-/HPV+) results in 9.2% of cases, who have significantly poorer prognoses than p16+/HPV+, particularly in smokers. The proportion of discordant cases varies by region, and appears to be highest in regions with lowest attributable (p16+/HPV+) fractions. Dual testing improves prognostication for oropharyngeal cancer cases by identifying discordant cases and improving the prognostic power of the Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) classification, especially in regions with high discordant rates.
Summary: Dual testing is essential when considering patients for clinical trials of treatment de-escalation, and may be important when counselling patients on prognosis, especially in regions with high discordant rates and in smokers.
{"title":"Advances in testing for human papillomavirus -mediated head and neck cancer.","authors":"Hisham Mehanna, Laia Alemany, Christian von Buchwald","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001029","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>New evidence has recently emerged regarding the utility and benefits of dual p16 INKa (p16) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) status testing when determining the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with oropharyngeal cancer.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>HPV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate diagnostic test. The other assays (HPV DNA PCR, HPV DNA/RNA in-situ hybridization (ISH) and p16) applied to formalin fixed tumour tissue have varying but high sensitivities and specificities. Dual p16 and HPV testing identifies discordant (p16+/HPV- or p16-/HPV+) results in 9.2% of cases, who have significantly poorer prognoses than p16+/HPV+, particularly in smokers. The proportion of discordant cases varies by region, and appears to be highest in regions with lowest attributable (p16+/HPV+) fractions. Dual testing improves prognostication for oropharyngeal cancer cases by identifying discordant cases and improving the prognostic power of the Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) classification, especially in regions with high discordant rates.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Dual testing is essential when considering patients for clinical trials of treatment de-escalation, and may be important when counselling patients on prognosis, especially in regions with high discordant rates and in smokers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-15DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001025
Soha Bazyar, Heather Mannuel, Phuoc T Tran
Purpose of review: The evolving role of stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) as metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) for oligometastatic prostate cancer (omPCa) will be discussed.
Recent findings: Oligometastatic disease (OMD) is an intermediate state between localized and wide-spread malignant disease. OMD has recently been spotlighted given the increasing demonstration of clinical benefit from local therapies despite presence of metastatic disease and allure of the curative potential of MDT in select cases. Among the different forms of MDT, SABR has rapidly become a widely adopted treatment modality. Significant efforts in this space have focused on omPCa, owing to its relatively indolent biology, presence of a sensitive and specific serum biomarker and recent advances in molecular imaging. While most studies have evaluated the role of SABR MDT in hormone sensitive omPCa, new emerging clinical data also suggests benefits of SABR MDT for even castration-resistant disease.
Summary: Treating omPCa with SABR MDT appears to generate an efficacy signal with minimal morbidity across both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant disease. However, additional definitive omPCa trial data are needed. Future research efforts should investigate biomarkers for this heterogeneous disease space and the role of SABR MDT in combination with systemic agents to improve upon standard of care treatments.
{"title":"Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy in metastatic prostate cancer.","authors":"Soha Bazyar, Heather Mannuel, Phuoc T Tran","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001025","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The evolving role of stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) as metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) for oligometastatic prostate cancer (omPCa) will be discussed.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Oligometastatic disease (OMD) is an intermediate state between localized and wide-spread malignant disease. OMD has recently been spotlighted given the increasing demonstration of clinical benefit from local therapies despite presence of metastatic disease and allure of the curative potential of MDT in select cases. Among the different forms of MDT, SABR has rapidly become a widely adopted treatment modality. Significant efforts in this space have focused on omPCa, owing to its relatively indolent biology, presence of a sensitive and specific serum biomarker and recent advances in molecular imaging. While most studies have evaluated the role of SABR MDT in hormone sensitive omPCa, new emerging clinical data also suggests benefits of SABR MDT for even castration-resistant disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Treating omPCa with SABR MDT appears to generate an efficacy signal with minimal morbidity across both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant disease. However, additional definitive omPCa trial data are needed. Future research efforts should investigate biomarkers for this heterogeneous disease space and the role of SABR MDT in combination with systemic agents to improve upon standard of care treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001035
Theodore Gourdin
This review is designed to highlight recent research efforts to optimize treatment strategies in men with advanced prostate cancer.
本综述旨在重点介绍近期为优化晚期前列腺癌男性患者的治疗策略而开展的研究工作。
{"title":"Highlighting recent progress in the treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer.","authors":"Theodore Gourdin","doi":"10.1097/cco.0000000000001035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000001035","url":null,"abstract":"This review is designed to highlight recent research efforts to optimize treatment strategies in men with advanced prostate cancer.","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001038
Scot A Niglio, Juhi M Purswani, Peter B Schiff, Jonathan W Lischalk, William C Huang, Katie S Murray, Andrea B Apolo
The most common definitive treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is radical cystectomy. However, removing the bladder and surrounding organs poses risks of morbidity that can reduce quality of life, and raises the risk of death. Treatment strategies that preserve the organs can manage the local tumor and mitigate the risk of distant metastasis. Recent data have demonstrated promising outcomes in several bladder-preservation strategies.
{"title":"Organ preservation in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer.","authors":"Scot A Niglio, Juhi M Purswani, Peter B Schiff, Jonathan W Lischalk, William C Huang, Katie S Murray, Andrea B Apolo","doi":"10.1097/cco.0000000000001038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000001038","url":null,"abstract":"The most common definitive treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is radical cystectomy. However, removing the bladder and surrounding organs poses risks of morbidity that can reduce quality of life, and raises the risk of death. Treatment strategies that preserve the organs can manage the local tumor and mitigate the risk of distant metastasis. Recent data have demonstrated promising outcomes in several bladder-preservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001031
Pierre Senesse, Jeanne Briant, Pierre Boisselier, René-Jean Bensadoun, Marie Vinches, Kerstin Faravel
Recent recommendations on cachexia highlight, in head and neck cancers, the heterogeneity of studies, focusing on weight loss and sequelae including swallowing disorders. The current national guidelines emphasize that, in cases of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) involving the oral cavity and oropharynx, prophylactic gastrostomy placement should be carried out systematically. We review why this technique is particularly relevant in this specific location for the feasibility of cCRT.
{"title":"Head and neck cancer patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy involving the oral cavity and oropharynx: is another choice possible than prophylactic gastrostomy?","authors":"Pierre Senesse, Jeanne Briant, Pierre Boisselier, René-Jean Bensadoun, Marie Vinches, Kerstin Faravel","doi":"10.1097/cco.0000000000001031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000001031","url":null,"abstract":"Recent recommendations on cachexia highlight, in head and neck cancers, the heterogeneity of studies, focusing on weight loss and sequelae including swallowing disorders. The current national guidelines emphasize that, in cases of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) involving the oral cavity and oropharynx, prophylactic gastrostomy placement should be carried out systematically. We review why this technique is particularly relevant in this specific location for the feasibility of cCRT.","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001021
Yongqi Zhang, Ying Guan, Shuxiang Wang, Chunyan Guan, Xiaoli Liu
Purpose of review: In this review, we summarized published articles on the role of tripartite motif (TRIM) family members in the initiation and development of human malignancies.
Recent findings: The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UP-S) plays a critical role in cellular activities, and UP-S dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. One of the key regulators of the UP-S is the tripartite motif TRIM protein family, most of which are active E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM proteins are critical for the biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand how TRIM proteins function at the molecular level in cancer cells.
Summary: We provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role TRIMs play in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We propose TRIM family members as potential new markers and targets to overcome therapy failure.
综述的目的:在这篇综述中,我们总结了已发表的有关三方基序(TRIM)家族成员在人类恶性肿瘤的发生和发展中的作用的文章:泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UP-S)在细胞活动中发挥着关键作用,UP-S失调会导致肿瘤发生。UP-S的关键调控因子之一是三方基序TRIM蛋白家族,其中大多数是活性E3泛素连接酶。TRIM 蛋白对癌细胞的生物功能至关重要,包括迁移、侵袭、转移和耐药性。因此,了解 TRIM 蛋白如何在癌细胞的分子水平上发挥作用非常重要。我们建议将 TRIM 家族成员作为克服治疗失败的潜在新标记物和靶点。
{"title":"Tripartite motif family - its role in tumor progression and therapy resistance: a review.","authors":"Yongqi Zhang, Ying Guan, Shuxiang Wang, Chunyan Guan, Xiaoli Liu","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001021","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In this review, we summarized published articles on the role of tripartite motif (TRIM) family members in the initiation and development of human malignancies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UP-S) plays a critical role in cellular activities, and UP-S dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. One of the key regulators of the UP-S is the tripartite motif TRIM protein family, most of which are active E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM proteins are critical for the biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand how TRIM proteins function at the molecular level in cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role TRIMs play in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We propose TRIM family members as potential new markers and targets to overcome therapy failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001014
Nada Benhima, Rhizlane Belbaraka, Mireille D Langouo Fontsa
Purpose of review: The aim of this review is to outline the current landscape of advanced melanoma treatment options, provide insights on selecting combination therapies within different clinical scenarios, capture clinical relevance of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monotherapy, and explore the unmet needs with immune check-point inhibitors (ICI) in advanced melanoma.
Recent findings: ICI based treatment consisted of single agent ICI or dual combination ICI-ICI is the standard of care of front-line treatment of metastatic or unresectable melanoma. PD-1 inhibitors (Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab) improved progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to chemotherapy and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab). The dual ICI combination (Nivolumab and Ipilimumab) provided profound and durable responses better than monotherapy, and the longest overall survival ever achieved in advanced disease, including in patients with murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF)-mutated disease, but at the cost of a high risk of severe toxicity. The new dual blockage of LAG-3 and PD-1 (Nivolumab-Relatlimab) emerges as a valid option with promising efficacy outcomes and a favourable toxicity profile. Mature survival data is still needed to capture the real benefit.
Summary: These new plethora of options pose new challenges not only for optimal treatment sequencing strategies but especially for management of adverse effects, endorsing the need to integrate a holistic and personalized approach for patient care.
{"title":"Single agent vs combination immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a review of the evidence.","authors":"Nada Benhima, Rhizlane Belbaraka, Mireille D Langouo Fontsa","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001014","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The aim of this review is to outline the current landscape of advanced melanoma treatment options, provide insights on selecting combination therapies within different clinical scenarios, capture clinical relevance of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monotherapy, and explore the unmet needs with immune check-point inhibitors (ICI) in advanced melanoma.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>ICI based treatment consisted of single agent ICI or dual combination ICI-ICI is the standard of care of front-line treatment of metastatic or unresectable melanoma. PD-1 inhibitors (Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab) improved progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to chemotherapy and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab). The dual ICI combination (Nivolumab and Ipilimumab) provided profound and durable responses better than monotherapy, and the longest overall survival ever achieved in advanced disease, including in patients with murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF)-mutated disease, but at the cost of a high risk of severe toxicity. The new dual blockage of LAG-3 and PD-1 (Nivolumab-Relatlimab) emerges as a valid option with promising efficacy outcomes and a favourable toxicity profile. Mature survival data is still needed to capture the real benefit.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>These new plethora of options pose new challenges not only for optimal treatment sequencing strategies but especially for management of adverse effects, endorsing the need to integrate a holistic and personalized approach for patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139402232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001013
Evelyne Collignon
Purpose of review: Cellular dormancy is a major contributor to cancer progression and recurrence. This review explores recent findings on the molecular mechanisms implicated in cancer dormancy and investigates potential strategies to improve therapeutic interventions.
Recent findings: Research on cancer dormancy reveals a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Providing a latent reservoir of tumor cells with reduced proliferation and enhanced drug-tolerance, dormant cancer cells emerge from a clonally diverse population after therapy or at metastatic sites. These cells exhibit distinct transcriptional and epigenetic profiles, involving the downregulation of Myc and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and the induction of autophagy. Senescence traits, under the control of factors such as p53, also contribute significantly. The tumor microenvironment can either promote or prevent dormancy establishment, notably through the involvement of T and NK cells within the dormant tumor niche. Strategies to combat dormancy-related relapse include direct elimination of dormant tumor cells, sustaining dormancy to prolong survival, or awakening dormant cells to re-sensitize them to antiproliferative drugs.
Summary: Improving our understanding of cancer dormancy at primary and secondary sites provides valuable insights into patient care and relapse prevention.
综述的目的:细胞休眠是导致癌症进展和复发的主要因素。本综述探讨了与癌症休眠有关的分子机制的最新发现,并研究了改善治疗干预的潜在策略:关于癌症休眠的研究揭示了一个复杂而多面的现象。休眠癌细胞是肿瘤细胞的潜伏库,具有增殖减少和耐药性增强的特点,在治疗后或转移部位从克隆多样化的群体中出现。这些细胞表现出不同的转录和表观遗传特征,包括下调 Myc 和雷帕霉素机制靶标(mTOR)通路,以及诱导自噬。在 p53 等因子的控制下,衰老特征也起着重要作用。肿瘤微环境可以促进或阻止休眠的建立,特别是通过休眠肿瘤龛内 T 细胞和 NK 细胞的参与。对抗休眠相关复发的策略包括直接消除休眠肿瘤细胞、维持休眠以延长生存期,或唤醒休眠细胞使其对抗增殖药物重新敏感。
{"title":"Unveiling the role of cellular dormancy in cancer progression and recurrence.","authors":"Evelyne Collignon","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001013","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Cellular dormancy is a major contributor to cancer progression and recurrence. This review explores recent findings on the molecular mechanisms implicated in cancer dormancy and investigates potential strategies to improve therapeutic interventions.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Research on cancer dormancy reveals a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Providing a latent reservoir of tumor cells with reduced proliferation and enhanced drug-tolerance, dormant cancer cells emerge from a clonally diverse population after therapy or at metastatic sites. These cells exhibit distinct transcriptional and epigenetic profiles, involving the downregulation of Myc and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and the induction of autophagy. Senescence traits, under the control of factors such as p53, also contribute significantly. The tumor microenvironment can either promote or prevent dormancy establishment, notably through the involvement of T and NK cells within the dormant tumor niche. Strategies to combat dormancy-related relapse include direct elimination of dormant tumor cells, sustaining dormancy to prolong survival, or awakening dormant cells to re-sensitize them to antiproliferative drugs.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Improving our understanding of cancer dormancy at primary and secondary sites provides valuable insights into patient care and relapse prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139402233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001019
Anchal Thakur, Navya Rana, Ranjit Kumar
Purpose of review: Breast cancer ranks first among gynecological cancer in India. It is associated with urbanization, changes in lifestyle and obesity. Hormones also play a crucial role in the development of breast cancer. Steroid hormones play critical role in development of breast cancer.
Recent finding: Breast cancer is caused due to alteration in different hormone expressions leading to genetic instability. Loss or gains of functions due to genetic instability were associated with the alterations in housekeeping genes. Up-regulation in c-myc, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) may cause the development of breast cancer. Peptide hormones are commonly following the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway for activation of cell cycle causing uncontrolled proliferation. Although steroid hormones are following the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) pathway, their hyper-activation of these pathways causes extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK activation, leading to carcinogenesis.
Summary: Alteration in cell cycle proteins, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, transcription and translation factors lead to breast cancer. Apoptosis plays a vital role in the elimination of abnormal cells but failure in any of these apoptotic pathways may cause tumorigenesis. Hence, a complex interplay of hormonal and genetic factors is required to maintain homeostasis in breast cells. Imbalance in homeostasis of these hormone and genes may lead to breast cancer.
{"title":"Altered hormone expression induced genetic changes leads to breast cancer.","authors":"Anchal Thakur, Navya Rana, Ranjit Kumar","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001019","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Breast cancer ranks first among gynecological cancer in India. It is associated with urbanization, changes in lifestyle and obesity. Hormones also play a crucial role in the development of breast cancer. Steroid hormones play critical role in development of breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Recent finding: </strong>Breast cancer is caused due to alteration in different hormone expressions leading to genetic instability. Loss or gains of functions due to genetic instability were associated with the alterations in housekeeping genes. Up-regulation in c-myc, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) may cause the development of breast cancer. Peptide hormones are commonly following the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway for activation of cell cycle causing uncontrolled proliferation. Although steroid hormones are following the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) pathway, their hyper-activation of these pathways causes extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK activation, leading to carcinogenesis.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Alteration in cell cycle proteins, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, transcription and translation factors lead to breast cancer. Apoptosis plays a vital role in the elimination of abnormal cells but failure in any of these apoptotic pathways may cause tumorigenesis. Hence, a complex interplay of hormonal and genetic factors is required to maintain homeostasis in breast cells. Imbalance in homeostasis of these hormone and genes may lead to breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-01-19DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000001015
Francine Padonou, Thila Vanhulst, Mireille D Langouo-Fontsa
Purpose of review: In this review, we explore the potential of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) as predictive biomarkers in the response to immunotherapy for melanoma patients.
Recent findings: The significance of TLS as indicators predicting immunotherapy response becomes particularly pronounced. Melanoma, renowned for its aggressive characteristics, has undergone revolutionary transformations in treatment through immunotherapeutic interventions. Investigations have unveiled a compelling correlation between the presence of TLS in the melanoma tumor microenvironment and favorable responses to immunotherapy. These responses, characterized by heightened survival rates and improved clinical outcomes, imply that TLS might be pivotal in tailoring more efficient and personalized treatments for individuals with melanoma. The ongoing discourse regarding TLS as a predictive biomarker underscores the need for a meticulous examination of its potential in guiding clinical decisions and optimizing therapeutic strategies.
Summary: TLS show great promises as potential biomarkers to melanoma patient's outcomes in ICI treatment; however, more studies are needed to understand their mechanisms of actions and the long-term impact of their functionality.
{"title":"Can we yet use tertiary lymphoid structures as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response in melanoma?","authors":"Francine Padonou, Thila Vanhulst, Mireille D Langouo-Fontsa","doi":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001015","DOIUrl":"10.1097/CCO.0000000000001015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In this review, we explore the potential of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) as predictive biomarkers in the response to immunotherapy for melanoma patients.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The significance of TLS as indicators predicting immunotherapy response becomes particularly pronounced. Melanoma, renowned for its aggressive characteristics, has undergone revolutionary transformations in treatment through immunotherapeutic interventions. Investigations have unveiled a compelling correlation between the presence of TLS in the melanoma tumor microenvironment and favorable responses to immunotherapy. These responses, characterized by heightened survival rates and improved clinical outcomes, imply that TLS might be pivotal in tailoring more efficient and personalized treatments for individuals with melanoma. The ongoing discourse regarding TLS as a predictive biomarker underscores the need for a meticulous examination of its potential in guiding clinical decisions and optimizing therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>TLS show great promises as potential biomarkers to melanoma patient's outcomes in ICI treatment; however, more studies are needed to understand their mechanisms of actions and the long-term impact of their functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":10893,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}