Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_518-1
Edwin K. Marshall, Murvyn Sijlbing
{"title":"Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Suriname","authors":"Edwin K. Marshall, Murvyn Sijlbing","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_518-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_518-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"53 83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121742468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_584-1
R. P. Tibok, Wendy Hiew
{"title":"Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Brunei Darussalam","authors":"R. P. Tibok, Wendy Hiew","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_584-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_584-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128350650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Spanish politicians study for time regular how of the lobbies or groups of pressure in Spain, as it happens in other countries in which there exist records of activities and codes of conduct that limit the action of the groups and companies interested in influencing those who write the laws. La regulación de los lobbies en España es una de las tareas que quedan pendientes desde hace casi 40 años, tras llevarse a cabo procesos de transición en casi todos los ámbitos de la vida cotidiana del país. Después de asistir al espectáculo de esa España gobernada por los traficantes de influencias, los grupos de presión y los clanes formados alrededor del dinero del poder, sin orden ni concierto, esa España que basó su crecimiento en la llamada «cultura del pelotazo», trata ahora de acercarse al modelo norteamericano de lobby, a través de un COMUNICACIÓN 21 Número 8 Abril de 2018 2 movimiento encaminado a eliminar los aspectos más peyorativos de esas tres palabras (tráfico de influencias), para alejar la idea de oscuridad que inspira la mera existencia de grupos de presión controlados por fuerzas desconocidas. Esta es la idea de varios de los grupos políticos que se presentan a las elecciones del 20 de diciembre de 2015 en medio, por cierto, de un sin fin de escándalos y operaciones encubiertas manchadas por esa idea oscurantista de obtener contratos a la sombra del poder. No hay que olvidar que en España la expresión equivalente a la inglesa lobby es «grupo de presión». La palabra anglosajona lobby significa literalmente «pasillo» o «antesala». Es una denominación que en España proporciona cierta categoría formal a una actividad que se ha identificado popularmente como «tráfico de influencias». Lo cierto es que al hablar de lobbies en España no sabemos muy bien si nos estamos refiriendo a algo bueno o malo, éticamente admisible o inmoral, o si se trata de una forma edulcorada de mentar a los poderosos grupos de presión que gobiernan la política, la economía, la Justicia y la sociedad en general. Durante el franquismo, y más recientemente, las palabras «grupo de presión» suenan a «gobierno en la sombra», a «poder oculto» y a ese tipo de fuerzas que imponen su voluntad allá donde actúan. Como veremos más adelante, la prensa ha sido responsable en gran medida de que este sentimiento hacia los grupos de presión haya calado en la opinión pública. Pero siempre como reflejo de las reacciones que ha causado el comportamiento de esos grupos en la política y la sociedad. Lobby quiere decir «corredor», «sala de espera». En su sentido derivado designa «toda acción realizada cerca de cualquier autoridad para influir sobre sus decisiones, a través de los métodos que sean, desde la propaganda hábil hasta los medios de intimidación». Jordi Xifrá, estudioso del fenómeno, cita el diccionario Webster para definir el verbo lobby: «Conducir actividades dirigidas a influir a funcionarios públicos y especialmente a miembros de un cuerpo legislativo sobre una legislación u ot
{"title":"Lobbies","authors":"Antonio Merlo","doi":"10.4324/9780429490309-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429490309-7","url":null,"abstract":"The Spanish politicians study for time regular how of the lobbies or groups of pressure in Spain, as it happens in other countries in which there exist records of activities and codes of conduct that limit the action of the groups and companies interested in influencing those who write the laws. La regulación de los lobbies en España es una de las tareas que quedan pendientes desde hace casi 40 años, tras llevarse a cabo procesos de transición en casi todos los ámbitos de la vida cotidiana del país. Después de asistir al espectáculo de esa España gobernada por los traficantes de influencias, los grupos de presión y los clanes formados alrededor del dinero del poder, sin orden ni concierto, esa España que basó su crecimiento en la llamada «cultura del pelotazo», trata ahora de acercarse al modelo norteamericano de lobby, a través de un COMUNICACIÓN 21 Número 8 Abril de 2018 2 movimiento encaminado a eliminar los aspectos más peyorativos de esas tres palabras (tráfico de influencias), para alejar la idea de oscuridad que inspira la mera existencia de grupos de presión controlados por fuerzas desconocidas. Esta es la idea de varios de los grupos políticos que se presentan a las elecciones del 20 de diciembre de 2015 en medio, por cierto, de un sin fin de escándalos y operaciones encubiertas manchadas por esa idea oscurantista de obtener contratos a la sombra del poder. No hay que olvidar que en España la expresión equivalente a la inglesa lobby es «grupo de presión». La palabra anglosajona lobby significa literalmente «pasillo» o «antesala». Es una denominación que en España proporciona cierta categoría formal a una actividad que se ha identificado popularmente como «tráfico de influencias». Lo cierto es que al hablar de lobbies en España no sabemos muy bien si nos estamos refiriendo a algo bueno o malo, éticamente admisible o inmoral, o si se trata de una forma edulcorada de mentar a los poderosos grupos de presión que gobiernan la política, la economía, la Justicia y la sociedad en general. Durante el franquismo, y más recientemente, las palabras «grupo de presión» suenan a «gobierno en la sombra», a «poder oculto» y a ese tipo de fuerzas que imponen su voluntad allá donde actúan. Como veremos más adelante, la prensa ha sido responsable en gran medida de que este sentimiento hacia los grupos de presión haya calado en la opinión pública. Pero siempre como reflejo de las reacciones que ha causado el comportamiento de esos grupos en la política y la sociedad. Lobby quiere decir «corredor», «sala de espera». En su sentido derivado designa «toda acción realizada cerca de cualquier autoridad para influir sobre sus decisiones, a través de los métodos que sean, desde la propaganda hábil hasta los medios de intimidación». Jordi Xifrá, estudioso del fenómeno, cita el diccionario Webster para definir el verbo lobby: «Conducir actividades dirigidas a influir a funcionarios públicos y especialmente a miembros de un cuerpo legislativo sobre una legislación u ot","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114794705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-08DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296811.003.0005
P. Craig
It has become increasingly common for agencies to be deployed in nation states to fulfil certain governmental functions. The same phenomenon has occurred in the EU, especially since the 1990s. This chapter explores the role played by agencies in the EU. The discussion begins with consideration of the rationale for agencies in nation states and the EU respectively, followed by examination as to how EU agencies have evolved. The focus then turns to classification of EU agencies in the light of their powers and functions, and explication of the legal limits that constrain the powers that can be given to EU agencies. The remainder of the chapter analyses the legal, political, and financial mechanisms for controlling agencies and rendering them accountable. The chapter concludes with discussion as to whether the powers of agencies ought to be extended.
{"title":"Agencies","authors":"P. Craig","doi":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296811.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296811.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"It has become increasingly common for agencies to be deployed in nation states to fulfil certain governmental functions. The same phenomenon has occurred in the EU, especially since the 1990s. This chapter explores the role played by agencies in the EU. The discussion begins with consideration of the rationale for agencies in nation states and the EU respectively, followed by examination as to how EU agencies have evolved. The focus then turns to classification of EU agencies in the light of their powers and functions, and explication of the legal limits that constrain the powers that can be given to EU agencies. The remainder of the chapter analyses the legal, political, and financial mechanisms for controlling agencies and rendering them accountable. The chapter concludes with discussion as to whether the powers of agencies ought to be extended.","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124649878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-08DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_479-1
Evelyn Chiyevo Garwe, Juliet Thondhlana
{"title":"Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Zimbabwe","authors":"Evelyn Chiyevo Garwe, Juliet Thondhlana","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_479-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_479-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130754730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-27DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_455-1
J. Jowi
{"title":"Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Kenya","authors":"J. Jowi","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_455-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_455-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115436781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-22DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_189-1
A. Smolentseva
{"title":"Field of Higher Education Research, Russia","authors":"A. Smolentseva","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_189-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_189-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"634 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132754235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_578-1
Sofia Shakil
{"title":"Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Pakistan","authors":"Sofia Shakil","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_578-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_578-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131920468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Key Profession","authors":"H. Perkin","doi":"10.4324/9780429443480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429443480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129544915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_177-2
I. Ordorika, Roberto Rodríguez-Gómez
{"title":"Field of Higher Education Research in Latin America","authors":"I. Ordorika, Roberto Rodríguez-Gómez","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_177-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_177-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113218,"journal":{"name":"The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124029853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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