Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001064
Fatima Saeed, Iannis E Adamopoulos
Purpose of review: Psoriatic arthritis is an immune-mediated disease that primarily affects the skin and joints. It falls under the umbrella term of rheumatic diseases, which describes a group of closely related yet distinct disorders with many common underlying molecular pathways. Despite the distinct clinical manifestation of each disorder, the shared therapeutic strategies attest to the commonality of cellular and molecular underpinnings. Herein we provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis and its involvement in mechanistic pathways leading to the pathogenesis of this dual skin and joint clinical manifestation which is characteristic of psoriatic arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.
Recent findings: The interconnection between activated innate immune cells and adaptive immunity has transformed current thinking to include other organs such as the bone marrow as potential tissue of disease origin. A plethora of animal models and genetic studies converge on the critical role of IL-23/IL-17 axis, and highlight the importance of myeloid cell activation as common pathways between autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. These findings underscore the intricate immune mechanisms involved in inflammatory arthritis and highlight molecular mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.
Summary: These insights pave the way for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, with a focus on translating these findings into improved clinical practice.
{"title":"Pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis: new insights from a bone marrow perspective.","authors":"Fatima Saeed, Iannis E Adamopoulos","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001064","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Psoriatic arthritis is an immune-mediated disease that primarily affects the skin and joints. It falls under the umbrella term of rheumatic diseases, which describes a group of closely related yet distinct disorders with many common underlying molecular pathways. Despite the distinct clinical manifestation of each disorder, the shared therapeutic strategies attest to the commonality of cellular and molecular underpinnings. Herein we provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis and its involvement in mechanistic pathways leading to the pathogenesis of this dual skin and joint clinical manifestation which is characteristic of psoriatic arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The interconnection between activated innate immune cells and adaptive immunity has transformed current thinking to include other organs such as the bone marrow as potential tissue of disease origin. A plethora of animal models and genetic studies converge on the critical role of IL-23/IL-17 axis, and highlight the importance of myeloid cell activation as common pathways between autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. These findings underscore the intricate immune mechanisms involved in inflammatory arthritis and highlight molecular mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>These insights pave the way for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, with a focus on translating these findings into improved clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001068
Ina Kötter, Martin Krusche
Purpose of review: VEXAS syndrome (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) was first described in 2020, where in a cohort of adults with unexplained fever or inflammation, systematic genetic testing was performed and 25 men with a median age of 64 years and somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene were identified. In the current review, we aim to discuss the relevant literature from January 2023 until July 2024 to give new insights into the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of VEXAS.
Recent findings: VEXAS affects 1 : 4269 in men over the age of 50. Janus-Kinase-inhibitors (JAKi) and IL-6-inhibitors are more effective immunosuppressants against hyperinflammation. Ruxolitinib is more effective than other JAKi. Azacitidine induces remission in many patients, but only few MDS-associated patients were treated. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is feasible for selected cases. Infections are the major cause of death. Prognosis is still poor with a 5-year mortality rate of 18-40%.
Summary: In the current review, we discuss the novelties for VEXAS, including pathogenic pathways, epidemiological data, diagnostic criteria and algorithms, treatment options and complications. We hope that this review may improve rheumatologists understanding of VEXAS. We strongly recommend enrolling VEXAS patients in registries and clinical trials, to improve prognosis of VEXAS in the future.
{"title":"VEXAS syndrome: an adult-onset autoinflammatory disorder with underlying somatic mutation.","authors":"Ina Kötter, Martin Krusche","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001068","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>VEXAS syndrome (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) was first described in 2020, where in a cohort of adults with unexplained fever or inflammation, systematic genetic testing was performed and 25 men with a median age of 64 years and somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene were identified. In the current review, we aim to discuss the relevant literature from January 2023 until July 2024 to give new insights into the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of VEXAS.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>VEXAS affects 1 : 4269 in men over the age of 50. Janus-Kinase-inhibitors (JAKi) and IL-6-inhibitors are more effective immunosuppressants against hyperinflammation. Ruxolitinib is more effective than other JAKi. Azacitidine induces remission in many patients, but only few MDS-associated patients were treated. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is feasible for selected cases. Infections are the major cause of death. Prognosis is still poor with a 5-year mortality rate of 18-40%.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In the current review, we discuss the novelties for VEXAS, including pathogenic pathways, epidemiological data, diagnostic criteria and algorithms, treatment options and complications. We hope that this review may improve rheumatologists understanding of VEXAS. We strongly recommend enrolling VEXAS patients in registries and clinical trials, to improve prognosis of VEXAS in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001063
Samuel D Good, Ju Young Lee, Robert E Johnson, Elizabeth R Volkmann
Purpose of review: Updates from large, observational cohorts and new statistical techniques have resulted in new data on the epidemiology of systemic sclerosis (SSc). This scoping review uses data from 2018 to 2024 to describe the current understanding of the epidemiology of SSc and several of its organ- manifestations.
Recent findings: Our review identified new estimates for the global incidence and prevalence of SSc (1.4-8.6 per 100 000 person-years and 17.6-18.9 per 100 000 individuals, respectively). Mortality rates remain high, though mortality at younger ages has decreased. interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension remain the most common causes of death for patients with SSc. Literature on gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of SSc was scarce, and we identified significant heterogeneity in results. Furthermore, data on the epidemiology of racial, ethnic and sex-based disparities was lacking.
Summary: New techniques for the evaluation of the epidemiology of SSc highlight the high morbidity and mortality of SSc, and a growing prevalence rate compared with prior eras. Further research is needed to address notable heterogeneity in the reporting of epidemiological data and understudied disease manifestations, including GI disease and health disparities in disease outcomes.
{"title":"A scoping review of the epidemiology of systemic sclerosis and its organ manifestations: 2018-2024.","authors":"Samuel D Good, Ju Young Lee, Robert E Johnson, Elizabeth R Volkmann","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001063","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Updates from large, observational cohorts and new statistical techniques have resulted in new data on the epidemiology of systemic sclerosis (SSc). This scoping review uses data from 2018 to 2024 to describe the current understanding of the epidemiology of SSc and several of its organ- manifestations.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Our review identified new estimates for the global incidence and prevalence of SSc (1.4-8.6 per 100 000 person-years and 17.6-18.9 per 100 000 individuals, respectively). Mortality rates remain high, though mortality at younger ages has decreased. interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension remain the most common causes of death for patients with SSc. Literature on gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of SSc was scarce, and we identified significant heterogeneity in results. Furthermore, data on the epidemiology of racial, ethnic and sex-based disparities was lacking.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>New techniques for the evaluation of the epidemiology of SSc highlight the high morbidity and mortality of SSc, and a growing prevalence rate compared with prior eras. Further research is needed to address notable heterogeneity in the reporting of epidemiological data and understudied disease manifestations, including GI disease and health disparities in disease outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001062
Holly Wobma, Joyce C Chang, Susan E Prockop
Purpose of review: This review provides an update on the rapidly growing field of engineered cellular therapies for autoimmune disorders, primarily focusing on clinical experience and correlative studies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.
Recent findings: To date, two case series describing treatment with CAR T-cell therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suggest that drug-free remission can be sustained in patients with previously treatment-refractory disease. The outcomes of these studies are similar, despite the use of different CAR constructs and lymphodepletion regimens. Although it is not yet clear whether the patients described have truly been cured, the majority of remissions have remained durable up to last follow-up at 1-2 years from treatment. Meanwhile, mechanistic studies are providing a window into how transient B-cell depletion mediates lasting benefit. With the encouraging data in SLE, CAR T-cells and other novel B-cell-depleting agents (e.g. bispecific T-cell engagers) are now being evaluated as treatment for other autoimmune conditions, with the goal of durable response.
Summary: Recent reports highlight cellular therapies as a promising strategy for patients with treatment-refractory autoimmune conditions; however, there is still limited experience, and better insight into this therapeutic approach is expected to emerge rapidly.
综述目的:本综述介绍了针对自身免疫性疾病的工程细胞疗法这一快速发展领域的最新进展,主要侧重于嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞的临床经验和相关研究:迄今为止,有两个病例系列描述了用CAR T细胞疗法治疗系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的情况,这表明以前治疗难治的患者可以持续获得无药缓解。尽管使用了不同的 CAR 构建和淋巴清除方案,但这些研究的结果都很相似。虽然目前尚不清楚上述患者是否真正痊愈,但大多数患者的缓解在治疗后 1-2 年的最后一次随访中仍保持持久。同时,机理研究为我们提供了一个窗口,让我们了解短暂的 B 细胞耗竭是如何产生持久疗效的。有了系统性红斑狼疮令人鼓舞的数据,CAR T 细胞和其他新型 B 细胞清除剂(如双特异性 T 细胞吞噬剂)正被评估用于治疗其他自身免疫性疾病,目标是获得持久的反应:最近的报告强调,细胞疗法是治疗难治性自身免疫性疾病患者的一种很有前景的策略;然而,目前的经验仍然有限,人们对这种治疗方法的更深入了解有望迅速出现。
{"title":"Releasing our model T - chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells for autoimmune indications.","authors":"Holly Wobma, Joyce C Chang, Susan E Prockop","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001062","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review provides an update on the rapidly growing field of engineered cellular therapies for autoimmune disorders, primarily focusing on clinical experience and correlative studies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>To date, two case series describing treatment with CAR T-cell therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suggest that drug-free remission can be sustained in patients with previously treatment-refractory disease. The outcomes of these studies are similar, despite the use of different CAR constructs and lymphodepletion regimens. Although it is not yet clear whether the patients described have truly been cured, the majority of remissions have remained durable up to last follow-up at 1-2 years from treatment. Meanwhile, mechanistic studies are providing a window into how transient B-cell depletion mediates lasting benefit. With the encouraging data in SLE, CAR T-cells and other novel B-cell-depleting agents (e.g. bispecific T-cell engagers) are now being evaluated as treatment for other autoimmune conditions, with the goal of durable response.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Recent reports highlight cellular therapies as a promising strategy for patients with treatment-refractory autoimmune conditions; however, there is still limited experience, and better insight into this therapeutic approach is expected to emerge rapidly.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001060
Nicolaas C Anderson, Thomas E Lloyd
Purpose of review: To review recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of inclusion body myositis (IBM).
Recent findings: Recent epidemiologic studies have highlighted the morbidity and mortality associated with IBM, including the impact of dysphagia. Multiomic analyses of IBM tissues have identified new pathogenic pathways and biomarkers for use in clinical trials. New diagnostic criteria and outcome measures have been proposed to improve clinical trial design. Ongoing clinical trials are targeting T cells and autophagy.
Summary: Improvements in our understanding of IBM pathogenesis are identifying new pathways and biomarkers that need validation in larger cohorts. Exercise remains the primary therapeutic modality available, and new treatment targets are needed.
综述的目的:回顾我们对包涵体肌炎(IBM)的流行病学、病理生理学和治疗方法的最新研究进展:最近的流行病学研究强调了与包涵体肌炎相关的发病率和死亡率,包括吞咽困难的影响。对 IBM 组织进行的多组学分析发现了新的致病途径和生物标记物,可用于临床试验。为改进临床试验设计,提出了新的诊断标准和结果测量方法。目前正在进行的临床试验以 T 细胞和自噬为目标。摘要:我们对 IBM 发病机制的认识有所提高,发现了新的发病途径和生物标志物,需要在更大的群体中进行验证。运动仍是现有的主要治疗方式,但需要新的治疗目标。
{"title":"Inclusion body myositis: an update.","authors":"Nicolaas C Anderson, Thomas E Lloyd","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000001060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To review recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of inclusion body myositis (IBM).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent epidemiologic studies have highlighted the morbidity and mortality associated with IBM, including the impact of dysphagia. Multiomic analyses of IBM tissues have identified new pathogenic pathways and biomarkers for use in clinical trials. New diagnostic criteria and outcome measures have been proposed to improve clinical trial design. Ongoing clinical trials are targeting T cells and autophagy.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Improvements in our understanding of IBM pathogenesis are identifying new pathways and biomarkers that need validation in larger cohorts. Exercise remains the primary therapeutic modality available, and new treatment targets are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001059
Margaret Man-Ger Sun, Janet E Pope
Purpose of review: There have been advances in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR).
Recent findings: Themes in PMR and GCA include classification criteria, ultrasound imaging of temporal and axillary arteries replacing biopsies for diagnosis of GCA, faster diagnosis and treatment with rapid access clinics for suspected GCA, and expanding treatment options with the goal of rapid suppression of inflammation and sparing steroids.
Summary: Treatment is aimed at suppressing inflammation quickly in both GCA and PMR. Randomized trials have demonstrated success in reducing glucocorticoids when adding advanced therapies such as interleukin 6 (IL6) inhibitors. Other treatments including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (especially a phase 3 trial of upadacitinib at 15 mg daily and secukinumab (an IL17 inhibitor) are being tested. Some uncontrolled GCA protocols are limiting glucocorticoids to initial IV pulse therapy only or rapid tapering of oral glucocorticoids with upfront treatment with tocilizumab. There is uncertainty of who should have an advanced therapy and how long to use it for and what order to consider advanced therapies when treatment fails. In PMR, studies are performed when patients cannot taper glucocorticoids effectively, whereas in GCA, advanced therapies are started with disease onset or with recurrent GCA.
{"title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: diagnosis and management.","authors":"Margaret Man-Ger Sun, Janet E Pope","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000001059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>There have been advances in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Themes in PMR and GCA include classification criteria, ultrasound imaging of temporal and axillary arteries replacing biopsies for diagnosis of GCA, faster diagnosis and treatment with rapid access clinics for suspected GCA, and expanding treatment options with the goal of rapid suppression of inflammation and sparing steroids.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Treatment is aimed at suppressing inflammation quickly in both GCA and PMR. Randomized trials have demonstrated success in reducing glucocorticoids when adding advanced therapies such as interleukin 6 (IL6) inhibitors. Other treatments including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (especially a phase 3 trial of upadacitinib at 15 mg daily and secukinumab (an IL17 inhibitor) are being tested. Some uncontrolled GCA protocols are limiting glucocorticoids to initial IV pulse therapy only or rapid tapering of oral glucocorticoids with upfront treatment with tocilizumab. There is uncertainty of who should have an advanced therapy and how long to use it for and what order to consider advanced therapies when treatment fails. In PMR, studies are performed when patients cannot taper glucocorticoids effectively, whereas in GCA, advanced therapies are started with disease onset or with recurrent GCA.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001050
Jana Zielonka, Jean Paul Higuero Sevilla
Purpose of review: Over the last 25 years, the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) has been elucidated. However, multiple critical questions remain regarding this therapy. Of particular interest is the role of HSCT in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated interstitial lung disease since this is the leading cause of death in SSc.
Recent findings: Most clinical trials and observational studies of HSCT for the treatment of dcSSc have reported pulmonary outcomes as secondary outcomes, Also, most studies have excluded patients with significant pulmonary function impairment. Despite these limitations, there is increasing evidence that suggests that HSCT leads to interstitial lung disease stabilization and possibly improvement of lung function based on pulmonary function tests and imaging.
Summary: HSCT has demonstrated improved long-term outcomes compared to conventional therapies for dcSSC. Future research is needed to refine or expand patient selection, optimize conditioning regimens, and evaluate the potential role of maintenance immunosuppression. We recommend an increased focus on interstitial lung disease since this is the primary cause of death in SSc.
{"title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease.","authors":"Jana Zielonka, Jean Paul Higuero Sevilla","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000001050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Over the last 25 years, the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) has been elucidated. However, multiple critical questions remain regarding this therapy. Of particular interest is the role of HSCT in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated interstitial lung disease since this is the leading cause of death in SSc.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Most clinical trials and observational studies of HSCT for the treatment of dcSSc have reported pulmonary outcomes as secondary outcomes, Also, most studies have excluded patients with significant pulmonary function impairment. Despite these limitations, there is increasing evidence that suggests that HSCT leads to interstitial lung disease stabilization and possibly improvement of lung function based on pulmonary function tests and imaging.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>HSCT has demonstrated improved long-term outcomes compared to conventional therapies for dcSSC. Future research is needed to refine or expand patient selection, optimize conditioning regimens, and evaluate the potential role of maintenance immunosuppression. We recommend an increased focus on interstitial lung disease since this is the primary cause of death in SSc.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001057
Mehmet Yildiz,Oya Koker,Ozgur Kasapcopur
PURPOSE OF REVIEWThis review aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary overview of juvenile Behçet syndrome (jBS), highlighting its clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies.RECENT FINDINGSBehçet syndrome, with its intricate etiopathogenesis and diverse clinical phenotypes, is more aptly classified as a syndrome than a single disease. Its heterogeneous nature requires a broad diagnostic approach and sophisticated differential diagnosis capabilities. The relatively rare occurrence of Behçet syndrome, combined with incomplete clinical presentations and overlapping differential diagnoses, presents significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in pediatric cases. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in treatment, especially in managing inflammatory components and preventing complications. Juvenile patients, given their developmental stage, require distinct therapeutic strategies compared to adults, with careful consideration of treatment side effects on growth and psychosocial development.SUMMARYTo ensure early identification of jBS, it is imperative to refine and develop diagnostic criteria specifically tailored to pediatric populations. With a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms, treatment protocols should be designed to address the developmental, psychosocial, and individual needs of patients, aiming to minimize long-term side effects. Additionally, comprehensive studies considering age, sex, and ethnic differences are necessary to fill gaps in the literature and resolve existing inconsistencies.
{"title":"Juvenile Behçet syndrome: a contemporary view and differential diagnosis in pediatric practice.","authors":"Mehmet Yildiz,Oya Koker,Ozgur Kasapcopur","doi":"10.1097/bor.0000000000001057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000001057","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE OF REVIEWThis review aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary overview of juvenile Behçet syndrome (jBS), highlighting its clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies.RECENT FINDINGSBehçet syndrome, with its intricate etiopathogenesis and diverse clinical phenotypes, is more aptly classified as a syndrome than a single disease. Its heterogeneous nature requires a broad diagnostic approach and sophisticated differential diagnosis capabilities. The relatively rare occurrence of Behçet syndrome, combined with incomplete clinical presentations and overlapping differential diagnoses, presents significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in pediatric cases. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in treatment, especially in managing inflammatory components and preventing complications. Juvenile patients, given their developmental stage, require distinct therapeutic strategies compared to adults, with careful consideration of treatment side effects on growth and psychosocial development.SUMMARYTo ensure early identification of jBS, it is imperative to refine and develop diagnostic criteria specifically tailored to pediatric populations. With a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms, treatment protocols should be designed to address the developmental, psychosocial, and individual needs of patients, aiming to minimize long-term side effects. Additionally, comprehensive studies considering age, sex, and ethnic differences are necessary to fill gaps in the literature and resolve existing inconsistencies.","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000001055
Orrin M Troum, Olga L Pimienta, Alvin Wells
Purpose of review: Systemic vasculitides are characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Their classification is based on the size of the blood vessels involved - large, medium, or small. Vasculitis early diagnosis and reliable monitoring are crucial to establish a treatment plan and prevent serious complications. Based on these considerations and depending on the location of the affected vessels, the importance of imaging modalities including ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography (CT), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) has progressively increased. In addition to physical exam and laboratory data, these imaging tools offer complementary information about vascular changes occurring in vasculitis.This review summarizes the different imaging modalities being utilized to diagnose and monitor vasculitis.
Recent findings: The most recent update for the use of imaging in vasculitis is referenced in the 2023 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines in 2021. Recent advances in PET imaging in large vessel vasculitis include improved technological imaging acquisition and the use of novel radiotracers for cellular and immune targets. FDG-PET has now been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity to detect temporal arteritis.
Summary: Imaging plays a significant role in the evaluation of vasculitis and continues to gain importance in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity. Differences exist between the ACR guidelines, which advocates for temporal artery biopsy, and the EULAR guidelines, which favors imaging modalities for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Prerequisites for appropriate clinical management utilizing imaging in patients with vasculitis are the availability and access to skilled clinicians to interpret the images and the cost of these techniques not being prohibitive.
审查目的:全身性血管炎以血管发炎为特征。其分类依据是受累血管的大小--大、中、小。血管炎的早期诊断和可靠监测对于制定治疗方案和预防严重并发症至关重要。基于这些考虑,并根据受累血管的位置,超声波成像(US)、磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)、计算机断层扫描(CT)、计算机断层扫描血管成像(CTA)和[18F]-氟-2-脱氧-d-葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描(FDG-PET/CT)等影像学模式的重要性逐渐增加。除了体格检查和实验室数据外,这些成像工具还提供了有关脉管炎血管变化的补充信息。本综述总结了目前用于诊断和监测脉管炎的不同成像模式:2023 年欧洲风湿病学协会联盟 (EULAR) 的建议和 2021 年美国风湿病学会 (ACR) 的指南中提到了血管炎影像学应用的最新进展。大血管炎 PET 成像的最新进展包括改进了成像采集技术,并针对细胞和免疫靶点使用了新型放射性核素。FDG-PET目前已被证明在检测颞动脉炎方面具有很高的灵敏度和特异性。摘要:影像学在脉管炎的评估中发挥着重要作用,在诊断和监测疾病活动方面的重要性也在不断增加。ACR指南主张进行颞动脉活检,而EULAR指南则倾向于采用影像学模式对大血管脉管炎(LVV)进行初步评估和诊断,两者之间存在差异。对血管炎患者进行适当的影像学临床管理的先决条件是有熟练的临床医生来解读影像,而且这些技术的费用不会过高。
{"title":"Imaging in vasculitis.","authors":"Orrin M Troum, Olga L Pimienta, Alvin Wells","doi":"10.1097/BOR.0000000000001055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000001055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Systemic vasculitides are characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Their classification is based on the size of the blood vessels involved - large, medium, or small. Vasculitis early diagnosis and reliable monitoring are crucial to establish a treatment plan and prevent serious complications. Based on these considerations and depending on the location of the affected vessels, the importance of imaging modalities including ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography (CT), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) has progressively increased. In addition to physical exam and laboratory data, these imaging tools offer complementary information about vascular changes occurring in vasculitis.This review summarizes the different imaging modalities being utilized to diagnose and monitor vasculitis.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The most recent update for the use of imaging in vasculitis is referenced in the 2023 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines in 2021. Recent advances in PET imaging in large vessel vasculitis include improved technological imaging acquisition and the use of novel radiotracers for cellular and immune targets. FDG-PET has now been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity to detect temporal arteritis.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Imaging plays a significant role in the evaluation of vasculitis and continues to gain importance in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity. Differences exist between the ACR guidelines, which advocates for temporal artery biopsy, and the EULAR guidelines, which favors imaging modalities for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Prerequisites for appropriate clinical management utilizing imaging in patients with vasculitis are the availability and access to skilled clinicians to interpret the images and the cost of these techniques not being prohibitive.</p>","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142281735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001054
Norio Hanata,Mariana J Kaplan
PURPOSE OF REVIEWDysregulation in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation has been reported in several inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding the role of NETs in the context of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.RECENT FINDINGSNET formation is enhanced in peripheral blood of patients with large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica. NETs are detected in affected organs in autoimmune conditions, and they might play pathological roles in tissues. Several understudied medications and supplements suppress NET formation and ameliorate animal models of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. NETs and anti-NET antibodies have potential utility as disease biomarkers.SUMMARYGrowing evidence has suggested the contribution of NET dysregulation to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Further research is warranted in regard to clinical impact of modulating aberrant NET formation and clearance in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
综述目的据报道,在几种炎症性风湿病中,中性粒细胞胞外捕获物(NET)的形成和降解发生了失调。本综述总结了最近在了解中性粒细胞胞外捕获物在炎症性风湿病中的作用方面取得的进展。最新发现大血管炎和多发性风湿性关节炎患者的外周血中中性粒细胞胞外捕获物的形成增强。在自身免疫性疾病的受影响器官中检测到 NET,它们可能在组织中发挥病理作用。一些未被充分研究的药物和补充剂可抑制 NET 的形成,并改善炎症性风湿病的动物模型。越来越多的证据表明,NET失调是多种炎症性风湿病发病机制的重要因素。关于调节炎症性风湿病中异常 NET 的形成和清除对临床的影响,还需要进一步研究。
{"title":"The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.","authors":"Norio Hanata,Mariana J Kaplan","doi":"10.1097/bor.0000000000001054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000001054","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE OF REVIEWDysregulation in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation has been reported in several inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding the role of NETs in the context of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.RECENT FINDINGSNET formation is enhanced in peripheral blood of patients with large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica. NETs are detected in affected organs in autoimmune conditions, and they might play pathological roles in tissues. Several understudied medications and supplements suppress NET formation and ameliorate animal models of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. NETs and anti-NET antibodies have potential utility as disease biomarkers.SUMMARYGrowing evidence has suggested the contribution of NET dysregulation to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Further research is warranted in regard to clinical impact of modulating aberrant NET formation and clearance in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.","PeriodicalId":11145,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}