Shannon Wilson, Mark S Thorne, Melissa A Johnson, Daniel C Peck, Mark G Wright
The twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say), is a major economic pest of forage grass and turfgrass. Prosapia bicincta was first detected in rangelands on Hawai'i Island in 2016 and has since spread to an estimated 72,000 ha in the North and South Kona districts. This study aimed to quantify P. bicincta abundance, plant associations, and impacts on groundcover over time. Monthly surveys of P. bicincta nymphs and adults were conducted from February 2018 to September 2022 along 17 established 100-m transects at 4 ranches located in Kona, Hawai'i Island, spanning an elevation gradient from 519 to 1,874 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Monitoring revealed P. bicincta occurs from 519 to 1,679 m a.s.l., primarily in Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.)) Morrone (Poales: Poaceae) pastures. Peaks in P. bicincta abundance coincided with the wet season, with most activity occurring from April to October and little to no activity between November and March. Mid elevation (1,000-1,300 m) transects had significantly higher mean P. bicincta abundance (126 nymphs/m2) relative to low (500-999 m) (64 nymphs/m2) and high elevations (>1,300 m) (20 nymphs/m2). Sites with the highest abundance of P. bicincta were also associated with the greatest decrease in mean grass cover (30%) and were replaced by forbs, bare ground, and shrubs. Grasses accounted for 72% of the total P. bicincta detections, with the remaining plants comprised of legumes (16%), sedges (6%), and forbs (6%). Twenty new P. bicincta plant associations were found. This information will help improve the effectiveness of management to suppress populations below economic thresholds.
双孢蓟马(Prosapia bicincta,Say)是牧草和草坪草的一种主要经济害虫。Prosapia bicincta于2016年首次在夏威夷大岛的牧场中被发现,此后已蔓延至北可纳区和南可纳区约72,000公顷的土地。本研究旨在量化 P. bicincta 的丰度、植物关联以及随着时间推移对地被植物的影响。从 2018 年 2 月到 2022 年 9 月,在夏威夷大岛可纳的 4 个牧场,沿着 17 个既定的 100 米横断面,每月对 P. bicincta 若虫和成虫进行调查,海拔梯度从 519 米到 1,874 米。监测显示,P. bicincta 在海拔 519 米至 1,679 米之间出现,主要分布在基库尤草(Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.)Morrone)牧场。P. bicincta的丰度高峰与雨季相吻合,大部分活动发生在4月至10月,11月至3月几乎没有活动。相对于低海拔地区(500-999 米)(64 个/平方米)和高海拔地区(大于 1300 米)(20 个/平方米),中海拔地区(1000-1300 米)横断面的 P. bicincta 平均丰度(126 个/平方米)明显更高。P. bicincta 丰度最高的地点,平均草覆盖率也下降最多(30%),取而代之的是牧草、裸地和灌木。禾本科植物占发现的 P. bicincta 总数的 72%,其余植物包括豆科植物(16%)、莎草(6%)和草本植物(6%)。发现了 20 种新的 P. bicincta 植物关联。这些信息将有助于提高管理效率,将种群数量抑制在经济阈值以下。
{"title":"Prosapia bicincta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) abundance, plant associations, and impacts on groundcover in Hawai'i Island rangelands.","authors":"Shannon Wilson, Mark S Thorne, Melissa A Johnson, Daniel C Peck, Mark G Wright","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ee/nvae062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say), is a major economic pest of forage grass and turfgrass. Prosapia bicincta was first detected in rangelands on Hawai'i Island in 2016 and has since spread to an estimated 72,000 ha in the North and South Kona districts. This study aimed to quantify P. bicincta abundance, plant associations, and impacts on groundcover over time. Monthly surveys of P. bicincta nymphs and adults were conducted from February 2018 to September 2022 along 17 established 100-m transects at 4 ranches located in Kona, Hawai'i Island, spanning an elevation gradient from 519 to 1,874 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Monitoring revealed P. bicincta occurs from 519 to 1,679 m a.s.l., primarily in Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.)) Morrone (Poales: Poaceae) pastures. Peaks in P. bicincta abundance coincided with the wet season, with most activity occurring from April to October and little to no activity between November and March. Mid elevation (1,000-1,300 m) transects had significantly higher mean P. bicincta abundance (126 nymphs/m2) relative to low (500-999 m) (64 nymphs/m2) and high elevations (>1,300 m) (20 nymphs/m2). Sites with the highest abundance of P. bicincta were also associated with the greatest decrease in mean grass cover (30%) and were replaced by forbs, bare ground, and shrubs. Grasses accounted for 72% of the total P. bicincta detections, with the remaining plants comprised of legumes (16%), sedges (6%), and forbs (6%). Twenty new P. bicincta plant associations were found. This information will help improve the effectiveness of management to suppress populations below economic thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willem G van Herk, Robert S Vernon, Aimee McGowan, Esther Driver, Amanda Schrack, Nicole Davie
Larvae of two species of click beetle, Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes lineatus, are important pests of vegetable and field crops in both Europe and North America. Both species have been long and extensively studied, but to date little is known regarding the maturation and egg development of female beetles relative to their swarming periods. This knowledge is important for developing wireworm management tactics that target female beetles, as these would ideally eliminate the beetles before they oviposit. This paper is an attempt to address this knowledge gap. We dissected 2,450 female A. obscurus and 477 female A. lineatus collected in southwestern British Columbia in 2015-2020, and describe how their abdominal lipid content and number of mature eggs change during their swarming period. Based on the presence of mature and immature eggs, active ovarioles, and lipid content, we propose 6 consecutive beetle maturity stages. Beetles collected early in the season have high lipid content and no eggs. Over time, immature, then mature eggs appear and the lipid content decreases dramatically. Ovarioles are generally active throughout the swarming period, even when lipids are no longer present, suggesting that for these species egg laying may continue until the end of the season, and that fecundity depends both on a beetle's original lipid content at emergence, and subsequent diet.
两种点击甲虫(Agriotes obscurus 和 Agriotes lineatus)的幼虫是欧洲和北美洲蔬菜和大田作物的重要害虫。人们对这两种甲虫进行了长期而广泛的研究,但迄今为止,人们对雌甲虫的成熟和卵发育与其成群期的关系知之甚少。这些知识对于制定针对雌甲虫的铁线虫管理策略非常重要,因为这些策略最好能在甲虫产卵前将其消灭。本文试图填补这一知识空白。我们解剖了 2015-2020 年期间在不列颠哥伦比亚省西南部采集的 2450 头雌性 A. obscurus 和 477 头雌性 A. lineatus,并描述了它们在成群期间腹部脂质含量和成熟卵数量的变化情况。根据成熟卵和未成熟卵的存在、活跃的卵巢和脂质含量,我们提出了 6 个连续的甲虫成熟阶段。季节初期采集的甲虫脂质含量高,没有卵。随着时间的推移,出现未成熟卵,然后是成熟卵,脂质含量急剧下降。卵甲虫通常在整个蜂群期都很活跃,即使脂质不再存在,这表明对这些物种来说,产卵可能会持续到季节结束,而且繁殖力取决于甲虫出壳时的原始脂质含量和随后的饮食。
{"title":"Maturation of field-collected female Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) over their swarming period.","authors":"Willem G van Herk, Robert S Vernon, Aimee McGowan, Esther Driver, Amanda Schrack, Nicole Davie","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae073","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ee/nvae073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Larvae of two species of click beetle, Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes lineatus, are important pests of vegetable and field crops in both Europe and North America. Both species have been long and extensively studied, but to date little is known regarding the maturation and egg development of female beetles relative to their swarming periods. This knowledge is important for developing wireworm management tactics that target female beetles, as these would ideally eliminate the beetles before they oviposit. This paper is an attempt to address this knowledge gap. We dissected 2,450 female A. obscurus and 477 female A. lineatus collected in southwestern British Columbia in 2015-2020, and describe how their abdominal lipid content and number of mature eggs change during their swarming period. Based on the presence of mature and immature eggs, active ovarioles, and lipid content, we propose 6 consecutive beetle maturity stages. Beetles collected early in the season have high lipid content and no eggs. Over time, immature, then mature eggs appear and the lipid content decreases dramatically. Ovarioles are generally active throughout the swarming period, even when lipids are no longer present, suggesting that for these species egg laying may continue until the end of the season, and that fecundity depends both on a beetle's original lipid content at emergence, and subsequent diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily A Arias, Andrew M Schatz, Soondree E Kliefoth, Edward C Rooks, Janice S Edgerly
Two species of Haploembia Ramburi (Oligotomidae: Embioptera), nonnative detritivores found in the western USA, display solitary tendencies, not typical for webspinners that usually share silk galleries. Reports from the 1960s based on native populations in Italy highlighted the impact of a gregarine that depressed male sterility and female survivorship in Haploembia solieri (Rambur). Sympatric asexual Haploembia tarsalis (Ross) lives a normal lifespan when parasitized, albeit suffering from reduced fecundity. Our goal is to characterize behavioral repertoires as individuals interact and to develop methods for future investigations focused on the impact of the little-known parasite. We quantified individual responses to conspecifics or other species in 10-min dyadic interactions and, in a 3-day trial, determined whether they aggregated when given dispersed resources. Replicated groups of four adult female H. solieri or H. tarsalis settled away from each other over the 3-day trials. In 10-min bouts of same or different species pairs, focal insects bolted back, retreated and attempted to escape when they encountered one another, especially when the opponent was H. tarsalis. Males courted conspecific females, but were dramatically repelled by H. tarsalis. Serving as a positive control, Oligotoma nigra (Hagen) (Oligotomidae) adult females paired with conspecifics displayed typical webspinner behaviors by sitting together, sharing silk. Haploembia solieri males did not respond negatively to O. nigra, not known to be parasitized by the gregarine, but did so when paired with H. tarsalis. Results align with the prediction that susceptibility to parasitism may have led to antisocial behaviors observed in two Haploembia species.
{"title":"A history of susceptibility to parasites and divergence in solitary, gregarious and agonistic behaviors of embiopterans.","authors":"Emily A Arias, Andrew M Schatz, Soondree E Kliefoth, Edward C Rooks, Janice S Edgerly","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two species of Haploembia Ramburi (Oligotomidae: Embioptera), nonnative detritivores found in the western USA, display solitary tendencies, not typical for webspinners that usually share silk galleries. Reports from the 1960s based on native populations in Italy highlighted the impact of a gregarine that depressed male sterility and female survivorship in Haploembia solieri (Rambur). Sympatric asexual Haploembia tarsalis (Ross) lives a normal lifespan when parasitized, albeit suffering from reduced fecundity. Our goal is to characterize behavioral repertoires as individuals interact and to develop methods for future investigations focused on the impact of the little-known parasite. We quantified individual responses to conspecifics or other species in 10-min dyadic interactions and, in a 3-day trial, determined whether they aggregated when given dispersed resources. Replicated groups of four adult female H. solieri or H. tarsalis settled away from each other over the 3-day trials. In 10-min bouts of same or different species pairs, focal insects bolted back, retreated and attempted to escape when they encountered one another, especially when the opponent was H. tarsalis. Males courted conspecific females, but were dramatically repelled by H. tarsalis. Serving as a positive control, Oligotoma nigra (Hagen) (Oligotomidae) adult females paired with conspecifics displayed typical webspinner behaviors by sitting together, sharing silk. Haploembia solieri males did not respond negatively to O. nigra, not known to be parasitized by the gregarine, but did so when paired with H. tarsalis. Results align with the prediction that susceptibility to parasitism may have led to antisocial behaviors observed in two Haploembia species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian J Johnson, James P Hereward, Rachele Wilson, Michael J Furlong, Gregor J Devine
The impact of the programmatic use of larvicides for mosquito control on native stingless bees (e.g., Apidae, Meliponini) is a growing concern in Australia due to heightened conservation awareness and the growth of hobbyist stingless bee keeping. In Australia, the two most widely used mosquito larvicides are the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and the insect hormone mimic methoprene (as S-methoprene). Each has a unique mode of action that could present a risk to stingless bees and other pollinators. Herein, we review the potential impacts of these larvicides on native Australian bees and conclude that their influence is mitigated by their low recommended field rates, poor environmental persistence, and the seasonal and intermittent nature of mosquito control applications. Moreover, evidence suggests that stingless bees may display a high physiological tolerance to Bti similar to that observed in honey bees (Apis mellifera), whose interactions with B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides are widely reported. In summary, neither Bti or methoprene is likely to pose a significant risk to the health of stingless bees or their nests. However, current knowledge is limited by regulatory testing requirements that only require the use of honey bees as toxicological models. To bridge this gap, we suggest that regulatory testing is expanded to include stingless bees and other nontarget insects. This is imperative for improving our understanding of the potential risks that these and other pesticides may pose to native pollinator conservation.
{"title":"A review of the potential impacts of coastal mosquito control programs on Australian Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)-likely exposure pathways and lessons learned from studies on honey bees.","authors":"Brian J Johnson, James P Hereward, Rachele Wilson, Michael J Furlong, Gregor J Devine","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of the programmatic use of larvicides for mosquito control on native stingless bees (e.g., Apidae, Meliponini) is a growing concern in Australia due to heightened conservation awareness and the growth of hobbyist stingless bee keeping. In Australia, the two most widely used mosquito larvicides are the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and the insect hormone mimic methoprene (as S-methoprene). Each has a unique mode of action that could present a risk to stingless bees and other pollinators. Herein, we review the potential impacts of these larvicides on native Australian bees and conclude that their influence is mitigated by their low recommended field rates, poor environmental persistence, and the seasonal and intermittent nature of mosquito control applications. Moreover, evidence suggests that stingless bees may display a high physiological tolerance to Bti similar to that observed in honey bees (Apis mellifera), whose interactions with B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides are widely reported. In summary, neither Bti or methoprene is likely to pose a significant risk to the health of stingless bees or their nests. However, current knowledge is limited by regulatory testing requirements that only require the use of honey bees as toxicological models. To bridge this gap, we suggest that regulatory testing is expanded to include stingless bees and other nontarget insects. This is imperative for improving our understanding of the potential risks that these and other pesticides may pose to native pollinator conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelsey E Fisher, Alina Filandro, Steven P Bradbury, Alan Wanamaker, Brad Coates
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a vagile species that undertakes an annual, multi-generational migration across North America. The abundance of this species at both eastern and western overwintering sites in Central Mexico and California indicates a population decline. Success of continental-scale conservation programs for a migratory species depends on providing, maintaining, and protecting habitats at appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Here, dynamics of monarch continental-scale migration and gene flow were obtained by combined stable isotope, morphological, and genetic analyses. These analyses were applied to temporal monarch samples collected from May to September during 2016-2021 at locations in Iowa, USA and spatial collections from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Iowa, Ohio, Nevada, Idaho, Hawaii, 3 Australian locations during July and August 2016, and Texas in April 2021. Evidence of seasonal multi-generational migration was obtained through δ2H analyses of spatial collections, which was corroborated by decreased wing hue (a morphological marker for non-migratory individuals). In Iowa, 10-15% of monarchs represented migrants from southern areas throughout the breeding season and 6% were migrants from the North in midsummer. Limited sequence variation detected across the mitochondrial genome impacted the capability to detect significant population genetic variation in our North American samples. However, 2 novel substitutions were identified and predicted to be fixed among Australia samples, contributing to intercontinental differentiation from counterparts in North America. Our assessment of temporal and spatial population dynamics across the North American monarch breeding range provides insight into continental-scale migration and previously undetected mitochondrial DNA variation among globally distributed populations.
{"title":"Breeding season temporal and spatial trends in continental-scale migration of the monarch butterfly.","authors":"Kelsey E Fisher, Alina Filandro, Steven P Bradbury, Alan Wanamaker, Brad Coates","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a vagile species that undertakes an annual, multi-generational migration across North America. The abundance of this species at both eastern and western overwintering sites in Central Mexico and California indicates a population decline. Success of continental-scale conservation programs for a migratory species depends on providing, maintaining, and protecting habitats at appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Here, dynamics of monarch continental-scale migration and gene flow were obtained by combined stable isotope, morphological, and genetic analyses. These analyses were applied to temporal monarch samples collected from May to September during 2016-2021 at locations in Iowa, USA and spatial collections from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Iowa, Ohio, Nevada, Idaho, Hawaii, 3 Australian locations during July and August 2016, and Texas in April 2021. Evidence of seasonal multi-generational migration was obtained through δ2H analyses of spatial collections, which was corroborated by decreased wing hue (a morphological marker for non-migratory individuals). In Iowa, 10-15% of monarchs represented migrants from southern areas throughout the breeding season and 6% were migrants from the North in midsummer. Limited sequence variation detected across the mitochondrial genome impacted the capability to detect significant population genetic variation in our North American samples. However, 2 novel substitutions were identified and predicted to be fixed among Australia samples, contributing to intercontinental differentiation from counterparts in North America. Our assessment of temporal and spatial population dynamics across the North American monarch breeding range provides insight into continental-scale migration and previously undetected mitochondrial DNA variation among globally distributed populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body size is an important functional trait to animals. Caste division of eusocial insects can exert a profound influence on their interactions with environment. We investigate the intra-specific variation of body size between caste within Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Blattodea: Termitidae), the most common and widely distributed termite species in Taiwan Island. By utilizing specimens from the NCHU Termite Collection and WorldClim data, we describe the body size distribution pattern of O. formosanus on two castes, worker and alate, and relationship with climatic factors is examined. The body size of workers is positively correlated with latitude and elevation. The body size of alates does not correlate with latitude but is positively correlated with elevation. Temperature factors negatively affect the body size of both castes. Precipitation has a positive effect on the body size of alates and no effect on workers. Additionally, humidity and temperature fluctuations over time have divergent effects on the body size of alates and workers. The results provide evidence of trait evolution decoupling at the intraspecific level, which may be shaped by climatic factors.
{"title":"Divergent effects of climatic factors on termite body size: alate versus worker castes.","authors":"Wen-Jun Lin, Chun-I Chiu, Hou-Feng Li","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body size is an important functional trait to animals. Caste division of eusocial insects can exert a profound influence on their interactions with environment. We investigate the intra-specific variation of body size between caste within Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Blattodea: Termitidae), the most common and widely distributed termite species in Taiwan Island. By utilizing specimens from the NCHU Termite Collection and WorldClim data, we describe the body size distribution pattern of O. formosanus on two castes, worker and alate, and relationship with climatic factors is examined. The body size of workers is positively correlated with latitude and elevation. The body size of alates does not correlate with latitude but is positively correlated with elevation. Temperature factors negatively affect the body size of both castes. Precipitation has a positive effect on the body size of alates and no effect on workers. Additionally, humidity and temperature fluctuations over time have divergent effects on the body size of alates and workers. The results provide evidence of trait evolution decoupling at the intraspecific level, which may be shaped by climatic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juli R Gould, Corrine Losch, Liam Sullivan, Yunke Wu, Xiao-Yi Wang, Liang-Ming Cao, Hannah J Broadley
Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has been documented emerging from host eggs in both autumn and spring, at the beginning and end of the period that spotted lanternfly eggs are present in the field, suggesting parasitoid-host specificity and synchrony. This study was designed to test whether, under conditions that simulate native and introduced ranges of spotted lanternfly, (a) A. orientalis has 2 and only 2 generations per year, (b) A. orientalis adults sometimes emerge when only nontarget species would be available for parasitization, and (c) emerging parasitoid adults can parasitize unhatched host eggs in the spring. Parasitized spotted lanternfly eggs were collected in 2019 and 2020 from Beijing, China and in 2020 and 2021 from Yantai, China. They were shipped for laboratory study in growth chambers programmed to simulate temperature and daylength for collection locations in China and in the invaded range in Pennsylvania, United States. Anastatus orientalis had a flexible lifecycle depending on environmental conditions and possibly genetic makeup, with 1-3 generations per year, and parasitoid emergence was not always synchronous with host egg availability. Additionally, given the cooler temperatures in Pennsylvania, autumn parasitoid emergence was often delayed until late October or November, no progeny were produced, and parasitoid populations died out. Anastatus orientalis does not exhibit host synchrony characteristics that would make it a good candidate for a classical biological control program.
Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi(膜翅目:大戟科)是斑灯蝇(Lycorma delicatula (White))(半翅目:萤火虫科)的卵寄生虫,在秋季和春季,即斑灯蝇卵在田间出现的初期和末期,都有从寄主卵中萌发的记录,这表明寄生虫-寄主的特异性和同步性。本研究旨在测试在模拟斑潜蝇原生地和引进地的条件下,(a)东方蓟马每年是否有两代或仅有两代,(b)东方蓟马成虫是否有时会在只有非目标物种可供寄生时出现,以及(c)新出现的寄生虫成虫是否能在春季寄生未孵化的寄主卵。2019 年和 2020 年在中国北京以及 2020 年和 2021 年在中国烟台采集了寄生斑潜蝇卵。这些卵被运到生长箱中进行实验室研究,生长箱的程序模拟了中国采集地点和美国宾夕法尼亚州入侵地区的温度和昼长。Anastatus orientalis 的生命周期很灵活,取决于环境条件和可能的基因组成,每年有 1-3 代,寄生虫的出现并不总是与宿主卵的供应同步。此外,由于宾夕法尼亚州气温较低,秋季寄生虫的出现往往要推迟到 10 月下旬或 11 月,没有后代产生,寄生虫种群也随之消亡。Anastatus orientalis 没有表现出寄主同步的特征,因此不适合开展经典生物防治项目。
{"title":"Lifecycle of Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) and synchrony with its host, the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).","authors":"Juli R Gould, Corrine Losch, Liam Sullivan, Yunke Wu, Xiao-Yi Wang, Liang-Ming Cao, Hannah J Broadley","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has been documented emerging from host eggs in both autumn and spring, at the beginning and end of the period that spotted lanternfly eggs are present in the field, suggesting parasitoid-host specificity and synchrony. This study was designed to test whether, under conditions that simulate native and introduced ranges of spotted lanternfly, (a) A. orientalis has 2 and only 2 generations per year, (b) A. orientalis adults sometimes emerge when only nontarget species would be available for parasitization, and (c) emerging parasitoid adults can parasitize unhatched host eggs in the spring. Parasitized spotted lanternfly eggs were collected in 2019 and 2020 from Beijing, China and in 2020 and 2021 from Yantai, China. They were shipped for laboratory study in growth chambers programmed to simulate temperature and daylength for collection locations in China and in the invaded range in Pennsylvania, United States. Anastatus orientalis had a flexible lifecycle depending on environmental conditions and possibly genetic makeup, with 1-3 generations per year, and parasitoid emergence was not always synchronous with host egg availability. Additionally, given the cooler temperatures in Pennsylvania, autumn parasitoid emergence was often delayed until late October or November, no progeny were produced, and parasitoid populations died out. Anastatus orientalis does not exhibit host synchrony characteristics that would make it a good candidate for a classical biological control program.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathaniel E Foote, Gabriel G Foote, Nathan Comai, Jorge R Ibarra Caballero, Jane E Stewart, Anthony R Ambrose, Wendy L Baxter, Thomas S Davis
Here, we describe patterns of reproduction and flight phenology of putative Phloeosinus punctatus in giant sequoia groves and compare morphology and genotypes of beetles from sympatric giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and California incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). Surveys conducted in 2022 revealed that numerous branches fall from giant sequoia crowns (on average ~30 branches/tree), with 20%-50% of trees per site shedding branches, depositing breeding material for beetles on the forest floor that subsequently becomes colonized. When noninfested branches cut from mature giant sequoias were placed at the ground surface, they were colonized by P. punctatus and produced an average of 28 beetles/kg branch. Climbing and examination of sequoia crowns in 2023 showed that 75% of mature trees across 11 groves showed evidence of adult beetle entrance holes in their crowns. In 2021, tests with sticky traps showed that beetles alighted on fallen branches from 20th May to 20th August (peak landing: 2nd July); a logistic model developed from emergence data in 2021 and 2022 predicts the emergence of F1 offspring from branches between 10th July and 1st September (peak emergence: 8th August). Beetles emerging from giant sequoia preferred to settle on giant sequoia, did not reproduce in incense-cedar, and diverged morphologically from beetles emerging from incense-cedar. However, phylogenetic analysis of three genes (28S, CAD, and COI) revealed no clear pattern of sequence divergence, suggesting a single species (P. punctatus) that colonizes both hosts, though cryptic speciation may not be detectable with standard barcoding genes. Ecological and potential management implications are discussed.
{"title":"Patterns of occurrence, phenology, and phylogeny of Phloeosinus punctatus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in giant sequoia.","authors":"Nathaniel E Foote, Gabriel G Foote, Nathan Comai, Jorge R Ibarra Caballero, Jane E Stewart, Anthony R Ambrose, Wendy L Baxter, Thomas S Davis","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we describe patterns of reproduction and flight phenology of putative Phloeosinus punctatus in giant sequoia groves and compare morphology and genotypes of beetles from sympatric giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and California incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). Surveys conducted in 2022 revealed that numerous branches fall from giant sequoia crowns (on average ~30 branches/tree), with 20%-50% of trees per site shedding branches, depositing breeding material for beetles on the forest floor that subsequently becomes colonized. When noninfested branches cut from mature giant sequoias were placed at the ground surface, they were colonized by P. punctatus and produced an average of 28 beetles/kg branch. Climbing and examination of sequoia crowns in 2023 showed that 75% of mature trees across 11 groves showed evidence of adult beetle entrance holes in their crowns. In 2021, tests with sticky traps showed that beetles alighted on fallen branches from 20th May to 20th August (peak landing: 2nd July); a logistic model developed from emergence data in 2021 and 2022 predicts the emergence of F1 offspring from branches between 10th July and 1st September (peak emergence: 8th August). Beetles emerging from giant sequoia preferred to settle on giant sequoia, did not reproduce in incense-cedar, and diverged morphologically from beetles emerging from incense-cedar. However, phylogenetic analysis of three genes (28S, CAD, and COI) revealed no clear pattern of sequence divergence, suggesting a single species (P. punctatus) that colonizes both hosts, though cryptic speciation may not be detectable with standard barcoding genes. Ecological and potential management implications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Spatial patterns of seed removal by harvester ants in a seed tray experiment.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Methods for laboratory-rearing O. agrili have been developed but its mass-production depends on the continuous production and storage of freshly laid EAB eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny (inside parasitized EAB eggs). The purpose of this study was to determine optimal environmental conditions for long-term storage of host eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny. Fresh host eggs and diapaused parasitoid progeny were stored at two low storage temperatures (1.7 and 12.8 °C) and three levels of relative humidity (low ~31%, medium ~74%, and high ~99.9%) for various length of time (15-270 days) and then evaluated for host egg suitability and the reproductive fitness of stored parasitoid progeny. EAB eggs were stored for approximately 30 days without significant reduction of their viability and suitability to O. agrili parasitism at low storage temperatures under high and medium relative humidity. Neither storage temperature or humidity had any significant effects on adult parasitoid emergence for storage durations of up to 270 days. When storage durations were over 120 days, however, both adult parasitoid longevity and fecundity declined approximately 20-30% across all temperature and humidity treatments. Relevance of findings to mass-production and storage of O. agrili for biocontrol is discussed.
{"title":"Effect of storage conditions on host egg suitability and the reproductive fitness of Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).","authors":"Nicole F Quinn, Rebecca R Robertson, Jian J Duan","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvae081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvae081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Methods for laboratory-rearing O. agrili have been developed but its mass-production depends on the continuous production and storage of freshly laid EAB eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny (inside parasitized EAB eggs). The purpose of this study was to determine optimal environmental conditions for long-term storage of host eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny. Fresh host eggs and diapaused parasitoid progeny were stored at two low storage temperatures (1.7 and 12.8 °C) and three levels of relative humidity (low ~31%, medium ~74%, and high ~99.9%) for various length of time (15-270 days) and then evaluated for host egg suitability and the reproductive fitness of stored parasitoid progeny. EAB eggs were stored for approximately 30 days without significant reduction of their viability and suitability to O. agrili parasitism at low storage temperatures under high and medium relative humidity. Neither storage temperature or humidity had any significant effects on adult parasitoid emergence for storage durations of up to 270 days. When storage durations were over 120 days, however, both adult parasitoid longevity and fecundity declined approximately 20-30% across all temperature and humidity treatments. Relevance of findings to mass-production and storage of O. agrili for biocontrol is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11751,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}