Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.8
Urszula Garlińska, Robert Śliwiński, Paweł Stępień
{"title":"Heart Like a Bell. Voice Alarm Control and Indicating Equipment","authors":"Urszula Garlińska, Robert Śliwiński, Paweł Stępień","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115310126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.2
Krzysztof Cygańczuk, J. Roguski, J. Tępiński
Aim: This article attempts to provide an insight into the planning and construction of temporary accommodation for those affected by warfare and hu- manitarian disasters. The damage to housing infrastructure is often very extensive and its reconstruction takes up to several years, during which time it is necessary to provide refugees and disaster victims with minimum living conditions until they are able to move into permanent housing facilities. The article further describes the planning process that should be followed before disasters, as well as the types of temporary accommodation and the use of local resources in disaster recovery. Introduction: In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and local armed conflicts. In most cases in- frastructure in disaster areas is severely damaged or completely destroyed. Houses and residential buildings are very vulnerable to damage and are the most visible consequence after disasters. At the same time, for the people affected by these disasters, they are very traumatic experiences. The article describes the key role of temporary housing during the recovery from humanitarian disasters, identifies common problems and provides some suggestions on how to overcome them. Methodology: The paper mainly uses theoretical research methods, including literature analysis and the opinions of international experts who have conducted studies of many humanitarian disasters and warfare. The analysis which was carried out made it possible to establish and present directions for the construction methodology and optimal solutions in the refugee accommodation project. It discusses elements that can be classified as common patterns of temporary accommodation and reviews of both successful and unsuccessful solutions. Conclusions: The article discusses important factors related to humanitarian disaster preparedness and management. In order to assess the prepared- ness of planning and disaster management, the article answers the following questions: what is good planning and management and what is the role of temporary housing? The answer is based on the results of empirical and behavioural research conducted by international experts and UNDRO – the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Keywords: UNDRO, UNHCR, humanitarian disasters, temporary accommodation Type of article: review article
{"title":"Temporary Accommodation Facilities for People Affected by an Emergency or Humanitarian Disaster","authors":"Krzysztof Cygańczuk, J. Roguski, J. Tępiński","doi":"10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This article attempts to provide an insight into the planning and construction of temporary accommodation for those affected by warfare and hu- manitarian disasters. The damage to housing infrastructure is often very extensive and its reconstruction takes up to several years, during which time it is necessary to provide refugees and disaster victims with minimum living conditions until they are able to move into permanent housing facilities. The article further describes the planning process that should be followed before disasters, as well as the types of temporary accommodation and the use of local resources in disaster recovery. Introduction: In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and local armed conflicts. In most cases in- frastructure in disaster areas is severely damaged or completely destroyed. Houses and residential buildings are very vulnerable to damage and are the most visible consequence after disasters. At the same time, for the people affected by these disasters, they are very traumatic experiences. The article describes the key role of temporary housing during the recovery from humanitarian disasters, identifies common problems and provides some suggestions on how to overcome them. Methodology: The paper mainly uses theoretical research methods, including literature analysis and the opinions of international experts who have conducted studies of many humanitarian disasters and warfare. The analysis which was carried out made it possible to establish and present directions for the construction methodology and optimal solutions in the refugee accommodation project. It discusses elements that can be classified as common patterns of temporary accommodation and reviews of both successful and unsuccessful solutions. Conclusions: The article discusses important factors related to humanitarian disaster preparedness and management. In order to assess the prepared- ness of planning and disaster management, the article answers the following questions: what is good planning and management and what is the role of temporary housing? The answer is based on the results of empirical and behavioural research conducted by international experts and UNDRO – the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Keywords: UNDRO, UNHCR, humanitarian disasters, temporary accommodation Type of article: review article","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114485273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.9
Kalina Szafarczyk
{"title":"Reducing the Multi-Sensor Smoke Detectors Susceptibility to False Triggering","authors":"Kalina Szafarczyk","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126680953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.5
J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa, Krzysztof Cygańczuk, P. Lesiak, M. Lewak
Aim: The aim of this article is to determine the characteristics of a pool fire, including the temperatures and thermal radiation densities caused by it. Mappings of pool fires occurring in actual emergency events were conducted by performing large-scale polygon tests. Project and methods: Experimental study of pool fire of technical ethanol was carried out on a specially built test stand in the training area of the Training Centre in Pionki of the Regional Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Warsaw. The pool fire test stand consisted of a test tray, with a test chamber with the diameter of 300 cm, founded on a reinforced concrete slab. Using a developed measurement system with data acquisition that included measurement sensors mounted at defined locations relative to the fire, temperatures and thermal radiation densities were measured at various distances/locations relative to the fire. Metrological data such as air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind direction and speed were monitored and recorded using the weather station. The height of the fire flame was measured by comparing it to racks set up nearby with marked scales of specific lengths. Results: A polygon stand that was built to study pool fires, equipped with a temperature and thermal radiation density measuring system with measuring sensors distributed in defined locations, is discussed. A study of a pool fire resulting from the combustion of dehydrated, fully contaminated ethanol was conducted. The study measured temperatures, thermal radiation densities, and flame heights. The average and maximum values of temperatures and thermal radiation densities during the steady-state combustion stage (i.e., phase II of the fire) were determined. Conclusions: Based on the presented results of temperature and thermal radiation density measurements at various distances/locations relative to the pool fire site, there was a significant effect of wind direction and speed on these values. Higher temperature and heat radiation density were recorded at the sensors on the leeward side than on the windward side. As the wind speed decreased, there was an increase in the temperature values recorded on the thermocouples located above the centre of the bottom of the tray test chamber due to the flame, which, when not blown away, was allowed to rise vertically upward and fully sweep the temperature sensors. Keywords: pool fire, field tests, technical ethanol, temperature, thermal radiation Type of article: original scientific article
{"title":"Testing of Large Scale Pool Fire of Technical Ethanol","authors":"J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa, Krzysztof Cygańczuk, P. Lesiak, M. Lewak","doi":"10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this article is to determine the characteristics of a pool fire, including the temperatures and thermal radiation densities caused by it. Mappings of pool fires occurring in actual emergency events were conducted by performing large-scale polygon tests. Project and methods: Experimental study of pool fire of technical ethanol was carried out on a specially built test stand in the training area of the Training Centre in Pionki of the Regional Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Warsaw. The pool fire test stand consisted of a test tray, with a test chamber with the diameter of 300 cm, founded on a reinforced concrete slab. Using a developed measurement system with data acquisition that included measurement sensors mounted at defined locations relative to the fire, temperatures and thermal radiation densities were measured at various distances/locations relative to the fire. Metrological data such as air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind direction and speed were monitored and recorded using the weather station. The height of the fire flame was measured by comparing it to racks set up nearby with marked scales of specific lengths. Results: A polygon stand that was built to study pool fires, equipped with a temperature and thermal radiation density measuring system with measuring sensors distributed in defined locations, is discussed. A study of a pool fire resulting from the combustion of dehydrated, fully contaminated ethanol was conducted. The study measured temperatures, thermal radiation densities, and flame heights. The average and maximum values of temperatures and thermal radiation densities during the steady-state combustion stage (i.e., phase II of the fire) were determined. Conclusions: Based on the presented results of temperature and thermal radiation density measurements at various distances/locations relative to the pool fire site, there was a significant effect of wind direction and speed on these values. Higher temperature and heat radiation density were recorded at the sensors on the leeward side than on the windward side. As the wind speed decreased, there was an increase in the temperature values recorded on the thermocouples located above the centre of the bottom of the tray test chamber due to the flame, which, when not blown away, was allowed to rise vertically upward and fully sweep the temperature sensors. Keywords: pool fire, field tests, technical ethanol, temperature, thermal radiation Type of article: original scientific article","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126797591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.3
M. Wyszomirska, Adam Konieczny
{"title":"Problems and Directions of Cooperation of the National Rescue and Firefighting System with the Structures of Local Self-Government","authors":"M. Wyszomirska, Adam Konieczny","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133567935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.1
M. Lewak, J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa
Aim: The purpose of this study is to verify the usability of the k-ω SST turbulence model for the description of the combustion process during a vertical propane jet fire. Simulating a jet fire using computational fluid mechanics involves an appropriate selection of a mathematical model to describe the turbulent flow. It is important as the variables from this model also describe the rate of the combustion reaction. As a result, they have an impact on the size and shape of the flame. The selection of an appropriate model should be preceded by preliminary simulations. Project and methods: For this purpose, a vertical jet fire in no wind conditions was selected for simulation. Consequently, it was possible to develop a two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry. A good numerical mesh can be applied to such axisymmetric geometry. Selected process conditions allowed to create an axisymmetric numerical grid. Its values, proving the quality, are shown in a chart demonstrating the distribution of the parameter quality depending on the number of elements from which the numerical grid was built. In the work, a two-stage model of the combustion reaction was selected in order to verify whether the area in which the mole fraction of carbon monoxide will have significant values is so large that the selected kinetic reaction model will have an impact on the flame length. Results: Three simulations of jet fire taking place in the direction opposite to the force of gravity were performed. The simulations performed allowed for setting the basic L f parameter, which determines the flame length. Additionally, the length of the mixing path slift-off, needed to initiate the combustion reaction, was determined. The simulations performed allowed for comparing significant parameters characterizing the flame with the parameters calcu- lated using correlations included in the literature on the subject. Due to this comparison, it was possible to define an interesting scope of research work, because the length of the gas mixing path determined from the CFD simulation differed significantly from the values calculated from the correlation. Conclusions: Interestingly, such large differences between CFD results and correlations were not observed for the L f parameter. The correlations based on the Froude number give slightly higher values of the flame length than the results of the CFD simulation. On the other hand, the correlation based on the Reynolds number gives slightly lower values of the L f parameter than the values obtained from the CFD calculations. This may indicate that the effects related to the inertia forces (Re number) better describe the simulation process conditions than the correlations based on the influence of inertia forces and gravity forces (Fr number). Keywords: jet fire, mathematical modelling, computational fluid dynamics Type of article: short scientific report
{"title":"The Use of the k-ω SST Turbulence Model for Mathematical Modeling of Jet Fire","authors":"M. Lewak, J. Tępiński, Wojciech Klapsa","doi":"10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of this study is to verify the usability of the k-ω SST turbulence model for the description of the combustion process during a vertical propane jet fire. Simulating a jet fire using computational fluid mechanics involves an appropriate selection of a mathematical model to describe the turbulent flow. It is important as the variables from this model also describe the rate of the combustion reaction. As a result, they have an impact on the size and shape of the flame. The selection of an appropriate model should be preceded by preliminary simulations. Project and methods: For this purpose, a vertical jet fire in no wind conditions was selected for simulation. Consequently, it was possible to develop a two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry. A good numerical mesh can be applied to such axisymmetric geometry. Selected process conditions allowed to create an axisymmetric numerical grid. Its values, proving the quality, are shown in a chart demonstrating the distribution of the parameter quality depending on the number of elements from which the numerical grid was built. In the work, a two-stage model of the combustion reaction was selected in order to verify whether the area in which the mole fraction of carbon monoxide will have significant values is so large that the selected kinetic reaction model will have an impact on the flame length. Results: Three simulations of jet fire taking place in the direction opposite to the force of gravity were performed. The simulations performed allowed for setting the basic L f parameter, which determines the flame length. Additionally, the length of the mixing path slift-off, needed to initiate the combustion reaction, was determined. The simulations performed allowed for comparing significant parameters characterizing the flame with the parameters calcu- lated using correlations included in the literature on the subject. Due to this comparison, it was possible to define an interesting scope of research work, because the length of the gas mixing path determined from the CFD simulation differed significantly from the values calculated from the correlation. Conclusions: Interestingly, such large differences between CFD results and correlations were not observed for the L f parameter. The correlations based on the Froude number give slightly higher values of the flame length than the results of the CFD simulation. On the other hand, the correlation based on the Reynolds number gives slightly lower values of the L f parameter than the values obtained from the CFD calculations. This may indicate that the effects related to the inertia forces (Re number) better describe the simulation process conditions than the correlations based on the influence of inertia forces and gravity forces (Fr number). Keywords: jet fire, mathematical modelling, computational fluid dynamics Type of article: short scientific report","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126444608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.7
M. Gwóźdź, M. Marcinowski
Aim: The aim of the article is to verify the fire resistance of aluminum-glass construction partitions with a parallel structure. The paper presents the results of tests in a fire chamber of a selected partition, a leading national manufacturer of aluminum-glass systems. The results of the fire tests were used to validate a simple parallel model of the reliability of non-renewable systems. Introduction: Fire-retardant properties of partitions made of glass and aluminum profiles determine their ability to stop the spread of fire by clos - ing the fire in separate zones. Fire resistance of such partitions is measured according to various criteria, in particular the requirements concern: stability R (glass does not break), tightness E, radiation limitation W and insulation I. The tightness requirement E means that the partition effectively protects the fire compartment against flames, smoke and hot gases. The insulating postulate I means that the average temperature of glass and the profiles on the surface of the partition on the protected side does not exceed the contractual value during the nominal duration of the fire. The measure of fire resistance of a partition is time t, expressed in minutes, in which the structure of an aluminum-glass partition meets one or more of the criteria listed. Methodology: The experimental database consists of the results of routine fire resistance tests of system building partitions obtained in the certification process of selected facade systems. Interpretation of the obtained results of laboratory tests was based on simple models of reliability of non-renewable systems. Conclusions: The graphs of average temperature increase on the outer surface of the tested glass are the same in each case in terms of quality and quantity. Up to about 70% of the nominal fire resistance, the temperature increase is linear, followed by a non-linear phase according to a concave curve. The course of the temperature-rise curves on the outer surface of aluminum profiles is qualitatively different. The graphs are non-linear, convex from the beginning of heating, with the inflection point reached after about 20 minutes of the test. The obtained results may indicate that the multi-chamber structure of aluminum profiles does not ensure a parallel reliability structure, because the object has a quasi-parallel structure. The presented results of the temperature-rise curves and their reliability interpretation require confirmation in further laboratory tests of aluminum-glass partitions with a different structure of panes and profiles. Keywords: glass, partitions, laboratory tests, fire resistance, reliability Type of article: case study
{"title":"Fire Resistance of Aluminum-Glass Partitions with a Parallel Structure of Intumescent Layers","authors":"M. Gwóźdź, M. Marcinowski","doi":"10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.7","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the article is to verify the fire resistance of aluminum-glass construction partitions with a parallel structure. The paper presents the results of tests in a fire chamber of a selected partition, a leading national manufacturer of aluminum-glass systems. The results of the fire tests were used to validate a simple parallel model of the reliability of non-renewable systems. Introduction: Fire-retardant properties of partitions made of glass and aluminum profiles determine their ability to stop the spread of fire by clos - ing the fire in separate zones. Fire resistance of such partitions is measured according to various criteria, in particular the requirements concern: stability R (glass does not break), tightness E, radiation limitation W and insulation I. The tightness requirement E means that the partition effectively protects the fire compartment against flames, smoke and hot gases. The insulating postulate I means that the average temperature of glass and the profiles on the surface of the partition on the protected side does not exceed the contractual value during the nominal duration of the fire. The measure of fire resistance of a partition is time t, expressed in minutes, in which the structure of an aluminum-glass partition meets one or more of the criteria listed. Methodology: The experimental database consists of the results of routine fire resistance tests of system building partitions obtained in the certification process of selected facade systems. Interpretation of the obtained results of laboratory tests was based on simple models of reliability of non-renewable systems. Conclusions: The graphs of average temperature increase on the outer surface of the tested glass are the same in each case in terms of quality and quantity. Up to about 70% of the nominal fire resistance, the temperature increase is linear, followed by a non-linear phase according to a concave curve. The course of the temperature-rise curves on the outer surface of aluminum profiles is qualitatively different. The graphs are non-linear, convex from the beginning of heating, with the inflection point reached after about 20 minutes of the test. The obtained results may indicate that the multi-chamber structure of aluminum profiles does not ensure a parallel reliability structure, because the object has a quasi-parallel structure. The presented results of the temperature-rise curves and their reliability interpretation require confirmation in further laboratory tests of aluminum-glass partitions with a different structure of panes and profiles. Keywords: glass, partitions, laboratory tests, fire resistance, reliability Type of article: case study","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124037608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.2
K. Szulc, M. Cisek, M. Król
{"title":"Evaluation of the Evacuation of People with Disabilities, Using an Evacuation Chair. Research Report","authors":"K. Szulc, M. Cisek, M. Król","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126418121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.3
Piotr Kaczmarzyk, P. Janik, Wojciech Klapsa, Grzegorz Bugaj
Aim: The aim of the article is to indicate the possible scope of application of mobile fans during the execution of rescue actions and identification of the parameters conditioning the effectiveness of using this type of units. Method Design: Mobile overpressure fans are a tool used during rescue operations mainly to remove hot gases and smoke, which accumulate in confined spaces covered by fire – primarily within the evacuation routes, but also in the rooms. In literature there are examples of other uses of the considered fans, e.g. to support the liquidation of fire hazards of free-standing objects (i.e. fires of cars or containers) and the rescue of trapped people in inaccessible spaces by supplying fresh air. This paper, which is based on literature review, is devoted to providing an approximation of the above applications. The effective use of mobile fans requires specialized theoretical and practical preparation. Therefore, the study also identified factors that may determine the successful implementation of the adopted tactical intent, which include in particular: the selection of appropriate openings (outlet and inlet), the selection of the gas exchange path and the proper positioning of a mobile fan. Conclusions: Literature analysis of the problem presented in this paper will be a fundamental point of reference for the research work carried out in subsequent stages related to the evaluation of the efficiency of mobile fans. As part of this work, large-scale tests will be carried out using appropriately designed and constructed test benches to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile units in real conditions. The knowledge gained in this way is intended to serve as material for further considerations on the creation of concepts of both subsequent methodologies and test stands required for their implemen- tation, enabling the verification of parameters characterizing the efficiency and reliability of mobile fans. Keywords: mobile positive pressure fans, tactical mechanical ventilation, rescue operations Type of article: review article
{"title":"Possibilities of Using Mobile Fans and the Parameters Conditioning the Effectiveness of Tactical Mechanical Ventilation","authors":"Piotr Kaczmarzyk, P. Janik, Wojciech Klapsa, Grzegorz Bugaj","doi":"10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the article is to indicate the possible scope of application of mobile fans during the execution of rescue actions and identification of the parameters conditioning the effectiveness of using this type of units. Method Design: Mobile overpressure fans are a tool used during rescue operations mainly to remove hot gases and smoke, which accumulate in confined spaces covered by fire – primarily within the evacuation routes, but also in the rooms. In literature there are examples of other uses of the considered fans, e.g. to support the liquidation of fire hazards of free-standing objects (i.e. fires of cars or containers) and the rescue of trapped people in inaccessible spaces by supplying fresh air. This paper, which is based on literature review, is devoted to providing an approximation of the above applications. The effective use of mobile fans requires specialized theoretical and practical preparation. Therefore, the study also identified factors that may determine the successful implementation of the adopted tactical intent, which include in particular: the selection of appropriate openings (outlet and inlet), the selection of the gas exchange path and the proper positioning of a mobile fan. Conclusions: Literature analysis of the problem presented in this paper will be a fundamental point of reference for the research work carried out in subsequent stages related to the evaluation of the efficiency of mobile fans. As part of this work, large-scale tests will be carried out using appropriately designed and constructed test benches to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile units in real conditions. The knowledge gained in this way is intended to serve as material for further considerations on the creation of concepts of both subsequent methodologies and test stands required for their implemen- tation, enabling the verification of parameters characterizing the efficiency and reliability of mobile fans. Keywords: mobile positive pressure fans, tactical mechanical ventilation, rescue operations Type of article: review article","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125210704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.7
Marek Marzec, Jacek Kuskowski
{"title":"False Alarms in the Decision Support System of the State Fire Service","authors":"Marek Marzec, Jacek Kuskowski","doi":"10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.60.2.2022.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":113945,"journal":{"name":"Safety & Fire Technology","volume":"57 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132184781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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