Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0015
R. McWilliam
Hotels were not new, but the later nineteenth century witnessed a major innovation which shaped the West End: the Grand Hotel. This was part of a global trend with hotels becoming ever larger; monumental landmarks in the urban scene. The chapter decodes the pleasures and significance of the hotel and explores why such elite institutions entered the cultural imagination. It looks in particular at the figures of Richard D’Oyly Carte who built the Ritz, and at César Ritz who then ran it. The hotel aimed to emulate the domestic and provide a home from home. Yet the atmosphere was really a transformation of the domestic. It also reflected the influence of American and Parisian hotels. The Strand and Trafalgar Square were characterized by a profusion of hotels, the product of London’s role as a world city. This chapter explores the domestic interior of the hotel and analyses its different functions
酒店并不新鲜，但19世纪后期见证了一项重大创新，它塑造了伦敦西区:大饭店。这是酒店变得越来越大的全球趋势的一部分;城市中具有纪念意义的地标。这一章解读了酒店的乐趣和意义，并探讨了为什么这样的精英机构进入了文化想象。它特别关注了建造丽兹酒店的理查德·多伊利·卡特(Richard D 'Oyly Carte)和后来经营丽兹酒店的查萨·里兹(csamar Ritz)的人物。这家酒店的目的是模仿国内的，提供一种宾至如归的感觉。然而，当时的气氛确实是一种国内的转变。这也反映了美国和巴黎酒店的影响。斯特兰德街和特拉法加广场的特点是酒店林立，这是伦敦作为世界城市角色的产物。本章探讨了酒店的国内内部，并分析了其不同的功能
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0016
R. McWilliam
This chapter explores the development of West End shopping between 1850 and 1914. The big change was the coming of the department store which in turn transformed Oxford Street in particular. The chapter shows the difference that Selfridge’s made although it argues that smaller shops were at least as important. Both allowed for the feminization of the West End as middle-class women increasingly found a trip into the district essential to keeping up with fashions and constructing the domestic interior. West End shops supplied a form of education in taste, fashion, and status. They dramatized capitalist abundance within a frame shaped by orientalism and cosmopolitanism. The chapter looks in particular at Liberty’s and Selfridge’s but also emphasizes the labour that made shops possible in the form of shopgirls.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0003
R. McWilliam
This chapter explores the little-studied world of early nineteenth century consumerism. It argues that the West End became productive of new forms of shopping aimed principally at an elite market but one that was increasingly colonized by the growing middle classes. It looks at the development of Regent Street, at the construction of shopping arcades (including the Burlington Arcade on Piccadilly) and bazaars that, it argues, anticipated the department store. The chapter also looks at the development of elite tailoring (Savile Row) and the importance of West End bookshops such as Hatchard’s in the construction of intellectual networks.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0014
R. McWilliam
The restaurant in its modern form was an important addition to the nineteenth-century urban landscape. It epitomized the new forms of metropolitan culture. The restaurant is explored here through the way in which it developed forms of commercial hospitality, which were in turn, integral to the discourses of the West End. Pleasure districts function partly through a discourse of hospitality which makes them inviting. Eating out was never just about the consumption of food; it was about the facilitation of forms of social interaction. The chapter looks at elite restaurants such as Romano’s on the Strand, which were crucial to the nightlife of the rich. It then looks at the way the West End developed food for the masses by delving into two business empires. First, it studies the world of Lyons catering, which established a hugely successful franchise of tea shops, starting in the West End. It then looks at the world of the Gattis, who owned cafeterias, music halls, and theatres. The Gatti’s restaurant on the Strand was a major West End venue which attracted middle-class diners in an opulent setting but with affordable prices.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0004
Rohan McWilliam
Chapter 3 explores the world of elite leisure in both its high and low forms to uncover how the aristocracy continued to shape the West End in the first half of the nineteenth century. This chapter is devoted to nightlife and is intended to show that one purpose of pleasure districts was to construct the idea of the night-time economy. The chapter explores the world of gentlemens’ clubs and other locations of masculine pleasure before moving into an examination of opera, ballet, and gambling; both sources of aristocratic networks. The second half of the chapter then looks at the world of low life in the Covent Garden and Maiden Lane areas; territory of the ‘flash’ and the bohemians. Affluent gentlemen explored what they saw as the ‘underworld’. Here was a world of disreputable bars and spaces for popular song. There is a detailed analysis of venues such as the Cider Cellars which shaped the development of popular music and culture with its bawdy ballads.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0006
R. McWilliam
‘Curiosity’ explores the varied world of exhibitions in the West End. The district became home to a variety of popular exhibitions that stood side-by-side with sites of ‘official’ art and culture such as the new National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. The West End visitor could enjoy spectacular panoramas, which dazzled the eye, or poses plastiques where models made classical paintings come to life. There were also freak shows and events where non-white peoples were placed on exhibition. These included the Hottentot Venus and the Aztec Lilliputians. Exhibition-mania was particularly centred on Leicester Square but could also be found on Piccadilly, site of the Egyptian Hall, that offered curiosities, art works, popular lectures, dioramas, and automata. Pleasure districts abounded with what were seen as distorted bodies. This gave them the quality of what Michel Foucault terms ‘heterotopias’ which draw upon, but disturb, the culture at large.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823414.003.0013
R. McWilliam
This chapter identifies the emergence of ‘light entertainment’ in the West End. Linked to music hall, this was a form of performance that was aspirational and less vulgar. It led to the construction of large variety houses such as the London Coliseum. The chapter moves from musical comedy to variety, vaudeville, and the exotic ballets at the Alhambra. These were entertainments that offered sophistication but rarely pretended to be high culture. The chapter examines theatres such as the Alhambra and the Empire variety houses who were attacked because of the sexual nature of their ballets as well as their toleration of prostitutes. The figure who dominates the chapter is the impresario George Edwardes who turned the Gaiety Girl into an icon of the age. Light entertainment was conservative but had its utopian dimensions.
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