Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0008
J. Rottenberg
Over the life course depression affects different groups of people in different ways. This chapter considers the ways that depression manifests in children, the prevalence of child depression, the challenges of assessing child populations, and the ways that depression can adversely affect development. As children move into adolescence, they are particularly susceptible to depression. The reasons for the spike in adolescent depression are explored, along with consideration of measures that might reduce the toll of adolescent depression. Beginning in adolescence and continuing throughout adulthood, depression is much more common among females than males. Biological, cognitive, and social explanations for this sex difference in depression are considered. Finally, late-life depression is considered, including ways that depression in older persons is distinct from, and similar to, depression at earlier life stages.
{"title":"Depression Throughout the Life Course","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Over the life course depression affects\u0000 different groups of people in different ways. This chapter considers the ways that\u0000 depression manifests in children, the prevalence of child depression, the challenges of\u0000 assessing child populations, and the ways that depression can adversely affect\u0000 development. As children move into adolescence, they are particularly susceptible to\u0000 depression. The reasons for the spike in adolescent depression are explored, along with\u0000 consideration of measures that might reduce the toll of adolescent depression. Beginning\u0000 in adolescence and continuing throughout adulthood, depression is much more common among\u0000 females than males. Biological, cognitive, and social explanations for this sex\u0000 difference in depression are considered. Finally, late-life depression is considered,\u0000 including ways that depression in older persons is distinct from, and similar to,\u0000 depression at earlier life stages.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74269595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0016
J. Rottenberg
Although some aspects of depression have improved, depression remains a rampant and misunderstood problem. One major obstacle is that dialogue concerning depression is still clouded by a number of myths about the condition. This chapter reviews these myths and discusses steps that the individual can take to challenge these myths and improve the broader dialogue about depression. More broadly, individuals can take several different approaches to raise the profile of depression as a social and political issue and ensure that adequate resources are placed into depression research and treatment. Although the present is challenging, concerted actions by individuals and groups can challenge myths about depression and ultimately improve the future for those who struggle with this misunderstood condition.
{"title":"Charting a New Future for Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Although some aspects of depression have\u0000 improved, depression remains a rampant and misunderstood problem. One major obstacle is\u0000 that dialogue concerning depression is still clouded by a number of myths about the\u0000 condition. This chapter reviews these myths and discusses steps that the individual can\u0000 take to challenge these myths and improve the broader dialogue about depression. More\u0000 broadly, individuals can take several different approaches to raise the profile of\u0000 depression as a social and political issue and ensure that adequate resources are placed\u0000 into depression research and treatment. Although the present is challenging, concerted\u0000 actions by individuals and groups can challenge myths about depression and ultimately\u0000 improve the future for those who struggle with this misunderstood condition.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79587735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0002
J. Rottenberg
Depression is a syndrome. This chapter explains the general concept of a syndrome and outlines the specific symptoms that characterize the mood syndrome of clinical depression. Evidence for the validity of the depressive syndrome is briefly discussed. For each symptom, clinical examples are provided. In addition to the official symptoms of depression, there are “unofficial” symptoms or problems that are commonly observed in depressed persons. The reader is given tools to distinguish clinical depression from an ordinary sad mood. The concept of mood severity is explained, with examples of mild versus more severe clinical depression. Finally, some of the differences and similarities between unipolar and bipolar mood syndromes are enumerated.
{"title":"The Syndrome of Clinical Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Depression is a syndrome. This chapter explains\u0000 the general concept of a syndrome and outlines the specific symptoms that characterize\u0000 the mood syndrome of clinical depression. Evidence for the validity of the depressive\u0000 syndrome is briefly discussed. For each symptom, clinical examples are provided. In\u0000 addition to the official symptoms of depression, there are “unofficial” symptoms or\u0000 problems that are commonly observed in depressed persons. The reader is given tools to\u0000 distinguish clinical depression from an ordinary sad mood. The concept of mood severity\u0000 is explained, with examples of mild versus more severe clinical depression. Finally,\u0000 some of the differences and similarities between unipolar and bipolar mood syndromes are\u0000 enumerated.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83280925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0001
J. Rottenberg
This chapter grapples with the challenges of defining depression, including challenges that arise from imprecise use of language. Depression is at its core a kind of mood state. Mood states organize humans’ minds and bodies and motivate them to pursue goals. It is possible to understand depression by focusing on the scientific principles that explain why humans and other organisms have mood. A key goal is to become a more educated consumer of one’s own mood and to understand the forces that operate on mood more generally. This framework can allow for an understanding of why people become depressed; why depression has occurred over human history; and why depression might become epidemic during some periods in human history, including the present day.
{"title":"The Challenge of Defining Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter grapples with the challenges of\u0000 defining depression, including challenges that arise from imprecise use of language.\u0000 Depression is at its core a kind of mood state. Mood states organize humans’ minds and\u0000 bodies and motivate them to pursue goals. It is possible to understand depression by\u0000 focusing on the scientific principles that explain why humans and other organisms have\u0000 mood. A key goal is to become a more educated consumer of one’s own mood and to\u0000 understand the forces that operate on mood more generally. This framework can allow for\u0000 an understanding of why people become depressed; why depression has occurred over human\u0000 history; and why depression might become epidemic during some periods in human history,\u0000 including the present day.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84187235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0007
J. Rottenberg
This chapter considers the role of several psychological and environmental factors in depression. One key factor is stressful life events, which often but not always precede episodes of depression. Life stress may precipitate depression. In turn, there is evidence that depression can generate stress in a person’s life. Similarly, negative thinking patterns are elevated in depressed persons, and negative thinking may also be a cause of depression. Research and treatment studies are unlocking the varied connections between cognition and depression. Finally, depression and mood problems are often closely tied to relationship problems, such as marital and family difficulties. The importance of social connections is often revealed in interpersonal therapies for depression. In many cases, depression can result from the interplay between stressful life events, negative thinking, and relationship problems. The chapter closes with special consideration of adversity during childhood and the ways that childhood adversity might increase psychological and environmental risk for depression during adulthood.
{"title":"Environmental and Psychological Contributions to Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the role of several\u0000 psychological and environmental factors in depression. One key factor is stressful life\u0000 events, which often but not always precede episodes of depression. Life stress may\u0000 precipitate depression. In turn, there is evidence that depression can generate stress\u0000 in a person’s life. Similarly, negative thinking patterns are elevated in depressed\u0000 persons, and negative thinking may also be a cause of depression. Research and treatment\u0000 studies are unlocking the varied connections between cognition and depression. Finally,\u0000 depression and mood problems are often closely tied to relationship problems, such as\u0000 marital and family difficulties. The importance of social connections is often revealed\u0000 in interpersonal therapies for depression. In many cases, depression can result from the\u0000 interplay between stressful life events, negative thinking, and relationship problems.\u0000 The chapter closes with special consideration of adversity during childhood and the ways\u0000 that childhood adversity might increase psychological and environmental risk for\u0000 depression during adulthood.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80414787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0004
Jonathan Rottenberg
Depression has been called the “common cold” of psychiatry, but just how common is it? In this chapter, the challenges of arriving at accurate prevalence numbers are considered, including the absence of historical data. Contemporary international prevalence figures for both point and lifetime prevalence of depression are reviewed. Depression is a significant public health problem because it is common, impairing, and often recurrent. Evidence is presented for the idea that the prevalence of depression is increasing. Although several lines of evidence support the idea that there is a contemporary depression epidemic, particularly among younger people, there are also important critiques that need to be considered. This chapter offers the reader tools for sifting through these claims.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Depression","authors":"Jonathan Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Depression has been called the “common cold” of\u0000 psychiatry, but just how common is it? In this chapter, the challenges of arriving at\u0000 accurate prevalence numbers are considered, including the absence of historical data.\u0000 Contemporary international prevalence figures for both point and lifetime prevalence of\u0000 depression are reviewed. Depression is a significant public health problem because it is\u0000 common, impairing, and often recurrent. Evidence is presented for the idea that the\u0000 prevalence of depression is increasing. Although several lines of evidence support the\u0000 idea that there is a contemporary depression epidemic, particularly among younger\u0000 people, there are also important critiques that need to be considered. This chapter\u0000 offers the reader tools for sifting through these claims.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82057297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0005
J. Rottenberg
This chapter details how depression affects relationships, careers, and health. It is important to consider the evidence that depression harms relationships, careers, and health and to explore the reasons why depression may create such harms. Depression is also often quite commonly accompanied by other mental health problems, such as substance problems or difficulties with anxiety, which can compound depression’s harms. Patterns of mental health comorbidity and possible explanations for why depression co-occurs with other mental health problems are also outlined. Although the harmful consequences of depression are well established, little research considers whether depression ever has positive consequences. Preliminary evidence that depression could have positive consequences for some individuals is considered.
{"title":"The Consequences of Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how depression affects\u0000 relationships, careers, and health. It is important to consider the evidence that\u0000 depression harms relationships, careers, and health and to explore the reasons why\u0000 depression may create such harms. Depression is also often quite commonly accompanied by\u0000 other mental health problems, such as substance problems or difficulties with anxiety,\u0000 which can compound depression’s harms. Patterns of mental health comorbidity and\u0000 possible explanations for why depression co-occurs with other mental health problems are\u0000 also outlined. Although the harmful consequences of depression are well established,\u0000 little research considers whether depression ever has positive consequences. Preliminary\u0000 evidence that depression could have positive consequences for some individuals is\u0000 considered.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87798284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0012
J. Rottenberg
This chapter reviews what a person can do to expand his or her zone of control over their mood. Degree of control over mood likely depends on the severity of depression, yet even people who are severely depressed can take some important first steps. The chapter invites the reader to experiment with several potential mood control techniques or programs. The efficacy of self-help books, or bibliotherapy, is reviewed, and specific book resources are recommended. Evidence of benefits from exercise, pet ownership, and changes to sleep regimen are reviewed. Thoughts are offered on how an individual can go about selecting and discovering those mood control techniques that work best. The value of meditation and self-compassion is also considered as means to gain greater control over mood.
{"title":"What Can the Depressed Person do for Themself?","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews what a person can do to\u0000 expand his or her zone of control over their mood. Degree of control over mood likely\u0000 depends on the severity of depression, yet even people who are severely depressed can\u0000 take some important first steps. The chapter invites the reader to experiment with\u0000 several potential mood control techniques or programs. The efficacy of self-help books,\u0000 or bibliotherapy, is reviewed, and specific book resources are recommended. Evidence of\u0000 benefits from exercise, pet ownership, and changes to sleep regimen are reviewed.\u0000 Thoughts are offered on how an individual can go about selecting and discovering those\u0000 mood control techniques that work best. The value of meditation and self-compassion is\u0000 also considered as means to gain greater control over mood.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"23 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80145554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0015
J. Rottenberg
Most writing on depression considers how depressed people might become well rather than what they should do to stay well once they have recovered. This chapter focuses on the concept of life “after” depression. Guidance is offered regarding how formerly depressed people might think about their history of depression and learn from the experience of depression as a means to move their life in more productive directions. The value of taking inventory in the aftermath of depression on what benefits and harms mood is considered, along with the value of developing plans to actively manage mood during recovery. Depression can offer an opportunity to exit counterproductive life and mood patterns. Clinical examples of positive learning from depression are offered. The chapter closes with consideration of what individuals should do if depression symptoms return.
{"title":"Life After Depression","authors":"J. Rottenberg","doi":"10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Most writing on depression considers how\u0000 depressed people might become well rather than what they should do to stay well once\u0000 they have recovered. This chapter focuses on the concept of life “after” depression.\u0000 Guidance is offered regarding how formerly depressed people might think about their\u0000 history of depression and learn from the experience of depression as a means to move\u0000 their life in more productive directions. The value of taking inventory in the aftermath\u0000 of depression on what benefits and harms mood is considered, along with the value of\u0000 developing plans to actively manage mood during recovery. Depression can offer an\u0000 opportunity to exit counterproductive life and mood patterns. Clinical examples of\u0000 positive learning from depression are offered. The chapter closes with consideration of\u0000 what individuals should do if depression symptoms return.","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91472988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9780822391852-007
{"title":"1. Writing Depression: Acedia, History, and Medical Models","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9780822391852-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822391852-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11179,"journal":{"name":"Depression","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80621020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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