Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00007
N. Randeraad
L was the fountainhead of international statistics. Adolphe Quetelet enjoyed visiting the British capital. Early in his career he had discovered that many British thinkers shared his vision of statistics. He had a hand in the establishment of the Statistical Section (Section F) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society of London. In 1851 he chose the Great Exhibition of London as the stage for launching the European statistical congress. He expected the British to be very supportive and the Crystal Palace seemed the ideal place to introduce the international plans being developed by statisticians. The immense exhibition building defied the imagination and exuded confidence in the future. No cast-iron structure had ever been built on this scale. Joseph Paxton, a former gardener, had designed a modern, covered Garden of Eden. It was surrounded by pavilions displaying the most amazing and ingenious inventions of the day and in the centre there were fountains, boscages and towering elms. Birds flew around overhead. It was as if you could touch the sky, which is precisely what statisticians wanted to do. Statisticians found an attentive listener in Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s German husband and the initiator of the Great Exhibition. As a former student of Adolphe Quetelet, he was well-versed in statistics. He became the patron and honorary chairman of the Statistical Society of London shortly after his marriage and relocation to Britain in 1840. There is no doubt that he was an active proponent of his former teacher’s plans in 1851 and, wherever possible, mobilised scientists to support the initiative. When the fourth international statistical congress was held in London in 1860, there was no one better suited to opening the proceedings than Prince Albert. Quetelet and the Prince corresponded regularly. In 1859, on behalf of the statistics community Quetelet invited the Prince to attend the forthcoming congress.1 The organisers had apparently intended to convene the congress in the summer of 1859, but the
L是国际统计学的鼻祖。阿道夫·奎特莱喜欢参观英国首都。在他职业生涯的早期，他发现许多英国思想家对统计学的看法与他相同。他参与了英国科学促进会(British Association for the Advancement of Science)和伦敦统计学会(Statistical Society of London)统计分会(Section F)的建立。1851年，他选择伦敦大展览作为发起欧洲统计大会的舞台。他预计英国人会非常支持，水晶宫似乎是介绍统计学家正在制定的国际计划的理想场所。巨大的展览馆打破了人们的想象，流露出对未来的信心。从未有过如此规模的铸铁建筑。约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)曾是一名园丁，他设计了一个现代化的、有顶棚的伊甸园。它的周围是亭子，展示着当时最令人惊奇和最巧妙的发明，在中心有喷泉、鲜花和高耸的榆树。鸟儿在头顶上飞来飞去。就好像你可以触摸到天空，这正是统计学家想要做的。统计学家发现，维多利亚女王的德国丈夫、大展览的发起者阿尔伯特亲王(Prince Albert)就是一位细心的听众。作为阿道夫·奎特莱以前的学生，他精通统计学。他在1840年结婚并移居英国后不久就成为了伦敦统计学会的赞助人和名誉主席。毫无疑问，他在1851年积极支持他以前的老师的计划，并在任何可能的情况下动员科学家支持这一倡议。1860年，当第四届国际统计大会在伦敦召开时，没有人比阿尔伯特亲王更适合在会议上发言。奎特莱和王子经常通信。1859年，奎特莱代表统计界邀请王子参加即将召开的国会组织者显然打算在1859年夏天召开代表大会，但是
{"title":"On waves of passion: London 1860","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00007","url":null,"abstract":"L was the fountainhead of international statistics. Adolphe Quetelet enjoyed visiting the British capital. Early in his career he had discovered that many British thinkers shared his vision of statistics. He had a hand in the establishment of the Statistical Section (Section F) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society of London. In 1851 he chose the Great Exhibition of London as the stage for launching the European statistical congress. He expected the British to be very supportive and the Crystal Palace seemed the ideal place to introduce the international plans being developed by statisticians. The immense exhibition building defied the imagination and exuded confidence in the future. No cast-iron structure had ever been built on this scale. Joseph Paxton, a former gardener, had designed a modern, covered Garden of Eden. It was surrounded by pavilions displaying the most amazing and ingenious inventions of the day and in the centre there were fountains, boscages and towering elms. Birds flew around overhead. It was as if you could touch the sky, which is precisely what statisticians wanted to do. Statisticians found an attentive listener in Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s German husband and the initiator of the Great Exhibition. As a former student of Adolphe Quetelet, he was well-versed in statistics. He became the patron and honorary chairman of the Statistical Society of London shortly after his marriage and relocation to Britain in 1840. There is no doubt that he was an active proponent of his former teacher’s plans in 1851 and, wherever possible, mobilised scientists to support the initiative. When the fourth international statistical congress was held in London in 1860, there was no one better suited to opening the proceedings than Prince Albert. Quetelet and the Prince corresponded regularly. In 1859, on behalf of the statistics community Quetelet invited the Prince to attend the forthcoming congress.1 The organisers had apparently intended to convene the congress in the summer of 1859, but the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123281130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00001
N. Randeraad
{"title":"Front matter","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134431371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00010
N. Randeraad
K Baedeker’s travel guide to Belgium and Holland said of The Hague that no other Dutch city had so many pretty, broad streets, tall stately homes and large open squares.1 A person who had not visited any other major European city might well think that The Hague was a resplendent place, comparable to the grand capitals of nineteenth-century Europe. But people arriving from Paris, London, St Petersburg, Vienna, Brussels, Rome or Berlin – like the foreign guests of the seventh international statistical congress – would have thought they had landed in a provincial town. The city centre must have made a modest, even small-town, impression. According to the census conducted at the end of 1869, The Hague had a population of just over 90,000, far less than the cities where the congress had been held before. You could walk across the entire city in a good quarter of an hour. In those days, Hollandsche Spoor railway station lay outside the city limits. One side of Stationsweg, the road that ran straight to the city centre from the station, offered ‘a free and unobstructed view ... charmingly alternated with tastefully planted pleasure gardens, straight leafy lanes, fertile orchards and opulent fields, ornamented with handsome, gambolling livestock’.2 So much green in and around the city was an important feature of the urban landscape at a time when the pleasure of the respectable bourgeoisie depended on beauty, refined entertainments and fresh air. The Hague was the appropriate setting for the seat of government of a nation that proudly displayed its conventionality and self-restraint, preferably within view of the neighbours. Anno 1869 the city was worthy of its stately full name, ’s-Gravenhage. The population of The Hague grew steadily throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, not because local trade and industry had any particular pulling power but because of the influx of civil servants, diplomats and servants of the Royal Household. From 1830 onward, the government was no longer
{"title":"Small gestures in a big world: The Hague 1869","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00010","url":null,"abstract":"K Baedeker’s travel guide to Belgium and Holland said of The Hague that no other Dutch city had so many pretty, broad streets, tall stately homes and large open squares.1 A person who had not visited any other major European city might well think that The Hague was a resplendent place, comparable to the grand capitals of nineteenth-century Europe. But people arriving from Paris, London, St Petersburg, Vienna, Brussels, Rome or Berlin – like the foreign guests of the seventh international statistical congress – would have thought they had landed in a provincial town. The city centre must have made a modest, even small-town, impression. According to the census conducted at the end of 1869, The Hague had a population of just over 90,000, far less than the cities where the congress had been held before. You could walk across the entire city in a good quarter of an hour. In those days, Hollandsche Spoor railway station lay outside the city limits. One side of Stationsweg, the road that ran straight to the city centre from the station, offered ‘a free and unobstructed view ... charmingly alternated with tastefully planted pleasure gardens, straight leafy lanes, fertile orchards and opulent fields, ornamented with handsome, gambolling livestock’.2 So much green in and around the city was an important feature of the urban landscape at a time when the pleasure of the respectable bourgeoisie depended on beauty, refined entertainments and fresh air. The Hague was the appropriate setting for the seat of government of a nation that proudly displayed its conventionality and self-restraint, preferably within view of the neighbours. Anno 1869 the city was worthy of its stately full name, ’s-Gravenhage. The population of The Hague grew steadily throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, not because local trade and industry had any particular pulling power but because of the influx of civil servants, diplomats and servants of the Royal Household. From 1830 onward, the government was no longer","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123200955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00005
N. Randeraad
I 1855 Parisians believed that their city was the centre of the world. On 15 May of that year emperor Napoleon III opened the second World’s Fair, which would attract over five million visitors. To Napoleon, this exposition was the international affirmation of his reign. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the third son of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, king of Holland, was elected president of the new French Republic in 1848. In 1852, he abandoned his republican ideals and had himself crowned emperor Napoleon III of France. He ordered the construction of the Palais de l’Industrie, a magnificent structure of glass and iron between the Champs-Élysées and the river Seine. The design was reminiscent of the Crystal Palace in London, which had been built for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The colossal Palais provided accommodation for the 21,779 industrial exhibitors. At 250 metres long, 108 metres wide and 35 metres high, it was one of the largest, if not the most elegant, modern structures in Paris according to the Baedeker of 1878. The exposition’s 2,175 fine art entries were housed in a separate building, the Palais des Beaux-Arts. The construction of the palaces was an integral part of the grandiose urban renewal project that the emperor asked prefect Georges Haussmann to carry out in 1853. The visitors to the World’s Fair witnessed the beginning of a demolition and construction craze that would grip the city for years to come. Napoleon also employed less peaceful means to raise the prestige of his empire. In 1854, France and Britain declared war on Russia. The Crimean War would reach a tragic low point with the siege of Sevastopol, which coincided with the Paris exposition. The siege came to an end when the French breached the Malakoff bastion on 8 September, two days before the opening of the second international statistical congress. The congress delegates were not especially concerned with the Crimean War. Nevertheless, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici, who represented the
1855年，巴黎人认为他们的城市是世界的中心。同年5月15日，皇帝拿破仑三世为第二届世界博览会揭幕，吸引了500多万游客。对拿破仑来说，这番讲话是国际上对他统治的肯定。查尔斯·路易·拿破仑·波拿巴是荷兰国王路易·拿破仑·波拿巴的第三个儿子，1848年当选新法兰西共和国总统。1852年，他放弃了自己的共和理想，把自己加冕为法国皇帝拿破仑三世。他下令在香榭丽舍-Élysées和塞纳河之间建造一座宏伟的玻璃和铁结构的工业宫。这个设计让人想起伦敦的水晶宫，它是为1851年的世界博览会而建的。这座巨大的宫殿为21779名工业参展商提供了住宿。它长250米，宽108米，高35米，根据1878年的Baedeker，它是巴黎最大的现代建筑之一，如果不是最优雅的建筑的话。博览会的2175件精美艺术品被安置在另一栋建筑里，即美术宫(Palais des Beaux-Arts)。宫殿的建造是1853年皇帝要求总督乔治·豪斯曼(Georges Haussmann)实施的宏伟城市改造计划的组成部分。世博会的参观者见证了一场拆除和建设热潮的开始，这场热潮将在未来几年席卷这座城市。拿破仑还采用了不那么和平的手段来提高帝国的威望。1854年，法国和英国向俄国宣战。随着塞瓦斯托波尔被围困，克里米亚战争达到了悲剧性的低谷，而塞瓦斯托波尔与巴黎博览会同时发生。9月8日，在第二届国际统计大会开幕的前两天，法国人攻破了马拉科夫堡垒，围攻终于结束了。与会代表并不特别关心克里米亚战争。然而，卡尔·弗里德里希·威廉·迪特里奇，他代表
{"title":"All the world’s a stage: Paris 1855","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00005","url":null,"abstract":"I 1855 Parisians believed that their city was the centre of the world. On 15 May of that year emperor Napoleon III opened the second World’s Fair, which would attract over five million visitors. To Napoleon, this exposition was the international affirmation of his reign. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the third son of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, king of Holland, was elected president of the new French Republic in 1848. In 1852, he abandoned his republican ideals and had himself crowned emperor Napoleon III of France. He ordered the construction of the Palais de l’Industrie, a magnificent structure of glass and iron between the Champs-Élysées and the river Seine. The design was reminiscent of the Crystal Palace in London, which had been built for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The colossal Palais provided accommodation for the 21,779 industrial exhibitors. At 250 metres long, 108 metres wide and 35 metres high, it was one of the largest, if not the most elegant, modern structures in Paris according to the Baedeker of 1878. The exposition’s 2,175 fine art entries were housed in a separate building, the Palais des Beaux-Arts. The construction of the palaces was an integral part of the grandiose urban renewal project that the emperor asked prefect Georges Haussmann to carry out in 1853. The visitors to the World’s Fair witnessed the beginning of a demolition and construction craze that would grip the city for years to come. Napoleon also employed less peaceful means to raise the prestige of his empire. In 1854, France and Britain declared war on Russia. The Crimean War would reach a tragic low point with the siege of Sevastopol, which coincided with the Paris exposition. The siege came to an end when the French breached the Malakoff bastion on 8 September, two days before the opening of the second international statistical congress. The congress delegates were not especially concerned with the Crimean War. Nevertheless, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici, who represented the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126750609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00012
Nico Randeraad
{"title":"Afterword","authors":"Nico Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130351029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00014
Nico Randeraad
{"title":"Index","authors":"Nico Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130523438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.7765/9781526147530.00011
N. Randeraad
R and Hungary, the hosts of the last two editions of the international statistical congress, worked hard to prepare and execute the task entrusted to them. The St Petersburg congress was probably the most stylish of all the congresses, and that had everything to do with the city itself. In the course of the nineteenth century St Petersburg acquired the qualities of a European capital. Between 1800 and 1850 the population grew from 220,000 to 487,000. By 1869 the city had 550,000 inhabitants and by 1890 over one million. Infrastructural improvements were made as the city industrialised. Railway connections established with Warsaw and Tallinn in 1862 intensified St Petersburg’s economic and cultural contacts with north-western Europe. The cityscape assumed an international elegance. Théophile Gautier noted in his account of his travels in Russia that Nevski Prospekt was teeming with carriages, and the scene even surpassed the bustle of Paris at times.1 The ‘Passage’, a magnificent two-storey arcade housing a theatre, shops and cafés, and featuring a glass roof, opened on Nevski Prospekt at the end of the 1840s. The enormous St Isaac’s cathedral was completed in 1856. At the time, its dome was the third largest in the world. The nobility and the nouveau riche had mansions built in eclectic styles in a departure from the harmony of the eighteenth century. Tranquillity gave way to excitement. Musicians, painters and dancers sought and found access to the ultimate in European modernity. Max Nordau, a correspondent from the Pester Lloyd who visited the city to cover the creation of the Three Emperors’ League in 1873, was overwhelmed by the contrasts between Budapest, his city of birth, and the Russian capital. In his eyes, St Petersburg in the 1870s was comparable to Vienna before the revolution of 1848 and Paris in the heyday of the Second Empire: the city ‘revels in enjoyments with an intensity of which even the hedonistic Romans were incapable’.2 The participants of the St Petersburg congress stayed in the best hotels in the
{"title":"‘Sadder and wiser’: St Petersburg 1872 and Budapest 1876","authors":"N. Randeraad","doi":"10.7765/9781526147530.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147530.00011","url":null,"abstract":"R and Hungary, the hosts of the last two editions of the international statistical congress, worked hard to prepare and execute the task entrusted to them. The St Petersburg congress was probably the most stylish of all the congresses, and that had everything to do with the city itself. In the course of the nineteenth century St Petersburg acquired the qualities of a European capital. Between 1800 and 1850 the population grew from 220,000 to 487,000. By 1869 the city had 550,000 inhabitants and by 1890 over one million. Infrastructural improvements were made as the city industrialised. Railway connections established with Warsaw and Tallinn in 1862 intensified St Petersburg’s economic and cultural contacts with north-western Europe. The cityscape assumed an international elegance. Théophile Gautier noted in his account of his travels in Russia that Nevski Prospekt was teeming with carriages, and the scene even surpassed the bustle of Paris at times.1 The ‘Passage’, a magnificent two-storey arcade housing a theatre, shops and cafés, and featuring a glass roof, opened on Nevski Prospekt at the end of the 1840s. The enormous St Isaac’s cathedral was completed in 1856. At the time, its dome was the third largest in the world. The nobility and the nouveau riche had mansions built in eclectic styles in a departure from the harmony of the eighteenth century. Tranquillity gave way to excitement. Musicians, painters and dancers sought and found access to the ultimate in European modernity. Max Nordau, a correspondent from the Pester Lloyd who visited the city to cover the creation of the Three Emperors’ League in 1873, was overwhelmed by the contrasts between Budapest, his city of birth, and the Russian capital. In his eyes, St Petersburg in the 1870s was comparable to Vienna before the revolution of 1848 and Paris in the heyday of the Second Empire: the city ‘revels in enjoyments with an intensity of which even the hedonistic Romans were incapable’.2 The participants of the St Petersburg congress stayed in the best hotels in the","PeriodicalId":116825,"journal":{"name":"States and statistics in the nineteenth century","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116044385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：