A. Deshpande, P. Jones, Rahul Jadhav, Ganesh Shriniwas Pangu, V. Mishra
Cementing a casing string across weak formations or depleted reservoirs has the added challenge of tailoring the cement slurry to meet delivery criteria (i.e., density and rheology) while maintaining the mechanical properties of the set cement necessary to provide a dependable barrier. To help prevent fracturing the formation and inducing losses, cement density is often reduced, which strongly influences the mechanical properties of set cement. Common strategies for reducing cement density consist of adding water in the cement slurry; using additives such as hollow glass microspheres (HGS), synthetic latex, and elastomers; using foam cement; or adding resin. This paper discusses how cement slurries with reduced densities are designed using both traditional and alternative methods of making cement/resin composites and provides insight into the advantages and drawbacks of each. Stable cement slurries with a density of 13 lbm/gal were designed, and placement characteristics of thickening time and rheology were evaluated for the liquid cement slurry. Unconfined compressive strength (CS), Young's modulus (YM), tensile strength, permeability, and shear bond were investigated on the cured samples. Before taking mechanical and permeability measurements, slurry stability was verified using sedimentation testing. Any slurry that did not exhibit the necessary stability was redesigned and tested again. Only the final slurry designs exhibiting stability are discussed in this paper. Cement-resin composite cements exhibited similar performance to those containing HGS in terms of CS, YM, tensile strength, and shear bond but exhibited greater than two times the CS when compared to the synthetic latex modified, water-extended, and elastomeric slurry designs. The cement-resin composite provided almost twice the shear bond strength and increased tensile strength by 50% compared to other slurry compositions. In the current work, cement-resin composite, synthetic latex modified, microbead-based, water-extended, and elastomer-modified slurries are compared at 13 lbm/gal. Various parameters, such as mixability, ease of placement in the annulus, strength development, and long-term cement integrity, are evaluated. Traditional and newly introduced techniques for reducing cement slurry density and the resultant mechanical properties of the set solids are investigated. This information provides an alternate method of using cement-resin composites for designing and delivering dependable barriers tailored for low density applications.
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Reduced Density Cements","authors":"A. Deshpande, P. Jones, Rahul Jadhav, Ganesh Shriniwas Pangu, V. Mishra","doi":"10.2118/194918-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194918-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cementing a casing string across weak formations or depleted reservoirs has the added challenge of tailoring the cement slurry to meet delivery criteria (i.e., density and rheology) while maintaining the mechanical properties of the set cement necessary to provide a dependable barrier. To help prevent fracturing the formation and inducing losses, cement density is often reduced, which strongly influences the mechanical properties of set cement. Common strategies for reducing cement density consist of adding water in the cement slurry; using additives such as hollow glass microspheres (HGS), synthetic latex, and elastomers; using foam cement; or adding resin. This paper discusses how cement slurries with reduced densities are designed using both traditional and alternative methods of making cement/resin composites and provides insight into the advantages and drawbacks of each.\u0000 Stable cement slurries with a density of 13 lbm/gal were designed, and placement characteristics of thickening time and rheology were evaluated for the liquid cement slurry. Unconfined compressive strength (CS), Young's modulus (YM), tensile strength, permeability, and shear bond were investigated on the cured samples. Before taking mechanical and permeability measurements, slurry stability was verified using sedimentation testing. Any slurry that did not exhibit the necessary stability was redesigned and tested again. Only the final slurry designs exhibiting stability are discussed in this paper.\u0000 Cement-resin composite cements exhibited similar performance to those containing HGS in terms of CS, YM, tensile strength, and shear bond but exhibited greater than two times the CS when compared to the synthetic latex modified, water-extended, and elastomeric slurry designs. The cement-resin composite provided almost twice the shear bond strength and increased tensile strength by 50% compared to other slurry compositions.\u0000 In the current work, cement-resin composite, synthetic latex modified, microbead-based, water-extended, and elastomer-modified slurries are compared at 13 lbm/gal. Various parameters, such as mixability, ease of placement in the annulus, strength development, and long-term cement integrity, are evaluated. Traditional and newly introduced techniques for reducing cement slurry density and the resultant mechanical properties of the set solids are investigated. This information provides an alternate method of using cement-resin composites for designing and delivering dependable barriers tailored for low density applications.","PeriodicalId":10908,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 19, 2019","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86635635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turnaround Inspections, or alternatively called Testing and Inspection (T&I) activities are critically important for the integrity of oil and gas facilities, and if not planned and executed properly, can easily lead to catastrophic failures that may possibly result in injuries, fatalities, property damage, and production losses. Measuring the performance of the teams planning and conducting T&Is, and feeding the measurement findings into the existing plans to achieve continuous improvement, is key to the success of these operations posing high risk. This paper provides detailed information on the structure, design criteria, applicability, and benefits of a T&I Performance measurement tool, developed for a hydrocarbon producing department running several gas oil separation, gas compression and utility plants, and continuously performing T&Is of various magnitudes, based on annual equipment inspection schedules. During the design and development stage, several expectations from Operational Excellence Program, Safety Management System, and Corporate Maintenance Council, were incorporated into the tool. The mentioned alignment with various management systems strengthens the measurement coverage, and if used properly, the tool can bridge multiple gaps identified in various programs. The tool provides a single dashboard "T&I KPI" in the form of a composite index, expressed with four (4) major components, which are namely, HSE (Health, Safety and Environment), Cost& Profitability, Reliability, and Effectiveness. These major components are further broken down to planning and executional success factors, obtained from the actual worksite data and planning compliance checklists. Accidents recorded, availability of job safety analysis, confined space, scaffold, and critical lift plans, compliance to corporate requirements prior to execution of the work, work quality, scheduling performance, and budgetary discipline are among the success factors that feed into the performance readiness and execution measurement calculations. The tool can be utilized for T&I activities governed by an annual schedule, a set of critical equipment to be opened up during planned/unplanned shutdowns, or for a multi-component unit with its associated equipment to be tested and inspected under a single scope, such as a gas compressor system. It drives actions as different aspects of the T&I activities are reviewed with a solid scoring methodology that clearly indicates the areas of improvement, which can then be addressed with corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence. Continuous and consistent utilization of the tool can lead to reduction in the accident frequencies, T&I durations, and outages of critical equipment, vessels, and storage tanks, which could possibly impact plant output rates.
{"title":"Turnaround Inspections Performance Measurement Tool","authors":"Ilker Cankara, M. Al-Azmi","doi":"10.2118/195139-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195139-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Turnaround Inspections, or alternatively called Testing and Inspection (T&I) activities are critically important for the integrity of oil and gas facilities, and if not planned and executed properly, can easily lead to catastrophic failures that may possibly result in injuries, fatalities, property damage, and production losses. Measuring the performance of the teams planning and conducting T&Is, and feeding the measurement findings into the existing plans to achieve continuous improvement, is key to the success of these operations posing high risk. This paper provides detailed information on the structure, design criteria, applicability, and benefits of a T&I Performance measurement tool, developed for a hydrocarbon producing department running several gas oil separation, gas compression and utility plants, and continuously performing T&Is of various magnitudes, based on annual equipment inspection schedules. During the design and development stage, several expectations from Operational Excellence Program, Safety Management System, and Corporate Maintenance Council, were incorporated into the tool. The mentioned alignment with various management systems strengthens the measurement coverage, and if used properly, the tool can bridge multiple gaps identified in various programs. The tool provides a single dashboard \"T&I KPI\" in the form of a composite index, expressed with four (4) major components, which are namely, HSE (Health, Safety and Environment), Cost& Profitability, Reliability, and Effectiveness. These major components are further broken down to planning and executional success factors, obtained from the actual worksite data and planning compliance checklists. Accidents recorded, availability of job safety analysis, confined space, scaffold, and critical lift plans, compliance to corporate requirements prior to execution of the work, work quality, scheduling performance, and budgetary discipline are among the success factors that feed into the performance readiness and execution measurement calculations. The tool can be utilized for T&I activities governed by an annual schedule, a set of critical equipment to be opened up during planned/unplanned shutdowns, or for a multi-component unit with its associated equipment to be tested and inspected under a single scope, such as a gas compressor system. It drives actions as different aspects of the T&I activities are reviewed with a solid scoring methodology that clearly indicates the areas of improvement, which can then be addressed with corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence. Continuous and consistent utilization of the tool can lead to reduction in the accident frequencies, T&I durations, and outages of critical equipment, vessels, and storage tanks, which could possibly impact plant output rates.","PeriodicalId":10908,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 19, 2019","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82168350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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