Pub Date : 2012-03-22DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2012.6217197
Qinghai Gao
The Smart Grid being developed nationwide aims at bringing modern IT network into the industrial control system (ICS) network to more effectively generate, transmission, and distribute electricity. These networks have their unique vulnerabilities and face all types of threats. Interconnecting them will undoubtedly increase complexity, introduce new vulnerabilities and the combined network will become more attractive to hackers. How successful the Smart Grid project can be largely depends on how well it defends against remote network-based attacks. User authentication for accessing the Smart Grid is the first and strongest line of defense against these types of attacks. Modern password based authentication mechanism has been proven inadequate. It is believed that biometric authentication will significantly improve the security of the Smart Grid network. In this paper we propose using biometrics to authenticate users accessing the Smart Grid. Firstly we look at a few biometric traits that have been proposed for user authentication in modern IT network and physical access control. Then we propose privacy-enhanced methods of applying fingerprint for user authentication. The proposed approaches can help relieve user's privacy concern for their fingerprint data, mainly due to its traditional usage for crime and background investigation. Since our methods improve the secrecy of biometric data, they make it possible to include biometrics as a factor in the desired multifactor user authentication for the Smart Grid.
{"title":"Biometric authentication in Smart Grid","authors":"Qinghai Gao","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2012.6217197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2012.6217197","url":null,"abstract":"The Smart Grid being developed nationwide aims at bringing modern IT network into the industrial control system (ICS) network to more effectively generate, transmission, and distribute electricity. These networks have their unique vulnerabilities and face all types of threats. Interconnecting them will undoubtedly increase complexity, introduce new vulnerabilities and the combined network will become more attractive to hackers. How successful the Smart Grid project can be largely depends on how well it defends against remote network-based attacks. User authentication for accessing the Smart Grid is the first and strongest line of defense against these types of attacks. Modern password based authentication mechanism has been proven inadequate. It is believed that biometric authentication will significantly improve the security of the Smart Grid network. In this paper we propose using biometrics to authenticate users accessing the Smart Grid. Firstly we look at a few biometric traits that have been proposed for user authentication in modern IT network and physical access control. Then we propose privacy-enhanced methods of applying fingerprint for user authentication. The proposed approaches can help relieve user's privacy concern for their fingerprint data, mainly due to its traditional usage for crime and background investigation. Since our methods improve the secrecy of biometric data, they make it possible to include biometrics as a factor in the desired multifactor user authentication for the Smart Grid.","PeriodicalId":116769,"journal":{"name":"2012 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132736095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-22DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2012.6217196
A. Pereira, H. Tawfik, D. Mahajan
The Carbon monoxide (CO) present in synthesis gas (syngas) produced by the gasification of biomass is detrimental to the membranes used in Hydrogen (H2) purifiers as well as in proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cells. Thus, CO must be completely removed or considerably reduced in the syngas. The main objective of this paper is to convert CO to Carbon dioxide (CO2) using the Water Gas Shift reaction (WGS) for the cleanup of H2 which is used in PEM fuel cells to produce combined heat and power. In this paper, the conversion performance of a commercially available Copper Zinc oxide (CuZnO) catalyst suspended in Ethylflo-164 oil was evaluated in the WGS reaction using a syngas simulation of 66% H2 and 34% CO. The temperature and steam to CO ratio inside the reactor were found to affect the catalytic activity of CuZnO; therefore, tests were conducted to achieve maximum CO conversion at175°C, 200°C, and 225°C. The best catalytic activity occurred at 225°C as the CO concentration in the output gas was reduced to 3.46%. An increase in the steam to CO ratio further reduced the CO concentration in the output gas at both 175°C and 200°C.The results of this research will eventually be compared to the performance of other catalysts in order to build the most efficient hydrogen synthesizing and purification biomass system at Farmingdale State College. The system will be composed of a gasifier, a WGS reactor, an H2 purification system, and a H2 storage system. The ultra-pure H2 achieved by the entire biomass system will be fed to Hydrogen Fuel Cell systems generating electrical power.
{"title":"Evaluation of the low temperature slurry catalyst, Copper Zinc oxide, in the conversion of Carbon monoxide using the water gas shift reactionfor hydrogen cleanup from biomass","authors":"A. Pereira, H. Tawfik, D. Mahajan","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2012.6217196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2012.6217196","url":null,"abstract":"The Carbon monoxide (CO) present in synthesis gas (syngas) produced by the gasification of biomass is detrimental to the membranes used in Hydrogen (H2) purifiers as well as in proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cells. Thus, CO must be completely removed or considerably reduced in the syngas. The main objective of this paper is to convert CO to Carbon dioxide (CO2) using the Water Gas Shift reaction (WGS) for the cleanup of H2 which is used in PEM fuel cells to produce combined heat and power. In this paper, the conversion performance of a commercially available Copper Zinc oxide (CuZnO) catalyst suspended in Ethylflo-164 oil was evaluated in the WGS reaction using a syngas simulation of 66% H2 and 34% CO. The temperature and steam to CO ratio inside the reactor were found to affect the catalytic activity of CuZnO; therefore, tests were conducted to achieve maximum CO conversion at175°C, 200°C, and 225°C. The best catalytic activity occurred at 225°C as the CO concentration in the output gas was reduced to 3.46%. An increase in the steam to CO ratio further reduced the CO concentration in the output gas at both 175°C and 200°C.The results of this research will eventually be compared to the performance of other catalysts in order to build the most efficient hydrogen synthesizing and purification biomass system at Farmingdale State College. The system will be composed of a gasifier, a WGS reactor, an H2 purification system, and a H2 storage system. The ultra-pure H2 achieved by the entire biomass system will be fed to Hydrogen Fuel Cell systems generating electrical power.","PeriodicalId":116769,"journal":{"name":"2012 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131479710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-22DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2012.6217198
Y. Hung, H. Tawfik, D. Mahajan, M. Zoghi
The optimum operating temperature of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is approximately 80°C. The electrochemical reaction inside a PEM fuel cell stack produces approximately 50% of electrical and 50% of heat energy. The power output of the fuel cell stack is significantly influenced by the humidity and temperature inside the power stack. Therefore, an effective cooling system is necessary for a fuel cell stack to maintain its temperature within an acceptable level to produce optimum power output. In this study, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) computer simulation model of the bipolar plate was developed to conduct a steady-state heat transfer analysis and eliminate the expensive and laborious laboratory testing. Two different air supply systems for PEM fuel cells, namely “forced air” and “forced convection” systems, and two different bipolar plate materials, namely “aluminum” and “graphic composite”, were investigated in the heat transfer analysis. In addition, an air cooling fin was designed and integrated into a bipolar plate as a part of a power stack in order to dissipate the excessive heat and maintain the operating temperature at 80°C or less. The results show that cooling fin design can produce effective cooling mechanism for 4.8 mm thick bipolar plates.
{"title":"Heat transfer analysis of air cooling in forced air and forced convection PEM fuel cells","authors":"Y. Hung, H. Tawfik, D. Mahajan, M. Zoghi","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2012.6217198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2012.6217198","url":null,"abstract":"The optimum operating temperature of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is approximately 80°C. The electrochemical reaction inside a PEM fuel cell stack produces approximately 50% of electrical and 50% of heat energy. The power output of the fuel cell stack is significantly influenced by the humidity and temperature inside the power stack. Therefore, an effective cooling system is necessary for a fuel cell stack to maintain its temperature within an acceptable level to produce optimum power output. In this study, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) computer simulation model of the bipolar plate was developed to conduct a steady-state heat transfer analysis and eliminate the expensive and laborious laboratory testing. Two different air supply systems for PEM fuel cells, namely “forced air” and “forced convection” systems, and two different bipolar plate materials, namely “aluminum” and “graphic composite”, were investigated in the heat transfer analysis. In addition, an air cooling fin was designed and integrated into a bipolar plate as a part of a power stack in order to dissipate the excessive heat and maintain the operating temperature at 80°C or less. The results show that cooling fin design can produce effective cooling mechanism for 4.8 mm thick bipolar plates.","PeriodicalId":116769,"journal":{"name":"2012 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128427048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-22DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2012.6217195
A. Beyene, J. Hochman
Many incentive programs have been developed in California over the past several years to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency, and have undergone modifications to better suit and promote new types of self-generating energy technologies. The Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) is one of the largest state-level energy incentive programs, established by the state of California in 2001. The SGIP emerged as a result of the California energy crisis in the year 2000 - to address the rising electricity demand. One of the major target areas of this program is the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) market. At least one major status review of the CHP incentive and implementation has been conducted by the Itron group. This study revealed that many of the CHP facilities were not meeting the required efficiencies related to Section 218.5 of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). A number of improvements in design and operational aspects of CHP were recommended by the Itron group as a result. More recently, The California Energy Commission (CEC) supported this project to conduct a field survey and review operational status of CHP systems. The field data suggest that there are a number of areas related to system design, operation, control, as well as maintenance that need to be improved in order to make CHP a viable technology. This paper presents these challenges as they relate to the future of the CHP industry in California, with ideas included for how a smart grid might serve to meet some of these challenges and create new opportunities.
{"title":"The CHP experience in California: Inputs from the field","authors":"A. Beyene, J. Hochman","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2012.6217195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2012.6217195","url":null,"abstract":"Many incentive programs have been developed in California over the past several years to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency, and have undergone modifications to better suit and promote new types of self-generating energy technologies. The Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) is one of the largest state-level energy incentive programs, established by the state of California in 2001. The SGIP emerged as a result of the California energy crisis in the year 2000 - to address the rising electricity demand. One of the major target areas of this program is the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) market. At least one major status review of the CHP incentive and implementation has been conducted by the Itron group. This study revealed that many of the CHP facilities were not meeting the required efficiencies related to Section 218.5 of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). A number of improvements in design and operational aspects of CHP were recommended by the Itron group as a result. More recently, The California Energy Commission (CEC) supported this project to conduct a field survey and review operational status of CHP systems. The field data suggest that there are a number of areas related to system design, operation, control, as well as maintenance that need to be improved in order to make CHP a viable technology. This paper presents these challenges as they relate to the future of the CHP industry in California, with ideas included for how a smart grid might serve to meet some of these challenges and create new opportunities.","PeriodicalId":116769,"journal":{"name":"2012 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121201759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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