Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844512
Hans-Peter Gasselseder
Non-linear storytelling environments take us one step closer towards immersive experiences while relying heavily on the emotional congruency of the presented stimuli, such as music, as a function of user action. A pilot study was conducted to explore immersive presence as well as emotional valence and arousal in the context of dynamic and non-dynamic music in an action-adventure video game. 60 subjects answered self-report questionnaires of experiential states each time after playing the game `Batman: Arkham City' in one of three conditions accounting for (1) dynamic music, (2) non-dynamic music/low arousal potential and (3) non-dynamic music/high arousal potential, in this way manipulating emotional arousal, structural-temporal alignment and emotional congruency of nondiegetic music. Investigating the perceived drama related semantic ecology of dynamic music in the likes of a Theory of Mind approach, different layers of virtual mind sets between the player, avatar and game environment are assumed to moderate a continuous regulatory modulation of emotional response achieved by context effects of dynamic music.
{"title":"Those who played were listening to the music? Immersion and dynamic music in the ludonarrative","authors":"Hans-Peter Gasselseder","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844512","url":null,"abstract":"Non-linear storytelling environments take us one step closer towards immersive experiences while relying heavily on the emotional congruency of the presented stimuli, such as music, as a function of user action. A pilot study was conducted to explore immersive presence as well as emotional valence and arousal in the context of dynamic and non-dynamic music in an action-adventure video game. 60 subjects answered self-report questionnaires of experiential states each time after playing the game `Batman: Arkham City' in one of three conditions accounting for (1) dynamic music, (2) non-dynamic music/low arousal potential and (3) non-dynamic music/high arousal potential, in this way manipulating emotional arousal, structural-temporal alignment and emotional congruency of nondiegetic music. Investigating the perceived drama related semantic ecology of dynamic music in the likes of a Theory of Mind approach, different layers of virtual mind sets between the player, avatar and game environment are assumed to moderate a continuous regulatory modulation of emotional response achieved by context effects of dynamic music.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121282769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844497
Chong Wang, S. Chan
This paper presents a novel hand gesture recognition algorithm based on Kinect. Using the depth and skeleton from Kinect, mark-less hand extraction is achieved. The hand shapes (depth) and corresponded textures (color) are represented in the form of superpixels, which better retain the overall shapes and color of the gestures to be recognized. Based on this representation, a novel distance metric, Superpixel Earth Mover's Distance (SP-EMD), is proposed to measure the dissimilarity between the hand gestures. The effectiveness of the proposed distance metric and recognition algorithm is illustrated by experimental results and a high mean accuracy of 98.8% for hand gesture recognition is achieved based on the joint color-depth SP-EMD.
{"title":"A new hand gesture recognition algorithm based on joint color-depth Superpixel Earth Mover's Distance","authors":"Chong Wang, S. Chan","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844497","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel hand gesture recognition algorithm based on Kinect. Using the depth and skeleton from Kinect, mark-less hand extraction is achieved. The hand shapes (depth) and corresponded textures (color) are represented in the form of superpixels, which better retain the overall shapes and color of the gestures to be recognized. Based on this representation, a novel distance metric, Superpixel Earth Mover's Distance (SP-EMD), is proposed to measure the dissimilarity between the hand gestures. The effectiveness of the proposed distance metric and recognition algorithm is illustrated by experimental results and a high mean accuracy of 98.8% for hand gesture recognition is achieved based on the joint color-depth SP-EMD.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124042412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844504
Per Baekgaard, Michael Kai Petersen, J. E. Larsen
Achieving robust adaptive synchronization of multimodal biometric inputs: The recent arrival of wireless EEG headsets that enable mobile real-time 3D brain imaging on smartphones, and low cost eye trackers that provide gaze control of tablets, will radically change how biometric sensors might be integrated into next generation user interfaces. In experimental lab settings EEG neuroimaging and eye tracking data are traditionally combined using external triggers to synchronize the signals. However, with biometric sensors increasingly being applied in everyday usage scenarios, there will be a need for solutions providing a continuous alignment of signals. In the present paper we propose using spontaneous eye blinks, as a means to achieve near real-time synchronization of EEG and eye tracking. Analyzing key parameters that define eye blink signatures across the two domains, we outline a probability function based algorithm to correlate the signals. Comparing the accuracy of the method against a state of the art EYE-EEG plug-in for offline analysis of EEG and eye tracking data, we propose our approach could be applied for robust synchronization of biometric sensor data collected in a mobile context.
{"title":"In the twinkling of an eye: Synchronization of EEG and eye tracking based on blink signatures","authors":"Per Baekgaard, Michael Kai Petersen, J. E. Larsen","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844504","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving robust adaptive synchronization of multimodal biometric inputs: The recent arrival of wireless EEG headsets that enable mobile real-time 3D brain imaging on smartphones, and low cost eye trackers that provide gaze control of tablets, will radically change how biometric sensors might be integrated into next generation user interfaces. In experimental lab settings EEG neuroimaging and eye tracking data are traditionally combined using external triggers to synchronize the signals. However, with biometric sensors increasingly being applied in everyday usage scenarios, there will be a need for solutions providing a continuous alignment of signals. In the present paper we propose using spontaneous eye blinks, as a means to achieve near real-time synchronization of EEG and eye tracking. Analyzing key parameters that define eye blink signatures across the two domains, we outline a probability function based algorithm to correlate the signals. Comparing the accuracy of the method against a state of the art EYE-EEG plug-in for offline analysis of EEG and eye tracking data, we propose our approach could be applied for robust synchronization of biometric sensor data collected in a mobile context.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125625044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844502
Luis Munoz-Gonzalez, M. Lázaro-Gredilla, A. Figueiras-Vidal
Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedascity (GARCH) models are ad hoc methods very used to predict volatility in financial time series. On the other hand, Gaussian Processes (GPs) offer very good performance for regression and prediction tasks, giving estimates of the average and dispersion of the predicted values, and showing resilience to overfitting. In this paper, a GP model is proposed to predict volatility using a reparametrized form of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck covariance function, which reduces the underlying latent function to be an AR(1) process, suitable for the Brownian motion typical of financial time series. The tridiagonal character of the inverse of this covariance matrix and the Laplace method proposed to perform inference allow accurate predictions at a reduced cost compared to standard GP approaches. The experimental results confirm the usefulness of the proposed method to predict volatility, outperforming GARCH models with more accurate forecasts and a lower computational burden.
{"title":"Laplace approximation with Gaussian Processes for volatility forecasting","authors":"Luis Munoz-Gonzalez, M. Lázaro-Gredilla, A. Figueiras-Vidal","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844502","url":null,"abstract":"Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedascity (GARCH) models are ad hoc methods very used to predict volatility in financial time series. On the other hand, Gaussian Processes (GPs) offer very good performance for regression and prediction tasks, giving estimates of the average and dispersion of the predicted values, and showing resilience to overfitting. In this paper, a GP model is proposed to predict volatility using a reparametrized form of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck covariance function, which reduces the underlying latent function to be an AR(1) process, suitable for the Brownian motion typical of financial time series. The tridiagonal character of the inverse of this covariance matrix and the Laplace method proposed to perform inference allow accurate predictions at a reduced cost compared to standard GP approaches. The experimental results confirm the usefulness of the proposed method to predict volatility, outperforming GARCH models with more accurate forecasts and a lower computational burden.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115901211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844499
W. Penny
This paper proposes an algorithm for the solution of the Simultaneous Localisation and Planning problem. The solution is based on statistical inference in a Hidden Markov Model which proceeds in separate phases of localisation and planning. Each requires access to the same contextual model operationalised via the `prior dynamics', and is implemented using forward (localisation) and forward and backward (planning) message passing. I propose that this formalism provides a useful computational-level description of aspects of Hippocampal function.
{"title":"Simultaneous Localisation and Planning","authors":"W. Penny","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844499","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an algorithm for the solution of the Simultaneous Localisation and Planning problem. The solution is based on statistical inference in a Hidden Markov Model which proceeds in separate phases of localisation and planning. Each requires access to the same contextual model operationalised via the `prior dynamics', and is implemented using forward (localisation) and forward and backward (planning) message passing. I propose that this formalism provides a useful computational-level description of aspects of Hippocampal function.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844503
D. Meredith
The purpose of musical analysis is to find the best possible explanations for musical objects, where such objects may range from single chords or phrases to entire musical corpora. Kolmogorov complexity theory suggests that the best possible explanation for an object is represented by the shortest possible description of it. Two compression algorithms, COSIATEC and SIATECCOMPRESS, are described that take point-set representations of musical objects as input and generate compressed encodings of these point sets as output. The algorithms were evaluated on a task in which 360 folk songs were classified into tune families using normalized compression distance, a 1-nn classifier and leave-one-out cross-validation. COSIATEC achieved a success rate of 84% on this task, compared with a success rate of 13% for a general-purpose compressor. Variants of the algorithms incorporating modifications that have been suggested in the literature were also run on the task and the results were compared.
{"title":"Compression-based geometric pattern discovery in music","authors":"D. Meredith","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844503","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of musical analysis is to find the best possible explanations for musical objects, where such objects may range from single chords or phrases to entire musical corpora. Kolmogorov complexity theory suggests that the best possible explanation for an object is represented by the shortest possible description of it. Two compression algorithms, COSIATEC and SIATECCOMPRESS, are described that take point-set representations of musical objects as input and generate compressed encodings of these point sets as output. The algorithms were evaluated on a task in which 360 folk songs were classified into tune families using normalized compression distance, a 1-nn classifier and leave-one-out cross-validation. COSIATEC achieved a success rate of 84% on this task, compared with a success rate of 13% for a general-purpose compressor. Variants of the algorithms incorporating modifications that have been suggested in the literature were also run on the task and the results were compared.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115036118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844508
Uwe Mönks, V. Lohweg
Information fusion systems are crucial for the success of the upcoming fourth industrial revolution. In this emerging field, cyber-physicals systems play a major role. These are physical processing systems equipped with sensory devices which interconnect over communication networks for distributed cognitive information processing applications. Cyber-physical systems are generally limited in computational resources. Due to this fact, signal processing algorithms cannot be implemented one-to-one. Instead, efforts must be spent in algorithm optimisation towards resource efficiency and reduced computational complexity. In this contribution, we present our optimisation approach by matrix decomposition of an evidence-based conflict-reducing fusion approach which after optimisation is applicable in resource-limited devices for cognitive signal processing. We evaluate the results by comparison with the algorithm's original definition and show the improvements achieved.
{"title":"Fast evidence-based information fusion","authors":"Uwe Mönks, V. Lohweg","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844508","url":null,"abstract":"Information fusion systems are crucial for the success of the upcoming fourth industrial revolution. In this emerging field, cyber-physicals systems play a major role. These are physical processing systems equipped with sensory devices which interconnect over communication networks for distributed cognitive information processing applications. Cyber-physical systems are generally limited in computational resources. Due to this fact, signal processing algorithms cannot be implemented one-to-one. Instead, efforts must be spent in algorithm optimisation towards resource efficiency and reduced computational complexity. In this contribution, we present our optimisation approach by matrix decomposition of an evidence-based conflict-reducing fusion approach which after optimisation is applicable in resource-limited devices for cognitive signal processing. We evaluate the results by comparison with the algorithm's original definition and show the improvements achieved.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127017541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844513
S. Weichwald, Timm Meyer, B. Scholkopf, T. Ball, M. Grosse-Wentrup
While invasively recorded brain activity is known to provide detailed information on motor commands, it is an open question at what level of detail information about positions of body parts can be decoded from non-invasively acquired signals. In this work it is shown that index finger positions can be differentiated from non-invasive electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in healthy human subjects. Using a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation procedure, a random forest distinguished different index finger positions on a numerical keyboard above chance-level accuracy. Among the different spectral features investigated, high β-power (20-30 Hz) over contralateral sensorimotor cortex carried most information about finger position. Thus, these findings indicate that finger position is in principle decodable from non-invasive features of brain activity that generalize across individuals.
{"title":"Decoding index finger position from EEG using random forests","authors":"S. Weichwald, Timm Meyer, B. Scholkopf, T. Ball, M. Grosse-Wentrup","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844513","url":null,"abstract":"While invasively recorded brain activity is known to provide detailed information on motor commands, it is an open question at what level of detail information about positions of body parts can be decoded from non-invasively acquired signals. In this work it is shown that index finger positions can be differentiated from non-invasive electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in healthy human subjects. Using a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation procedure, a random forest distinguished different index finger positions on a numerical keyboard above chance-level accuracy. Among the different spectral features investigated, high β-power (20-30 Hz) over contralateral sensorimotor cortex carried most information about finger position. Thus, these findings indicate that finger position is in principle decodable from non-invasive features of brain activity that generalize across individuals.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121809240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844514
P. Stinco, M. Greco, F. Gini, B. Himed
This paper deals with the problem of a cognitive radar system that shares the same frequency band with a communication system, supposed to be the primary user of channel. A cognitive algorithm is proposed to estimate the channel parameters that describe the behaviour of the primary user and how to exploit these estimates to minimize the interference between the radar and the communication system. The performance of the proposed algorithm are assessed in terms of probability of collision, that is the probability that the radar transmits when the primary user already occupies the channel, and probability to lose a spectrum opportunity, that is the probability that the radar does not transmit when the channel is free.
{"title":"Channel parameters estimation for cognitive radar systems","authors":"P. Stinco, M. Greco, F. Gini, B. Himed","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844514","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the problem of a cognitive radar system that shares the same frequency band with a communication system, supposed to be the primary user of channel. A cognitive algorithm is proposed to estimate the channel parameters that describe the behaviour of the primary user and how to exploit these estimates to minimize the interference between the radar and the communication system. The performance of the proposed algorithm are assessed in terms of probability of collision, that is the probability that the radar transmits when the primary user already occupies the channel, and probability to lose a spectrum opportunity, that is the probability that the radar does not transmit when the channel is free.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130688676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-26DOI: 10.1109/CIP.2014.6844516
Elvira Khachatryan, M. V. Vliet, S. Deyne, G. Storms, H. Manvelyan, M. M. Hulle
The N400 is an event-related potential (ERP) that reflects the processing of semantics in the brain. When reading sentences, the N400 amplitude is modulated by both the cloze probability of the sentence and the association strength between individual words. When contradicted in strongly constraining sentences, that is, the beginning of the sentence builds a strong expectation of the final word; the cloze probability overrules the effect of association strength. We evidence that this is also the case for non-constraining sentences, such as the ones with low to moderate cloze probabilities. Our results give the evidences that if the sentence generates even weak to moderate expectations about the final word, word association plays almost no role in the processing of this word.
{"title":"Amplitude of N400 component unaffected by lexical priming for moderately constraining sentences","authors":"Elvira Khachatryan, M. V. Vliet, S. Deyne, G. Storms, H. Manvelyan, M. M. Hulle","doi":"10.1109/CIP.2014.6844516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIP.2014.6844516","url":null,"abstract":"The N400 is an event-related potential (ERP) that reflects the processing of semantics in the brain. When reading sentences, the N400 amplitude is modulated by both the cloze probability of the sentence and the association strength between individual words. When contradicted in strongly constraining sentences, that is, the beginning of the sentence builds a strong expectation of the final word; the cloze probability overrules the effect of association strength. We evidence that this is also the case for non-constraining sentences, such as the ones with low to moderate cloze probabilities. Our results give the evidences that if the sentence generates even weak to moderate expectations about the final word, word association plays almost no role in the processing of this word.","PeriodicalId":117669,"journal":{"name":"2014 4th International Workshop on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115654890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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