Endocrine Connections最新文献

Background: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) profoundly affects patients' quality of life, even in its mild form, yet the underlying factors contributing to this impairment remain underexplored. Recent evidence suggests the potential immune tolerance-inducing effect of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) in the pathogenesis of GO. However, its specific impact on quality of life and its significance in mild GO have not been well characterized.

Methods: This prospective multicenter study included patients with mild GO who were in euthyroidism. Quality of life was assessed using the validated GO-quality of life questionnaire (GO-QoL). Serum IgG4 levels and IgG4/IgG ratios were measured and analyzed in relation to GO-QoL scores and other clinical and biochemical parameters.

Results: Patients with mild GO exhibited significantly impaired quality of life, with the greatest impact seen in the appearance subscale. Notably, serum IgG4 levels were positively correlated with visual functioning scores in the GO-QoL (ρ = 0.248, P = 0.0466). Higher serum IgG4 levels were also associated with less limitation in driving and a longer duration of GO. Moreover, serum IgG4 levels and IgG4/IgG ratios showed significant positive correlations with male sex and clinical activity score.

Conclusions: This study highlights the significant impairment in the quality of life experienced by patients with mild GO and identifies serum IgG4 as a promising indicator for evaluating disease chronicity and quality of life, which may help guide different treatment strategies. Further prospective and basic studies are required to explore the role of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of GO.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) and adverse in-hospital outcomes in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis using the National Inpatient Sample data from 2016 to 2022, identifying 445,863 hospitalizations among adults with diabetes and CBVD. Within this cohort, 4,363 patients had DKA and 1,648 had hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to control for demographic, socioeconomic, admission, comorbidity, and hospital factors.

Results: Our findings revealed that among hospitalized adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and CBVD, patients experiencing DKA had a significantly higher rate of in-hospital mortality compared to those with non-DKA/HHS cases. The likelihood of severe complications was notably increased in DKA patients. Furthermore, DKA hospitalizations were associated with an extended length of stay and an increased financial burden. When compared to HHS patients, those with DKA exhibited a greater risk of mortality, higher rate of complications, and higher resource utilization. In addition, within the cohort of patients with a primary diagnosis of T2DM DKA, those with CBVD had higher resource utilization and an increased incidence of complications.

Conclusions: Patients with DKA and CBVD experienced significantly poorer clinical outcomes and increased healthcare resource utilization compared to those with non-DKA/HHS and HHS. These findings highlight the adverse impact of CBVD on in-hospital outcomes for DKA patients, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention and timely multidisciplinary management strategies for this vulnerable population.

Objective: This study aimed to identify risk factors for osteoporosis (OP) in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and to develop a predictive nomogram for estimating OP risk in this population.

Methods: We retrospectively enrolled PA patients diagnosed at our hospital between January 2020 and December 2024. The dataset was randomly divided into training (n = 185) and validation (n = 79) sets in a 7:3 ratio. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression combined with multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors for OP and construct the nomogram. Model discrimination was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Additional performance assessments included the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results: The study included 264 PA patients (mean age 61.2 ± 10.0 years; 110 men, 154 women), with an OP prevalence of 11.4%. LASSO regression identified seven independent predictors: age, sex, body mass index, diabetes history, fasting insulin, plasma aldosterone concentration, and serum creatinine. The nomogram demonstrated strong predictive performance, with AUC values of 0.931 (95% CI: 0.879-0.982) in the training set and 0.842 (95% CI: 0.749-0.935) in the validation set. Calibration curves and DCA confirmed the model's clinical utility.

Conclusion: The developed nomogram effectively predicts OP risk in PA patients, offering valuable clinical utility for early identification of high-risk individuals.

Background: Alcohol consumption was shown to increase endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), but knowledge about the effect of alcohol cessation on FGF21 is limited. The effects of cigarette smoking and cessation on FGF21 levels are unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate moderate alcohol and cigarette consumption and their cessation on FGF21 levels.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of two prospective intervention studies. Study 1: ten healthy men undergoing a beer or water intervention with blood sampling over 720 min. Differences in FGF21 levels between alcohol and water intake were assessed using a mixed-effect model. Study 2: 144 alcohol-drinking men or women undergoing a 12-week intervention of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist dulaglutide vs placebo on smoking and alcohol cessation. Differences in FGF21 levels after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1 in persistent drinkers/smokers compared to those who had stopped drinking/smoking, were assessed using mixed-effect models.

Results: Study 1: FGF21 levels at 240 min following beer intake were higher compared to water intake (1.386.0 pg/mL (95% CI: 934.55; 1,837.44), P < 0.001). Study 2: participants who stopped drinking alcohol had lower FGF21 levels compared to persistent drinkers (-228.65 pg/mL (95% CI: -440.4; -14.6), P = 0.03). Smoking cessation had no effect on FGF21 levels (P = 0.13).

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a dynamic response in FGF21 levels, with acute moderate alcohol consumption inducing elevated FGF21 levels, and cessation of drinking lowering FGF21 levels, indicative of potential liver recovery. No effect of cigarette smoking cessation on plasma FGF21 levels was observed.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) participates in mediating IR. To investigate the specific role of RIPK2 in IR, this study utilized bovine serum albumin-conjugated palmitic acid (0.5 mmol/L) to create an IR model in rat L6 myotubes, followed by transfection with/without short hairpin RNA against RIPK2 (shRIPK2)/RIPK2 overexpression plasmid, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) overexpression plasmids. The expressions of RIPK2 and XIAP were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified. Western blot was performed to detect the levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2)/ERK1/2, p-p38/p38, and p-serine/threonine kinase (p-AKT)/AKT, as well as the influence of XIAP on RIPK2 ubiquitination. Glucose absorption was quantified using fluorescent probes (2-NBDG). In the IR model, RIPK2 expression was significantly increased, whereas XIAP expression was reduced. RIPK2 overexpression diminished SOD levels, CAT levels, and GPx levels and elevated MDA levels, accompanied by increased p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and p-p38/p38 ratios. Overexpression of RIPK2 lowered glucose absorption and the p-AKT/AKT ratio. RIPK2 was ubiquitinated by XIAP in the IR model. RIPK2 overexpression offset the impact of XIAP overexpression on SOD levels, CAT levels, GPx levels, and MDA levels, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 ratios, and p-p38/p38 ratios. XIAP overexpression enhanced glucose absorption and the p-AKT/AKT ratio. Our results demonstrate that XIAP deficiency reduces RIPK2 ubiquitination, thereby mediating IR in T2DM.

Abstract: Childhood-onset growth-hormone deficiency (GHD) requires growth-hormone therapy (GHT) to optimize final height. GHT may also have benefits after final height is achieved, notably on bone. The objective of this retrospective single-center observational cohort study of patients who had persistent GHD after achieving their final height was to assess bone parameters at the transition to adult care and then more than 6 months later (6.08 (3.33-10.25) years). Bone mineral density (BMD) and Z-score at the lumbar spine and hip were determined. Of 162 patients transitioned to adult care in 1994-2021, 105 received GHT for longer than 6 months (GHT group) and 57 received either no GHT or GHT for less than 6 months (no-GHT group); however, BMD and Z-score data from both evaluations were available for only a minority of patients. Lumbar-spine BMD was significantly higher at the second evaluation in the GHT group than in the no-GHT group (P = 0.034). The lumbar-spine Z-scores at the first and second evaluations were -1.61 and -1.32 in the no-GHT group vs -1.09 and -0.61 in the GHT group (P = 0.047 for the difference in median change over time between groups). Changes in BMD at the lumbar spine and in BMD and Z-score at the femoral neck were not significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest beneficial effects of continued GHT in patients with persistent GHD after final height attainment, adding evidence to continue GH therapy during and after the transition period.

Plain language summary: Children with insufficient growth-hormone levels are given growth-hormone injections to allow them to gain height. Once the final height is achieved, the treatment is often stopped. However, further treatment during the transition to adulthood may have benefits, notably on bone.

Background: Ipilimumab, a CTLA-4 targeting monoclonal antibody, enhances T-cell activation and improves outcomes in various malignancies. However, it is associated with Immune Related Adverse Events (IRAEs), including hypophysitis- a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. This review characterizes the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, and explores its underlying pathophysiology through a case report and literature synthesis.

Methodology: We conducted a systematic review of published cases of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, extracting data on demographics, comorbidities, cancer types, treatment regimens, imaging findings, endocrine dysfunctions, and therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, we present a detailed case report of a 60-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma who developed hypophysitis following ipilimumab-nivolumab combination immunotherapy.

Results: The literature review included 92 patients (mean age 57, 68% male), most commonly treated for melanoma. MRI revealed pituitary abnormalities in 46 patients. The most frequent symptoms were headache and fatigue, with panhypopituitarism and secondary adrenal insufficiency being the most common endocrine manifestations. Glucocorticoids were administered in 86 patients, and 62 required hormone replacement. Only 15/92 patients had full pituitary function recovery. Our case report mirrored these findings, with symptom onset after the third immunotherapy cycle and partial hormonal recovery following steroids.

Conclusions: Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis is a significant IRAE with a variable clinical course and often irreversible endocrine dysfunction. Early recognition and management with glucocorticoids are critical, though long-term hormone replacement is frequently required. The autoimmune pathogenesis, linked to CTLA-4 expression in pituitary cells, underscores the need for further research into predictive markers and preventive strategies.

Objective: The impact of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations on short-term prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains unclear. Clarifying this association may improve early risk stratification and guide timely management. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of TERT promoter mutations on short-term clinical outcomes in PTC and propose an enhanced risk stratification model incorporating TERT status.

Methods: This study analyzed 3,078 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for PTC at a tertiary referral center in South Korea from 2019 to 2021. Among these, 57 had TERT promoter mutations. Using propensity score matching (4:1) by age and sex, 227 patients with wild-type TERT promoter were selected. Short-term outcomes were categorized as no evidence of disease (NED), biochemical incomplete, or structural incomplete response. A novel classification system (risk stratification system-TERT (RSS-T)) integrating TERT status into the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk stratification system was developed to improve risk prediction.

Results: Patients with TERT promoter mutations showed more aggressive disease and received more intensive treatments. Mutation carriers had poorer short-term outcomes, with lower NED rates and higher structural incomplete response rates. Among intermediate- and high-risk groups, TERT promoter mutations were associated with significantly worse outcomes. The RSS-T system demonstrated superior predictive performance over the ATA system.

Conclusion: TERT promoter mutations are associated with poor short-term outcomes in PTC, especially among intermediate- and high-risk patients. Incorporating TERT status into risk stratification can refine initial risk stratification and facilitate the efficient allocation of medical resources for follow-up care after primary treatment.

Context: Primary aldosteronism (PA), the most common and potentially curable cause of secondary hypertension, remains under-investigated in the low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) of South Asia. Given the high population density in South Asia, including Bangladesh, the burden of PA is likely substantial. However, data on its prevalence are scarce.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of PA among hypertensive patients attending an endocrine hypertension clinic at a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh.

Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, consecutive hypertensive patients with a plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) > 50 pmol/mIU underwent a seated saline suppression test (SST). PA was defined as a 4 h post-saline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) > 170 pmol/L. Participants with post-saline PAC ≤ 170 pmol/L were classified as non-PA. In the absence of adrenal vein sampling, subtyping was based on adrenal CT.

Results: Of 365 screened patients (mean age 41.6 ± 12.8 years; 70.7% female), 218 (59.7%) had an ARR > 50 pmol/mIU. Of these, 207 completed the SST, with 114 (31.2% overall) meeting biochemical criteria for PA. Most participants with PA and non-PA were normokalemic, although hypokalemia was significantly more frequent in those with PA (27.7 vs 9.5%; P < 0.001). The majority of patients with PA had controlled office blood pressure on standard antihypertensive medications or stage 1 hypertension; 5.3% had resistant hypertension.

Conclusion: PA appears highly prevalent among hypertensive patients in Bangladesh and often presents without classic features such as hypokalemia or resistant hypertension. These findings support recent guideline recommendations for broader PA screening in all individuals with hypertension to improve detection and cardiovascular outcomes.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma includes papillary (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC). The biological characteristics and prognostic factors of these two carcinomas differ significantly. PTC is generally diagnosed by cytology; large tumor size, clinical node metastasis, and gross extrathyroidal and extranodal tumor invasion are significant prognostic factors for disease recurrence-free survival (DFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). Age is a very important prognostic factor. Young age affects only DFS, whereas old age is related to both DFS and CSS. Aggressive variants, such as tall cell and hobnail variants, high Ki-67 labeling index, and TERT promoter gene mutations, are pathological and molecular prognostic factors. FTC is generally diagnosed based on postoperative pathology. Old age and large tumor size are associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, FTC is classified as minimally invasive, encapsulated angioinvasive, and widely invasive, which are closely related to the prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the grade of vascular invasion is an important prognostic factor, whereas capsular invasion is not, because widely invasive FTC with no vascular invasion has an excellent prognosis. Dynamic markers, such as thyroglobulin doubling rate, metastatic tumor volume-doubling rate, and immunological indicators, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, are useful for predicting the prognosis and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, such as radioactive iodine therapy and molecular targeted therapy for recurrent lesions. Clinicians should accurately evaluate the prognostic markers of PTC and FTC in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative phases.