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Parasitisation activity of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax zaraptor, pupal parasitoids of Musca domestica
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13513
Sara D'Arco, Elena Costi, Letizia Prodi, Tutku Yatman, Lara Maistrello

The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant pest in livestock farms and a major concern for both humans and farmed animals due to its ability to transmit over 200 pathogens. The use of pupal parasitoids is a sustainable strategy for controlling this pest. Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Spalangiidae) and Muscidifurax zaraptor Girault & Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are commonly used as biocontrol agents for M. domestica. The objective of this study was to determine the oviposition peak of female parasitoids in relation to their age and the sex ratio of the adult progeny. For both species, 20 fresh M. domestica pupae (24–48 h old) were provided daily to each fertilised female for 14 days, after which the pupae were checked for parasitoid emergence. A control group of 20 pupae without female parasitoids was maintained. The results showed that S. cameroni had a higher overall percentage of parasitisation (57.7%) compared with M. zaraptor (32.4%). The parasitisation ratio of S. cameroni remained almost constant throughout the 14-day period, whereas that of M. zaraptor decreased drastically after Day 11. Peak oviposition for S. cameroni was on Day 5 with 13 parasitised pupae per female, whereas M. zaraptor parasitised eight pupae per day on 4 days during its peak oviposition period (between Days 3 and 8). The newly emerged parasitoids had a skewed sex ratio towards females: 81% for S. cameroni and 66% for M. zaraptor. The presence of these parasitoid species resulted in fewer new house fly emergences than in the control group, where natural pupal mortality was lower in the absence of parasitoids. These findings may be useful for optimising the mass production and time-use of the two parasitoid species for the management of house flies in livestock farms.

{"title":"Parasitisation activity of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax zaraptor, pupal parasitoids of Musca domestica","authors":"Sara D'Arco,&nbsp;Elena Costi,&nbsp;Letizia Prodi,&nbsp;Tutku Yatman,&nbsp;Lara Maistrello","doi":"10.1111/eea.13513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13513","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The house fly, <i>Musca domestica</i> L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant pest in livestock farms and a major concern for both humans and farmed animals due to its ability to transmit over 200 pathogens. The use of pupal parasitoids is a sustainable strategy for controlling this pest. <i>Spalangia cameroni</i> Perkins (Hymenoptera: Spalangiidae) and <i>Muscidifurax zaraptor</i> Girault &amp; Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are commonly used as biocontrol agents for <i>M. domestica</i>. The objective of this study was to determine the oviposition peak of female parasitoids in relation to their age and the sex ratio of the adult progeny. For both species, 20 fresh <i>M. domestica</i> pupae (24–48 h old) were provided daily to each fertilised female for 14 days, after which the pupae were checked for parasitoid emergence. A control group of 20 pupae without female parasitoids was maintained. The results showed that <i>S. cameroni</i> had a higher overall percentage of parasitisation (57.7%) compared with <i>M. zaraptor</i> (32.4%). The parasitisation ratio of <i>S. cameroni</i> remained almost constant throughout the 14-day period, whereas that of <i>M. zaraptor</i> decreased drastically after Day 11. Peak oviposition for <i>S. cameroni</i> was on Day 5 with 13 parasitised pupae per female, whereas <i>M. zaraptor</i> parasitised eight pupae per day on 4 days during its peak oviposition period (between Days 3 and 8). The newly emerged parasitoids had a skewed sex ratio towards females: 81% for <i>S. cameroni</i> and 66% for <i>M. zaraptor</i>. The presence of these parasitoid species resulted in fewer new house fly emergences than in the control group, where natural pupal mortality was lower in the absence of parasitoids. These findings may be useful for optimising the mass production and time-use of the two parasitoid species for the management of house flies in livestock farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 1","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can parasitoid strains from different hosts and over four generations modify the chemotactic behavior and parasitism of Aphidius platensis?
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13511
Carlos Diego Ribeiro dos Santos, Josué Sant'Ana, Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli, Priscila de Carvalho Engel, Taís Tainá de Menezes Valentim

Aphidius platensis Brèthes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid of cereal aphids. Its foraging, recognition, and host acceptance processes may be related to chemical cues inherited from the host during development. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the maternal host, that is, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Rp), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Sg) (from the Aphidini tribe), Metopolophium dirhodum Walker (Md), and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (from the Macrosiphini tribe) (all Hemiptera: Aphididae) on parasitism and chemotactic responses of A. platensis. Parasitism by A. platensis was investigated in non-choice bioassays along four generations, as well as in choice bioassays. Females originating from a S. graminum laboratory colony (SgLab) were reared for four generations on all four aphid species. Chemotaxis experiments were conducted in a four-armed olfactometer with two A. platensis strains: one originated from SgLab and another after three generations on Rp (RpF4), both exposed to the four aphid species simultaneously. The highest SgLab A. platensis parasitism rates, in both choice and non-choice tests, were observed on S. graminum, followed by R. padi and S. avenae. No parasitized hosts were found in M. dirhodum. Furthermore, SgLab A. platensis exhibited a stronger attraction to the odors emitted by S. graminum. However, after the third generation on R. padi (RpF4), A. platensis behavior altered, displaying a preference for R. padi over S. graminum, both in terms of parasitism and chemotactic responses. In conclusion, A. platensis showed a preference for hosts within the Aphidini tribe, indicating innate affinities. Nevertheless, its preference can be modified within this tribe based on the chemical cues inherited from the host during development.

{"title":"Can parasitoid strains from different hosts and over four generations modify the chemotactic behavior and parasitism of Aphidius platensis?","authors":"Carlos Diego Ribeiro dos Santos,&nbsp;Josué Sant'Ana,&nbsp;Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli,&nbsp;Priscila de Carvalho Engel,&nbsp;Taís Tainá de Menezes Valentim","doi":"10.1111/eea.13511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Aphidius platensis</i> Brèthes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid of cereal aphids. Its foraging, recognition, and host acceptance processes may be related to chemical cues inherited from the host during development. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the maternal host, that is, <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i> (L.) (Rp), <i>Schizaphis graminum</i> (Rondani) (Sg) (from the Aphidini tribe), <i>Metopolophium dirhodum</i> Walker (Md), and <i>Sitobion avenae</i> (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (from the Macrosiphini tribe) (all Hemiptera: Aphididae) on parasitism and chemotactic responses of <i>A. platensis</i>. Parasitism by <i>A. platensis</i> was investigated in non-choice bioassays along four generations, as well as in choice bioassays. Females originating from a <i>S. graminum</i> laboratory colony (SgLab) were reared for four generations on all four aphid species. Chemotaxis experiments were conducted in a four-armed olfactometer with two <i>A. platensis</i> strains: one originated from SgLab and another after three generations on Rp (RpF4), both exposed to the four aphid species simultaneously. The highest SgLab <i>A. platensis</i> parasitism rates, in both choice and non-choice tests, were observed on <i>S. graminum</i>, followed by <i>R. padi</i> and <i>S. avenae</i>. No parasitized hosts were found in <i>M. dirhodum</i>. Furthermore, SgLab <i>A. platensis</i> exhibited a stronger attraction to the odors emitted by <i>S. graminum</i>. However, after the third generation on <i>R. padi</i> (RpF4), <i>A. platensis</i> behavior altered, displaying a preference for <i>R. padi</i> over <i>S. graminum</i>, both in terms of parasitism and chemotactic responses. In conclusion, <i>A. platensis</i> showed a preference for hosts within the Aphidini tribe, indicating innate affinities. Nevertheless, its preference can be modified within this tribe based on the chemical cues inherited from the host during development.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 1","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fall armyworm females choose host plants that are detrimental to their offspring's performance but young larvae amend their mother's choices
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13512
Fabián R. Ortiz-Carreón, Julio S. Bernal, Julio C. Rojas, Leopoldo Cruz-López, Michael V. Kolomiets, Edi A. Malo

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has a long association with maize (Zea mays mays L., Poaceae) and is among the crop's most significant pests worldwide. We contrasted the preference for and performance of FAW on three maize cultivars: the Mexican landrace Tuxpeño, the USA inbred B73 and B73-lox10; B73-lox10 is deficient in production of jasmonic acid (JA), green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Female oviposition and neonate colonization preferences were assessed in triple-choice tests in greenhouse settings. Performance was assessed on the bases of larval, pupal and adult weights, larval and pupal development times, and adult longevity. We expected females to preferentially oviposit on plants on which their offspring performed best, and neonates to randomly colonize plants because they disperse aerially, presumably oriented solely by wind currents. Females preferred to oviposit on Tuxpeño plants, followed by B73-lox10 and B73 plants, whereas their offspring performed best on B73-lox10 and poorest on Tuxpeño. In contrast, neonates preferentially colonized plants on which they performed best, B73-lox10, though initially and transiently they colonized plants on which they performed poorly, B73 and Tuxpeño. Altogether, our results showed that FAW females preferred to oviposit on maize plants on which their offspring's performance was poorest (Tuxpeño), and neonates preferentially colonized plants on which their own performance was best (B73-lox10), though they initially colonized plants that were detrimental to their performance (Tuxpeño, B73). These results suggested that the ovipositional choices of FAW mothers are uncoupled from their offspring's performance, but newborn offspring rectified their mother's sub-optimal host plant choice by colonizing plants that enhanced their own performance. Notably, these results also suggested that aerially dispersing (ballooning) FAW larvae do not colonize plants randomly, and that plant volatiles (GLVs, HIPVs) and JA may be relevant to host plant selection by ballooning larvae.

{"title":"Fall armyworm females choose host plants that are detrimental to their offspring's performance but young larvae amend their mother's choices","authors":"Fabián R. Ortiz-Carreón,&nbsp;Julio S. Bernal,&nbsp;Julio C. Rojas,&nbsp;Leopoldo Cruz-López,&nbsp;Michael V. Kolomiets,&nbsp;Edi A. Malo","doi":"10.1111/eea.13512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has a long association with maize (<i>Zea mays mays</i> L., Poaceae) and is among the crop's most significant pests worldwide. We contrasted the preference for and performance of FAW on three maize cultivars: the Mexican landrace Tuxpeño, the USA inbred B73 and B73-lox10; B73-lox10 is deficient in production of jasmonic acid (JA), green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Female oviposition and neonate colonization preferences were assessed in triple-choice tests in greenhouse settings. Performance was assessed on the bases of larval, pupal and adult weights, larval and pupal development times, and adult longevity. We expected females to preferentially oviposit on plants on which their offspring performed best, and neonates to randomly colonize plants because they disperse aerially, presumably oriented solely by wind currents. Females preferred to oviposit on Tuxpeño plants, followed by B73-lox10 and B73 plants, whereas their offspring performed best on B73-lox10 and poorest on Tuxpeño. In contrast, neonates preferentially colonized plants on which they performed best, B73-lox10, though initially and transiently they colonized plants on which they performed poorly, B73 and Tuxpeño. Altogether, our results showed that FAW females preferred to oviposit on maize plants on which their offspring's performance was poorest (Tuxpeño), and neonates preferentially colonized plants on which their own performance was best (B73-lox10), though they initially colonized plants that were detrimental to their performance (Tuxpeño, B73). These results suggested that the ovipositional choices of FAW mothers are uncoupled from their offspring's performance, but newborn offspring rectified their mother's sub-optimal host plant choice by colonizing plants that enhanced their own performance. Notably, these results also suggested that aerially dispersing (ballooning) FAW larvae do not colonize plants randomly, and that plant volatiles (GLVs, HIPVs) and JA may be relevant to host plant selection by ballooning larvae.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 1","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regulation of trehalose metabolism mediated by validamycin on chitin synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13510
Yan-qi Yang, Yu-jian Liang, Jun-rui Zhi, Ding-yin Li, Cao Li

Trehalase (TRE) is a key enzyme for degrading trehalose, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. Although validamycin, a compound belonging to a class of efficient antibiotics and fungicides, can control pests by suppressing TRE activities, it remains unknown whether it acts on both trehalose and chitin metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae). This study investigated the changes in trehalose metabolism after validamycin treatment in S. frugiperda and its effects on the downstream chitin synthesis pathway. Compared with the control, S. frugiperda exhibited varying degrees of mortality after treatment with four concentrations of validamycin, showing a dose-dependent increase in mortality rate. The mortality rates 24 and 48 h after treatment with 0.07 mg μL−1 validamycin were 35.6% and 42.2%, respectively, indicating the effective lethal concentration. Treatment with 0.07 mg μL−1 validamycin led to developmental delay, abnormal molting, and death in S. frugiperda, but it exerted no lasting effects on the survival rate, pupal weight, and phenotype during its subsequent developmental stages. At 24 h after validamycin treatment, TRE1 and TRE2 activities and glucose content decreased significantly, whereas the trehalose content increased significantly. Treatment with validamycin significantly upregulated TRE1 and TRE2 expression after 24 and 48 h and downregulated the mRNA expression of chitin synthase A and B genes. However, after 72 h, chitin content was not significantly affected. Hence, validamycin can destroy the dynamic transformation balance of trehalose and glucose by inhibiting the activities of the two TREs, and further affect the expression of downstream chitin synthase genes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using TRE inhibitors to control S. frugiperda.

{"title":"Regulation of trehalose metabolism mediated by validamycin on chitin synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Yan-qi Yang,&nbsp;Yu-jian Liang,&nbsp;Jun-rui Zhi,&nbsp;Ding-yin Li,&nbsp;Cao Li","doi":"10.1111/eea.13510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13510","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trehalase (TRE) is a key enzyme for degrading trehalose, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. Although validamycin, a compound belonging to a class of efficient antibiotics and fungicides, can control pests by suppressing TRE activities, it remains unknown whether it acts on both trehalose and chitin metabolism in <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L., Poaceae). This study investigated the changes in trehalose metabolism after validamycin treatment in <i>S. frugiperda</i> and its effects on the downstream chitin synthesis pathway. Compared with the control, <i>S. frugiperda</i> exhibited varying degrees of mortality after treatment with four concentrations of validamycin, showing a dose-dependent increase in mortality rate. The mortality rates 24 and 48 h after treatment with 0.07 mg μL<sup>−1</sup> validamycin were 35.6% and 42.2%, respectively, indicating the effective lethal concentration. Treatment with 0.07 mg μL<sup>−1</sup> validamycin led to developmental delay, abnormal molting, and death in <i>S. frugiperda</i>, but it exerted no lasting effects on the survival rate, pupal weight, and phenotype during its subsequent developmental stages. At 24 h after validamycin treatment, TRE1 and TRE2 activities and glucose content decreased significantly, whereas the trehalose content increased significantly. Treatment with validamycin significantly upregulated <i>TRE1</i> and <i>TRE2</i> expression after 24 and 48 h and downregulated the mRNA expression of chitin synthase A and B genes. However, after 72 h, chitin content was not significantly affected. Hence, validamycin can destroy the dynamic transformation balance of trehalose and glucose by inhibiting the activities of the two TREs, and further affect the expression of downstream chitin synthase genes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using TRE inhibitors to control <i>S. frugiperda</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 1","pages":"2-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Arthropod activity density and predation are supported by mixed cropping of maize with common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and reduced tillage 玉米与普通莎草(Onobrychis viciifolia)混作并减少耕作,有利于提高节肢动物的活动密度和捕食率
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13508
Bastian Häfner, Gunda Schulte auf’m Erley, Doreen Gabriel, Andra Herden, Frank Höppner, Jens Dauber, Fabian Nürnberger

Mixed cropping with legumes may mitigate negative impacts of maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), production on arthropods by providing additional habitat structures and food resources. Still, knowledge about effects of less common legume partner crops for mixed cropping of maize is scarce. Activity density of epigeic predatory arthropods and proxies for ecosystem functions related to biological pest control were assessed on an experimental field. Plots of mixed cropping of maize and sainfoin, Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (Fabaceae), and respective single plant species (plot size: 6 × 5 m; n = 48) differed in combination of the seed rate of each partner crop and tillage treatment. Using the “rapid ecosystem function assessment” approach in each plot on three occasions, we tested whether the activity density of generalist arthropod predators and their associated ecosystem functions can be promoted by mixed cropping of maize with sainfoin. Our data show that, compared with tilled maize as a pure culture, mixed cropping can increase activity density of generalist arthropod predators and insect predation potential but effects were limited to strip-tilled cropping systems and partly depended on sampling date. Thus, from an ecological viewpoint, mixed cropping of sainfoin and maize in strip-till systems offers the possibility to promote predatory insects and their potential for pest regulation. However, this system is inherently more prone to weed occurrence. Competition effects between cropping partners and weeds may reduce yields and hence lead to trade-offs between enhancement of arthropods and economic viability.

与豆科植物混作可通过提供额外的生境结构和食物资源,减轻玉米(玉米属)生产对节肢动物的负面影响。然而,有关玉米混作中较少见的豆科伙伴作物的影响的知识仍然很少。我们在一块试验田上评估了附食性捕食节肢动物的活动密度以及与生物害虫控制相关的生态系统功能代用指标。玉米与芒萁(Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.,豆科植物)混作的地块以及各自的单一植物物种(地块大小:6 × 5 m;n = 48)在每种搭档作物的播种率和耕作处理的组合上存在差异。我们采用 "快速生态系统功能评估 "的方法,在每个小区进行了三次试验,以检验玉米与莎草混作是否能提高普通节肢动物捕食者的活动密度及其相关的生态系统功能。我们的数据表明,与纯粹的耕作玉米相比,混作可以提高通性节肢动物捕食者的活动密度和昆虫捕食潜力,但效果仅限于条耕作系统,且部分取决于取样日期。因此,从生态学的角度来看,在条耕作业系统中混合种植莎草和玉米有可能促进捕食性昆虫的发展,并提高其调节害虫的潜力。不过,这种耕作制度本身更容易出现杂草。种植伙伴与杂草之间的竞争效应可能会降低产量,从而导致在提高节肢动物和经济可行性之间做出权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of assisted migration: An introduced herbivore has short-term and long-term effects on its native host plant population 辅助迁移的影响:引入的食草动物会对其本地寄主植物种群产生短期和长期影响
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13507
Nitin Ravikanthachari, Libby L. Burch, Rachel E. Powell, Danielle M. Scott, Charlotte R. Wayne, Kristjan Niitepõld, Risa H. Rosenberg, Carol L. Boggs

Assisted migration consists of the introduction of a species to previously inhabited areas or to new suitable regions. Such introductions have been touted as a viable tool for conserving the earth's biodiversity. However, both the likely success of assisted migrations and the impacts on local communities are hotly debated. Empirical data on the local impacts of assisted migration are particularly lacking. We examined the short and long time-scale effects of herbivory on Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks ex. Spreng (Caprifoliaceae) after an introduction of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Melitaeini) to Gunnison County, Colorado, USA, via an assisted migration in 1977. The plant is the primary larval host plant for the butterfly. We quantified plant seed production, plant survival, and population stage structure in two sets of observational experiments. We found that herbivory by E. gillettii increased L. involucrata reproduction on an annual time scale, independent of plant size and local microhabitat characteristics. Over the time since the butterfly's introduction, herbivory by E. gillettii resulted in a plant population structure biased toward smaller plants in the butterfly introduction and satellite sites compared with sites without the butterfly. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effects of assisted migrations on native populations at different temporal scales. As assisted migration becomes an indispensable tool for species conservation, our work adds to the understanding of the multi-trophic impacts of assisted introductions on local populations and communities.

辅助迁移是指将一个物种引入以前有人居住的地区或新的适宜地区。这种引入被誉为保护地球生物多样性的可行工具。然而,人们对辅助迁移是否可能成功以及对当地社区的影响都有激烈的争论。有关辅助迁移对当地影响的经验数据尤其缺乏。我们研究了食草动物对忍冬(Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks ex.Spreng (Caprifoliaceae) 在 1977 年通过辅助迁移将 Euphydryas gillettii Barnes(鳞翅目:蛱蝶科,绣线菊属)引入美国科罗拉多州 Gunnison 县后的短期和长期影响。该植物是蝴蝶幼虫的主要寄主植物。我们在两组观察实验中对植物种子产量、植物存活率和种群阶段结构进行了量化。我们发现,E. gillettii的食草行为每年都会增加L. involucrata的繁殖量,这与植物的大小和当地的微生境特征无关。在蝴蝶引入后的一段时间内,E. gillettii的食草行为导致蝴蝶引入地和卫星地的植物种群结构偏向于较小的植物,而无蝴蝶引入地的植物种群结构则偏向于较小的植物。我们的研究结果凸显了在不同时间尺度上研究辅助迁移对本地种群影响的重要性。随着辅助迁徙成为物种保护不可或缺的工具,我们的工作将有助于人们进一步了解辅助引种对当地种群和群落的多营养影响。
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引用次数: 0
Ontogenetic transfer of microplastics in natural populations of malaria mosquitoes in Western Siberia 微塑料在西西伯利亚疟疾蚊子自然种群中的遗传转移
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13509
Anastasia V. Simakova, Anna A. Varenitsina, Irina B. Babkina, Yulia V. Andreeva, Yulia A. Frank

The uptake, accumulation, and ontogenetic transfer of microplastics (MPs) in bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, vectors of helminth and protozoa parasites in humans and animals, were studied under laboratory conditions. In the experiment, 2-μm-diameter fluorescent polystyrene spheres were counted in mosquitoes of all stages, from larvae to adults. Larvae from a natural population readily ingested MPs with food, accumulating on average 3.9 × 106 particles per larva within 3 days. The concentration of MPs decreased significantly in mosquitoes during their transition from stage to stage. The average number of detected MPs attained 110 particles per pupa and 3.0 particles per adult. MP uptake by mosquitoes did not affect their survival, whereas the rate of metamorphosis in MP-consuming mosquitoes was slightly higher. Our data confirmed that MPs can be transferred from feeding larvae to non-feeding pupae and adult flying Anopheles mosquitoes from natural populations in aquatic ecosystems.

在实验室条件下研究了吸血蚊子(疟蚊,人类和动物体内蠕虫和原生动物寄生虫的传播媒介)对微塑料(MPs)的摄取、积累和本体转移。在实验中,对从幼虫到成虫各个阶段的蚊子体内直径为 2μm 的荧光聚苯乙烯球进行了计数。自然种群中的幼虫很容易随食物摄入多孔质微粒,平均每只幼虫在 3 天内积累了 3.9 × 106 个微粒。在蚊子从一个阶段过渡到另一个阶段的过程中,MPs 的浓度明显下降。检测到的 MPs 平均数量达到每只蛹 110 个颗粒,每只成虫 3.0 个颗粒。蚊子对 MP 的吸收并不影响它们的存活率,而消耗 MP 的蚊子的变态速度略高。我们的数据证实,在水生生态系统的自然种群中,MP 可以从进食的幼虫转移到不进食的蛹和成虫。
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引用次数: 0
Prohydrojasmon treatment of Brassica juncea alters the performance and behavioural responses of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae 原氢茉莉酮处理芥蓝可改变菜蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae 的表现和行为反应
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13506
Jamin Ali, Feng Xiao, Aleena Alam, Liu Jia Li, YunLiang Ji, Wu Hai Chao, Qin Weibo, Aocong Xie, Bi Zengyi, Mogeda M. Abdel Hafez, Hamed A. Ghramh, Khalid Ali Khan, Adil Tonğa, Rizhao Chen

Plants encounter a myriad of biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle, among which aphids pose a significant challenge as herbivorous insect pests. Aphids cause both direct damage through feeding and indirect damage by transmitting viruses. Given the growing concerns about insecticide resistance and the non-target effects of synthetic insecticides, there is an urgent need to develop novel pest control strategies that are dependent on plant defence strategies. In this study, we assessed the effects of exogenous prohydrojasmon (PDJ), a derivative of jasmonic acid, at 24 h (PDJ24) and 48 h (PDJ48) post-treatment on the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on Brassica juncea L. (Brassicaceae). The impact of PDJ treatments was assessed by conducting performance bioassays (survival and fecundity) and behavioural bioassays (settlement and attraction to volatiles in an olfactometer). Our findings reveal that the exogenous application of PDJ did not significantly affect on the performance and behaviour of B. brassicae at 24-h post-treatment. However, PDJ treatment significantly reduced the performance of B. brassicae at 48-h post-treatment, and affected the behaviour in terms of reduced settlement on and attraction to volatiles of PDJ-treated plants. These results suggest that PDJ has the potential to effectively induce defences in Brassica against sucking pests. This study provides valuable insights into possibility of employing PDJ as an alternative approach for sustainable pest management in agriculture.

植物在其整个生命周期中会遇到无数的生物和非生物压力,其中蚜虫作为食草害虫是一个重大挑战。蚜虫既通过取食造成直接损害,也通过传播病毒造成间接损害。鉴于人们对杀虫剂抗药性和合成杀虫剂非靶标效应的担忧与日俱增,迫切需要开发出依赖植物防御策略的新型害虫控制策略。在本研究中,我们评估了外源原氢茉莉酮(PDJ)(一种茉莉酸衍生物)在处理后 24 小时(PDJ24)和 48 小时(PDJ48)对取食十字花科植物甘蓝上的菜蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae L.(半翅目:蚜科)的影响。通过进行性能生物测定(存活率和繁殖率)和行为生物测定(在嗅觉仪中的沉降和对挥发性物质的吸引),评估了 PDJ 处理的影响。我们的研究结果表明,在处理后 24 小时内,外源施用 PDJ 对黄刺蝉的表现和行为没有显著影响。然而,PDJ 处理会明显降低黄刺茧蜂在处理后 48 小时的表现,并影响其行为,即减少在 PDJ 处理植物上的定居和对挥发性物质的吸引。这些结果表明,PDJ 有可能有效地诱导芸苔属植物防御吸食害虫。这项研究为利用 PDJ 作为农业可持续害虫管理的替代方法提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Bait type affects the diversity assessment of cetoniid beetles in the Brazilian Cerrado 饵料类型对巴西塞拉多地区甲壳虫多样性评估的影响
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13505
Juliane Evangelista, Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes, Raúl Alberto Laumann, Miguel Borges, Charles Martins de Oliveira, Marina Regina Frizzas

Cetoniidae (Coleoptera), known as flower and fruit beetles, form a diverse group, feed on nectar, pollen, plant exudates, and are highly attracted to fermented fruits. To evaluate their diversity in natural and agricultural areas, traps baited with fermented fruits are used. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of various types of fruit used as bait, with or without the addition of sugarcane juice to accelerate fruit fermentation, on the assessment of Cetoniidae diversity in the Brazilian Cerrado. The study was conducted in two conservation units in Brasília (DF, Brazil). Two experiments were conducted, the first aiming to select the most attractive fruits (banana, pineapple, mango, grape, or cagaita), and the second to verify whether there is interference of sugarcane juice in the fruit fermentation process and, consequently, in the attractiveness to Cetoniidae. The chemical profiles of the types of bait were evaluated by identifying and quantifying the main volatile organic compounds released by the fruit traps. Insect collections were conducted weekly using fruit-baited traps for 1 month, without interruption. We found that the diversity estimate of Cetoniidae was higher for banana-based baits relative to grape and cagaita fruit, but not relative to pineapple, mango, and sugarcane juice. Additionally, no increase in attractiveness was observed with the addition of sugarcane juice to banana, pineapple, and mango bait. Most compounds in the fruit extracts belong to alcohol, ester, and terpene functional groups. Our results suggest that banana, pineapple, mango, and sugarcane juice, used alone, may be used for Cetoniidae diversity studies, and that banana bait seems to be the most suitable for Cetoniidae collection in the Cerrado, because it enables the collection of a high diversity of species and also of species considered rare.

鞘翅目甲虫(Cetoniidae),又称花果甲虫,种类繁多,以花蜜、花粉、植物渗出物为食,对发酵水果有很强的吸引力。为了评估它们在自然和农业地区的多样性,使用了以发酵水果为诱饵的诱捕器。本研究的目的是比较不同类型的水果作为诱饵(添加或不添加甘蔗汁以加速水果发酵)对评估巴西塞拉多Cetoniidae多样性的效果。这项研究在巴西巴西利亚(DF,巴西)的两个保护区进行。共进行了两项实验,第一项实验旨在选择最具吸引力的水果(香蕉、菠萝、芒果、葡萄或 cagaita),第二项实验旨在验证甘蔗汁是否会干扰水果发酵过程,从而影响对 Cetoniidae 的吸引力。通过识别和量化水果诱捕器释放的主要挥发性有机化合物,对诱饵类型的化学特征进行了评估。在 1 个月的时间里,每周使用果实诱饵进行昆虫采集,从未间断。我们发现,香蕉诱饵与葡萄和茄果汁诱饵相比,Cetoniidae 的多样性估计值更高,但与菠萝、芒果和甘蔗汁诱饵相比,Cetoniidae 的多样性估计值并不高。此外,在香蕉、菠萝和芒果诱饵中添加甘蔗汁也不会增加吸引力。水果提取物中的大多数化合物都属于醇、酯和萜烯官能团。我们的研究结果表明,单独使用香蕉、菠萝、芒果和甘蔗汁都可用于Cetoniidae多样性研究,而香蕉诱饵似乎最适合在Cerrado地区采集Cetoniidae,因为它能采集到种类繁多的物种,也能采集到被认为稀有的物种。
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引用次数: 0
VibePy: An open-source tool for conducting high-fidelity vibrational playback experiments VibePy:用于进行高保真振动回放实验的开源工具
IF 1.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/eea.13500
Alana J. Evora, Reginald B. Cocroft, Shyam Madhusudhana, Jennifer A. Hamel

Many insect species communicate about activities central to their survival and reproduction via vibrational signals (i.e., waves that travel through solid substrates). One widely used and effective approach for testing hypotheses about communication is the playback experiment, in which stimuli are played to focal organisms and their responses are documented. Recent technological advances and efforts by vibrational communication researchers have diversified the hardware options available for use in such experiments, but proprietary software is still needed for high-fidelity playbacks. Here, we present an open-source software tool, VibePy, that (1) measures and compensates for undesired filtering and (2) calibrates playback amplitude. Because proprietary software licenses impose economic barriers that can limit access to research, we have developed VibePy in the open-source language Python. The functions provided by VibePy are a stepping stone toward increasing access to vibration research. Because the tool is open-source, we hope that the software will be expanded upon by others in the community of researchers studying vibrational communication and insect behavior.

许多昆虫物种通过振动信号(即在固体基质中传播的波)来交流对其生存和繁殖至关重要的活动。回放实验是测试交流假设的一种广泛使用的有效方法,在该实验中,向重点生物播放刺激信号并记录它们的反应。最近的技术进步和振动通讯研究人员的努力使此类实验的硬件选择多样化,但高保真回放仍需要专有软件。在这里,我们介绍一种开源软件工具 VibePy,它可以(1)测量和补偿不需要的滤波,(2)校准回放振幅。由于专有软件许可证设置了经济障碍,可能会限制研究人员的使用,因此我们用开源语言 Python 开发了 VibePy。VibePy 提供的功能是增加振动研究机会的垫脚石。由于该工具是开源的,我们希望研究振动交流和昆虫行为的其他研究人员能对该软件进行扩展。
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Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
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