Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.96870
C. Santana, J. E. Barros
The shock tube is a metal tube that the gas at low pressure and high pressure are separated by a diaphragm. When the diaphragm (make of material copper and aluminum) breaks on predetermined conditions (high pressure in this case) produces shock waves that move from the high-pressure chamber (known the compression chamber or Driver section) for low pressure chamber (known the expansion chamber or Driven section). The objective of this work is the correlate the ignition delay times of convectional Diesel and Biodiesel from soybean oil measured in a shock tube. The results were correlated with the cetane number of respective fuels and compared with the ignition delay times of Diesel and Biodiesel with cetane numbers of known. The ignition delay time of biodiesel from soybean oil was approximately three times greater than the ignition delay time of convectional Diesel. The contribution of this work is that it shows why pure biodiesel should not be used as substitutes for Diesel compression ignition engines without any major changes in the engines.
{"title":"Shock Tube Combustion Analysis","authors":"C. Santana, J. E. Barros","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.96870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96870","url":null,"abstract":"The shock tube is a metal tube that the gas at low pressure and high pressure are separated by a diaphragm. When the diaphragm (make of material copper and aluminum) breaks on predetermined conditions (high pressure in this case) produces shock waves that move from the high-pressure chamber (known the compression chamber or Driver section) for low pressure chamber (known the expansion chamber or Driven section). The objective of this work is the correlate the ignition delay times of convectional Diesel and Biodiesel from soybean oil measured in a shock tube. The results were correlated with the cetane number of respective fuels and compared with the ignition delay times of Diesel and Biodiesel with cetane numbers of known. The ignition delay time of biodiesel from soybean oil was approximately three times greater than the ignition delay time of convectional Diesel. The contribution of this work is that it shows why pure biodiesel should not be used as substitutes for Diesel compression ignition engines without any major changes in the engines.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115626796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99031
K. Greyson
Energy consumption and its environmental impact are now among the most challenging problems in most developing cities. The common sources of energy used as the fuel in transportation sector include gasoline, diesel, natural gas, propane, biofuels, electricity, coal, and hydrogen. However, in Tanzania, diesel and gasoline are still the dominant source of energy used by public and private vehicles. We have experienced significant efforts of converting conventional vehicles (gasoline engines) to operate on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or on hybrid system (gasoline and natural gas) as an alternative source of energy in Tanzania. The CNG is considered as cleaner combustion energy used as a vehicular fuel alternative to gasoline or diesel. In this chapter, the amount of energy consumption from the fuel combustion, the impact of environmental health (toxicity gas emission), the cost of fuel used by the transit buses in terms of fuel energy consumption, and driving profile are discussed. The scope of this work is based on the total energy contained in the fuel only. The ability of the engine to transform the available energy from the fuel into useful work power (efficiency) is left to the designers and manufacturers.
{"title":"Vehicles Power Consumption: Case Study of Dar Rapid Transit Agency (DART) in Tanzania","authors":"K. Greyson","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99031","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption and its environmental impact are now among the most challenging problems in most developing cities. The common sources of energy used as the fuel in transportation sector include gasoline, diesel, natural gas, propane, biofuels, electricity, coal, and hydrogen. However, in Tanzania, diesel and gasoline are still the dominant source of energy used by public and private vehicles. We have experienced significant efforts of converting conventional vehicles (gasoline engines) to operate on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or on hybrid system (gasoline and natural gas) as an alternative source of energy in Tanzania. The CNG is considered as cleaner combustion energy used as a vehicular fuel alternative to gasoline or diesel. In this chapter, the amount of energy consumption from the fuel combustion, the impact of environmental health (toxicity gas emission), the cost of fuel used by the transit buses in terms of fuel energy consumption, and driving profile are discussed. The scope of this work is based on the total energy contained in the fuel only. The ability of the engine to transform the available energy from the fuel into useful work power (efficiency) is left to the designers and manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115947589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.97144
Z. Sroka
It is worth still working on the development of the internal combustion engine, because its time was not yet over. This was demonstrated by the author’s review of the literature, indicating at least the perspective of 2050 the universality of the engine as the primary propulsion or support in hybrid transport units. The presented considerations may have a broader perspective, when the thermodynamic problems of a thermal machine such as an internal combustion engine are indicated. This chapter deals with the issues of changing the swept volume known as downsizing/rightsizing. An equivalent swept volume was introduced, defined by the coefficients determining changes in the cylinder diameter and the stroke of the piston. An attempt was made to find the mutual relations to the efficiency of the work cycle and engine operating parameters. The research methodology was proposed as a mix of laboratory tests and theoretical analyses, on the basis of which it was established that while maintaining the same value of the downsizing index, despite the various permissible combinations of cylinder diameter and piston stroke changes, the cycle efficiency remains unchanged. The engine operating parameters are changing, resulting from the use of support systems for rightsizing geometric changes.
{"title":"Work Cycle of Internal Combustion Engine Due to Rightsizing","authors":"Z. Sroka","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.97144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.97144","url":null,"abstract":"It is worth still working on the development of the internal combustion engine, because its time was not yet over. This was demonstrated by the author’s review of the literature, indicating at least the perspective of 2050 the universality of the engine as the primary propulsion or support in hybrid transport units. The presented considerations may have a broader perspective, when the thermodynamic problems of a thermal machine such as an internal combustion engine are indicated. This chapter deals with the issues of changing the swept volume known as downsizing/rightsizing. An equivalent swept volume was introduced, defined by the coefficients determining changes in the cylinder diameter and the stroke of the piston. An attempt was made to find the mutual relations to the efficiency of the work cycle and engine operating parameters. The research methodology was proposed as a mix of laboratory tests and theoretical analyses, on the basis of which it was established that while maintaining the same value of the downsizing index, despite the various permissible combinations of cylinder diameter and piston stroke changes, the cycle efficiency remains unchanged. The engine operating parameters are changing, resulting from the use of support systems for rightsizing geometric changes.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123087832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96483
Jayashri N. Nair
Fuel conversion efficiency is high with diesel engines compared to petrol engines. However high emissions from diesel is a matter of concern and its mitigation paves way for scope of research. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the method widely accepted to curb NOx emissions. Recently, split or multiple-injection strategy has been explored by researchers to precisely control the fuel injected per cycle and also to mitigate emissions. Present work reflects technical review of effect of injection strategies on performance, emissions and combustion on C.I. engine with diesel and biodiesel as fuel. Injection strategies like duration of injection, number of injections, the dwell period between two injections, quantity of injection, and multiple injections are analyzed for their influence on engine output and brake specific fuel consumption. Also their effect on emissions especially soot and NOx emission are reviewed. First the effect of injection strategies with diesel fuel is discussed followed by biodiesel.
{"title":"Mitigation of Emissions through Injection Strategies for C I Engine","authors":"Jayashri N. Nair","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96483","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel conversion efficiency is high with diesel engines compared to petrol engines. However high emissions from diesel is a matter of concern and its mitigation paves way for scope of research. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the method widely accepted to curb NOx emissions. Recently, split or multiple-injection strategy has been explored by researchers to precisely control the fuel injected per cycle and also to mitigate emissions. Present work reflects technical review of effect of injection strategies on performance, emissions and combustion on C.I. engine with diesel and biodiesel as fuel. Injection strategies like duration of injection, number of injections, the dwell period between two injections, quantity of injection, and multiple injections are analyzed for their influence on engine output and brake specific fuel consumption. Also their effect on emissions especially soot and NOx emission are reviewed. First the effect of injection strategies with diesel fuel is discussed followed by biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117011498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95877
Y. Putrasari, O. Lim
A gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine was proposed to be the next generation internal combustion engine for gasoline. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and intake boosting on combustion and emissions of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends by partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) combustions are investigated in this study. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection CI engine, with 5% by volume proportion of biodiesel in gasoline fuel blends. Engine control parameters (EGR rate, intake boosting rate, and various injection strategies) were adjusted to investigate their influences on combustion and emissions of this GCI engine. It is found that changes in EGR rate, intake boosting pressure and injection strategies affect on ignition delay, maximum pressure rise rate and thermal efficiency which is closely tied to HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions, respectively.
{"title":"Combustion and Emissions of Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Gasoline-Biodiesel Blends","authors":"Y. Putrasari, O. Lim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95877","url":null,"abstract":"A gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine was proposed to be the next generation internal combustion engine for gasoline. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and intake boosting on combustion and emissions of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends by partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) combustions are investigated in this study. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection CI engine, with 5% by volume proportion of biodiesel in gasoline fuel blends. Engine control parameters (EGR rate, intake boosting rate, and various injection strategies) were adjusted to investigate their influences on combustion and emissions of this GCI engine. It is found that changes in EGR rate, intake boosting pressure and injection strategies affect on ignition delay, maximum pressure rise rate and thermal efficiency which is closely tied to HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126202282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95848
Hongliang Luo
Spray-wall impingement is a widespread phenomenon applied in many fields, including spray-wall cooling system, spray coating process and fuel spray and atomization in internal combustion engines. In direct-injection spark ignition (DISI), it is difficult to avoid the fuel film on the piston head and cylinder surfaces. The wet wall caused by impingement affects the air-fuel mixture formation process, which finally influence the subsequent combustion efficiency and performance. Therefore, the fuel spray and impingement under gasoline engine-like conditions were characterized. Mie scattering technique was applied to visualize the spray evolution and impingement processes in a high-pressure and high-temperature constant chamber. Meanwhile, the adhered fuel film on the wall was measured by refractive index matching (RIM) under non-evaporation and evaporation conditions considering the effects of different injection pressures, ambient pressures and ambient temperatures. Additionally, the fuel film formation and evaporation evolution models were proposed with the help of these mechanisms.
{"title":"Experimental Investigations on Fuel Spray and Impingement for Gasoline Direct Injection Engines","authors":"Hongliang Luo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95848","url":null,"abstract":"Spray-wall impingement is a widespread phenomenon applied in many fields, including spray-wall cooling system, spray coating process and fuel spray and atomization in internal combustion engines. In direct-injection spark ignition (DISI), it is difficult to avoid the fuel film on the piston head and cylinder surfaces. The wet wall caused by impingement affects the air-fuel mixture formation process, which finally influence the subsequent combustion efficiency and performance. Therefore, the fuel spray and impingement under gasoline engine-like conditions were characterized. Mie scattering technique was applied to visualize the spray evolution and impingement processes in a high-pressure and high-temperature constant chamber. Meanwhile, the adhered fuel film on the wall was measured by refractive index matching (RIM) under non-evaporation and evaporation conditions considering the effects of different injection pressures, ambient pressures and ambient temperatures. Additionally, the fuel film formation and evaporation evolution models were proposed with the help of these mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":112367,"journal":{"name":"Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121205792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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