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Depression Throughout the Life Course 抑郁贯穿一生
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0008
J. Rottenberg
Over the life course depression affects different groups of people in different ways. This chapter considers the ways that depression manifests in children, the prevalence of child depression, the challenges of assessing child populations, and the ways that depression can adversely affect development. As children move into adolescence, they are particularly susceptible to depression. The reasons for the spike in adolescent depression are explored, along with consideration of measures that might reduce the toll of adolescent depression. Beginning in adolescence and continuing throughout adulthood, depression is much more common among females than males. Biological, cognitive, and social explanations for this sex difference in depression are considered. Finally, late-life depression is considered, including ways that depression in older persons is distinct from, and similar to, depression at earlier life stages.
在人的一生中,抑郁症会以不同的方式影响不同的人群。本章考虑了抑郁症在儿童中的表现方式,儿童抑郁症的患病率,评估儿童人群的挑战,以及抑郁症可能对发展产生不利影响的方式。随着孩子进入青春期,他们特别容易受到抑郁症的影响。探讨了青少年抑郁症激增的原因,并考虑了可能减少青少年抑郁症死亡人数的措施。抑郁症从青春期开始持续到成年,在女性中比男性更常见。对抑郁症的性别差异进行了生物学、认知和社会解释。最后,考虑到晚年抑郁症,包括老年人抑郁症与早期生活阶段的抑郁症不同或相似的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Charting a New Future for Depression 描绘抑郁症的新未来
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0016
J. Rottenberg
Although some aspects of depression have improved, depression remains a rampant and misunderstood problem. One major obstacle is that dialogue concerning depression is still clouded by a number of myths about the condition. This chapter reviews these myths and discusses steps that the individual can take to challenge these myths and improve the broader dialogue about depression. More broadly, individuals can take several different approaches to raise the profile of depression as a social and political issue and ensure that adequate resources are placed into depression research and treatment. Although the present is challenging, concerted actions by individuals and groups can challenge myths about depression and ultimately improve the future for those who struggle with this misunderstood condition.
尽管抑郁症的某些方面有所改善,但抑郁症仍然是一个猖獗和被误解的问题。一个主要的障碍是,关于抑郁症的对话仍然被一些关于这种疾病的误解所笼罩。本章回顾了这些神话,并讨论了个人可以采取的步骤来挑战这些神话,并改善有关抑郁症的更广泛的对话。更广泛地说,个人可以采取几种不同的方法来提高抑郁症作为一个社会和政治问题的形象,并确保有足够的资源用于抑郁症的研究和治疗。尽管现在充满挑战,但个人和团体的一致行动可以挑战关于抑郁症的神话,并最终改善那些与这种被误解的疾病作斗争的人的未来。
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引用次数: 0
The Syndrome of Clinical Depression 临床抑郁综合征
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0002
J. Rottenberg
Depression is a syndrome. This chapter explains the general concept of a syndrome and outlines the specific symptoms that characterize the mood syndrome of clinical depression. Evidence for the validity of the depressive syndrome is briefly discussed. For each symptom, clinical examples are provided. In addition to the official symptoms of depression, there are “unofficial” symptoms or problems that are commonly observed in depressed persons. The reader is given tools to distinguish clinical depression from an ordinary sad mood. The concept of mood severity is explained, with examples of mild versus more severe clinical depression. Finally, some of the differences and similarities between unipolar and bipolar mood syndromes are enumerated.
抑郁症是一种综合症。本章解释了综合征的一般概念,并概述了表征临床抑郁症情绪综合征的具体症状。简要讨论了抑郁症有效性的证据。对于每种症状,都提供了临床实例。除了正式的抑郁症症状之外,在抑郁症患者中还经常观察到一些“非正式的”症状或问题。读者被赋予了区分临床抑郁症和普通悲伤情绪的工具。用轻度和重度临床抑郁症的例子解释了情绪严重程度的概念。最后,列举了单相和双相情绪综合症之间的一些异同。
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引用次数: 0
The Challenge of Defining Depression 定义抑郁症的挑战
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0001
J. Rottenberg
This chapter grapples with the challenges of defining depression, including challenges that arise from imprecise use of language. Depression is at its core a kind of mood state. Mood states organize humans’ minds and bodies and motivate them to pursue goals. It is possible to understand depression by focusing on the scientific principles that explain why humans and other organisms have mood. A key goal is to become a more educated consumer of one’s own mood and to understand the forces that operate on mood more generally. This framework can allow for an understanding of why people become depressed; why depression has occurred over human history; and why depression might become epidemic during some periods in human history, including the present day.
本章探讨了定义抑郁症所面临的挑战,包括由于语言使用不精确而产生的挑战。抑郁症的核心是一种情绪状态。情绪状态组织人类的思想和身体,并激励他们追求目标。通过关注解释人类和其他生物为什么有情绪的科学原理,有可能理解抑郁症。一个关键的目标是成为一个对自己的情绪更有教养的消费者,并更普遍地理解影响情绪的力量。这个框架可以让我们理解为什么人们会变得抑郁;为什么抑郁症会在人类历史上发生;以及为什么抑郁症会在人类历史上的某些时期流行起来,包括现在。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental and Psychological Contributions to Depression 环境和心理因素对抑郁症的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0007
J. Rottenberg
This chapter considers the role of several psychological and environmental factors in depression. One key factor is stressful life events, which often but not always precede episodes of depression. Life stress may precipitate depression. In turn, there is evidence that depression can generate stress in a person’s life. Similarly, negative thinking patterns are elevated in depressed persons, and negative thinking may also be a cause of depression. Research and treatment studies are unlocking the varied connections between cognition and depression. Finally, depression and mood problems are often closely tied to relationship problems, such as marital and family difficulties. The importance of social connections is often revealed in interpersonal therapies for depression. In many cases, depression can result from the interplay between stressful life events, negative thinking, and relationship problems. The chapter closes with special consideration of adversity during childhood and the ways that childhood adversity might increase psychological and environmental risk for depression during adulthood.
这一章考虑了几个心理和环境因素在抑郁症中的作用。一个关键因素是有压力的生活事件,这些事件通常但并不总是先于抑郁症发作。生活压力可能导致抑郁。反过来,有证据表明抑郁症会给一个人的生活带来压力。同样,抑郁的人消极的思维模式也会增加,消极的思维也可能是抑郁的原因之一。研究和治疗研究正在揭示认知和抑郁症之间的各种联系。最后,抑郁和情绪问题通常与婚姻和家庭困难等关系问题密切相关。社会关系的重要性经常在抑郁症的人际治疗中得到揭示。在很多情况下,抑郁症是由压力生活事件、消极思维和关系问题的相互作用造成的。本章最后特别考虑了童年时期的逆境,以及童年逆境可能增加成年后患抑郁症的心理和环境风险的方式。
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引用次数: 0
The Prevalence of Depression 抑郁症的患病率
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0004
Jonathan Rottenberg
Depression has been called the “common cold” of psychiatry, but just how common is it? In this chapter, the challenges of arriving at accurate prevalence numbers are considered, including the absence of historical data. Contemporary international prevalence figures for both point and lifetime prevalence of depression are reviewed. Depression is a significant public health problem because it is common, impairing, and often recurrent. Evidence is presented for the idea that the prevalence of depression is increasing. Although several lines of evidence support the idea that there is a contemporary depression epidemic, particularly among younger people, there are also important critiques that need to be considered. This chapter offers the reader tools for sifting through these claims.
抑郁症被称为精神病学的“普通感冒”,但它到底有多普遍呢?在本章中,考虑到获得准确患病率数字的挑战,包括缺乏历史数据。回顾了当代国际上抑郁症的点患病率和终生患病率。抑郁症是一个重要的公共卫生问题,因为它是常见的,损害的,并且经常复发。有证据表明,抑郁症的患病率正在上升。虽然有几条证据支持当代抑郁症流行的观点,特别是在年轻人中,但也有一些重要的批评需要考虑。本章为读者提供了筛选这些声明的工具。
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引用次数: 0
The Consequences of Depression 抑郁症的后果
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0005
J. Rottenberg
This chapter details how depression affects relationships, careers, and health. It is important to consider the evidence that depression harms relationships, careers, and health and to explore the reasons why depression may create such harms. Depression is also often quite commonly accompanied by other mental health problems, such as substance problems or difficulties with anxiety, which can compound depression’s harms. Patterns of mental health comorbidity and possible explanations for why depression co-occurs with other mental health problems are also outlined. Although the harmful consequences of depression are well established, little research considers whether depression ever has positive consequences. Preliminary evidence that depression could have positive consequences for some individuals is considered.
这一章详述了抑郁症是如何影响人际关系、事业和健康的。重要的是要考虑抑郁症损害人际关系、事业和健康的证据,并探索抑郁症可能造成这些危害的原因。抑郁症通常还伴有其他心理健康问题,如物质问题或焦虑困难,这些都会加重抑郁症的危害。精神健康共病的模式以及抑郁症与其他精神健康问题同时发生的可能解释也被概述。虽然抑郁症的有害后果是众所周知的,但很少有研究考虑抑郁症是否有积极的影响。初步证据表明,抑郁症可能对某些人产生积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
What Can the Depressed Person do for Themself? 抑郁症患者能为自己做些什么?
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0012
J. Rottenberg
This chapter reviews what a person can do to expand his or her zone of control over their mood. Degree of control over mood likely depends on the severity of depression, yet even people who are severely depressed can take some important first steps. The chapter invites the reader to experiment with several potential mood control techniques or programs. The efficacy of self-help books, or bibliotherapy, is reviewed, and specific book resources are recommended. Evidence of benefits from exercise, pet ownership, and changes to sleep regimen are reviewed. Thoughts are offered on how an individual can go about selecting and discovering those mood control techniques that work best. The value of meditation and self-compassion is also considered as means to gain greater control over mood.
本章回顾了一个人可以做些什么来扩大他或她对自己情绪的控制范围。控制情绪的程度可能取决于抑郁症的严重程度,但即使是严重抑郁症的人也可以采取一些重要的第一步。本章邀请读者尝试几种潜在的情绪控制技术或程序。回顾了自助书籍或阅读疗法的功效,并推荐了特定的书籍资源。研究人员回顾了锻炼、养宠物和改变睡眠习惯对人体有益的证据。关于个人如何去选择和发现那些最有效的情绪控制技术的想法提供了。冥想和自我同情的价值也被认为是更好地控制情绪的手段。
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引用次数: 0
Life After Depression 抑郁症后的生活
Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190083151.003.0015
J. Rottenberg
Most writing on depression considers how depressed people might become well rather than what they should do to stay well once they have recovered. This chapter focuses on the concept of life “after” depression. Guidance is offered regarding how formerly depressed people might think about their history of depression and learn from the experience of depression as a means to move their life in more productive directions. The value of taking inventory in the aftermath of depression on what benefits and harms mood is considered, along with the value of developing plans to actively manage mood during recovery. Depression can offer an opportunity to exit counterproductive life and mood patterns. Clinical examples of positive learning from depression are offered. The chapter closes with consideration of what individuals should do if depression symptoms return.
大多数关于抑郁症的文章考虑的是抑郁症患者如何恢复健康,而不是他们在康复后应该做些什么来保持健康。本章重点讨论“后”抑郁的生活概念。对于曾经患有抑郁症的人如何看待他们的抑郁症历史,以及如何从抑郁症的经历中学习,以使他们的生活朝着更有成效的方向发展,提供了指导。在抑郁症之后对情绪的利弊进行盘点的价值,以及在恢复过程中制定积极管理情绪的计划的价值。抑郁症可以提供一个机会,让你摆脱适得其反的生活和情绪模式。提供了从抑郁症中积极学习的临床例子。这一章最后考虑到如果抑郁症状复发,个人应该做些什么。
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引用次数: 1
1. Writing Depression: Acedia, History, and Medical Models 1. 写作抑郁症:绝望、历史和医学模型
Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9780822391852-007
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Depression
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