Environmental Progress最新文献

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Applications of Python to Evaluate the Performance of Bagging Methods: Applications of Python to Evaluate the Performance of Bagging Methods 评估装袋方法性能的Python应用:评估装袋方法性能的Python应用

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2018-10-11 DOI: 10.1002/EP.13016

Akhil Kadiyala, Ashok Kumar

引用次数: 0

Renewable Energy Resources, 3rd Edition 可再生能源，第三版

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.12381

P. E. Peters

引用次数: 14

Heterogeneous photocatalytic decolorization and degradation of structurally related textile reactive dyes in aqueous suspension of ZnO nanotube ZnO纳米管水悬浮液中结构相关纺织活性染料的非均相光催化脱色与降解

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10443

S. Patel, Dhaval D. Haveliwala

Nanotube of ZnO was prepared using hydrothermal process and its hexagonal nanocrystal structure was determined using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The nanoparticles had the wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure and showed good adhesion to the nanotubes. The nanosized ZnO displayed high photocatalytical activity toward decolorization of C.I. Reactive Yellow 84 (RY 84) and Reactive Orange 12 (RO 12) under concentrated solar irradiation. The effects of various parameters such as amount of catalyst, pH, and concentration of dye on photodecolorization were systematically investigated. The optimum photocatalyst dose was found to 200 mg/L, optimal pH was 4 of 100 mg/L aqueous solution of the dyes. Almost 100% color removal was achieved in about 6 h, the process simultaneously reduces chemical oxygen demand, which obeyed pseudo first-order kinetics. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010

采用水热法制备了ZnO纳米管，并利用扫描电镜和x射线衍射对ZnO纳米管的六方结构进行了表征。纳米颗粒具有纤锌矿六方晶体结构，与纳米管具有良好的附着力。在太阳辐照下，纳米氧化锌对C.I.活性黄84 (RY 84)和活性橙12 (RO 12)的脱色具有较高的光催化活性。系统考察了催化剂用量、pH、染料浓度等参数对光脱色效果的影响。发现光催化剂的最佳剂量为200 mg/L，最佳pH为4 / 100 mg/L的染料水溶液。在约6 h内实现了几乎100%的脱色，同时降低了化学需氧量，符合伪一级动力学。©2010美国化学工程师学会环境项目，2010

引用次数: 1

Development of a pollution prevention tool for the assessment of hospital waste management systems 开发用于评估医院废物管理系统的污染预防工具

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10143

N. Raman, A. Vijayan, Ashok Kumar V

引用次数: 5

Chemistry of aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration and explanation of experimental results 水矿物碳酸化固碳化学及实验结果解释

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10127

Zhongxi Chen, W. O'connor, S. Gerdemann

In aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration, high-pressure CO2 is injected into water or sodium bicarbonate solution mixed with olivine or serpentine to produce magnesium carbonate. Thus, CO2 gas is fixed in a solid carbonate for sequestration. Such reactions are generally slow, and a significant amount of research was conducted to increase the reaction rate. This article is an initial effort using basic thermodynamic analysis to understand this complicated heterogeneous chemical process, and to explain some experimental results. The approach started with decomposing the process into two basic steps: magnesium ion dissolution from the olivine or serpentine, and magnesite precipitation. Thermodynamic calculation then is used to assess two important parameters for each of these two steps: the pH and carbonic ion concentration. The calculations explain the roles of increased CO2 pressure, elevated temperature, and adding sodium bicarbonate for enhancing the carbonation reaction, and these results agreed well with the experimental data. The analysis also indicates that for reaction routes in which leaching magnesium silicate and forming magnesium carbonate occur in the same reactor, lowering the pH helps dissolve magnesium ions from silicate, but it lowers carbonic ion concentration and limits precipitation of magnesite; careful balance of these two steps is critical. Further improvement may be built upon this model. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006

在固碳的水矿物碳酸化中，将高压CO2注入与橄榄石或蛇纹石混合的水或碳酸氢钠溶液中，以生产碳酸镁。因此，二氧化碳气体被固定在固体碳酸盐中进行隔离。这种反应通常是缓慢的，为了提高反应速率，人们进行了大量的研究。本文是用基本热力学分析来理解这一复杂的非均相化学过程，并解释一些实验结果的初步尝试。该方法首先将该过程分解为两个基本步骤:从橄榄石或蛇纹石中溶解镁离子，以及沉淀菱镁矿。然后用热力学计算来评估这两个步骤的两个重要参数:pH值和碳离子浓度。计算结果解释了CO2压力升高、温度升高和碳酸氢钠的加入对碳酸化反应的促进作用，与实验结果吻合较好。分析还表明，在同一反应器中浸出硅酸镁和形成碳酸镁的反应路线中，降低pH有利于硅酸镁离子的溶解，但降低了碳离子浓度，限制了菱镁矿的析出;仔细平衡这两个步骤是至关重要的。可以在这个模型的基础上进一步改进。©2006美国化学工程师学会环境项目，2006

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引用次数: 123

Solar photocatalytic degradation of groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons 石油烃污染地下水的太阳能光催化降解研究

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10124

I. Cho, L. Kim, K. Zoh, Jae-Hong Park, Hyun-Yong Kim

To evaluate the potential use for ex situ remediation, a solar-driven, photocatalyzed reactor system was constructed and applied to the treatment of groundwater contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) near a gas station using selected advanced oxidation processes such as H2O2/solar light, TiO2 slurry/solar light, and immobilized TiO2/solar light. Groundwater samples containing BTEX and TPH, loaded with H2O2 or slurry and immobilized TiO2 catalyst, were exposed to solar light (37° N and 128° E) in winter with an average intensity of 1.6 mW/cm2 measured at 365 nm. Whereas the solar light/TiO2 slurry system achieved >70% degradation of BTEX and TPH within 4 h, the solar light/immobilized TiO2 and solar light/H2O2 systems did not show significant removal within the same time. However, both TiO2 slurry and immobilized systems were able to reduce BTEX and TPH levels effectively if H2O2 (10 mM) was added. The degradation rates of low molecular weight gasoline (BTEX) and n-alkanes ranging from C10 to C15 were higher than those of n-alkanes ranging from C16 to C20. The removal efficiency of BTEX and TPH in the groundwater samples also increased with a larger solar collector area of the reactor. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006

为了评估非原位修复的潜在用途，构建了一个太阳能驱动的光催化反应器系统，并应用于处理加油站附近被苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)和总石油烃(TPHs)污染的地下水，采用H2O2/太阳光、TiO2浆体/太阳光和固定化TiO2/太阳光等高级氧化工艺。将含有BTEX和TPH的地下水样品，负载H2O2或浆液和固定化TiO2催化剂，于冬季暴露在太阳光照(37°N和128°E)下，平均强度为1.6 mW/cm2，测量波长为365 nm。太阳能光/TiO2浆料体系在4 h内对BTEX和TPH的降解率达到70%以上，而太阳能光/固定化TiO2和太阳能光/H2O2体系在4 h内对BTEX和TPH的降解率不高。然而，如果添加H2O2 (10 mM)， TiO2浆料和固定化体系都能有效降低BTEX和TPH水平。低分子量汽油(BTEX)和C10 ~ C15正构烷烃的降解率高于C16 ~ C20正构烷烃的降解率。随着反应器太阳能集热器面积的增大，地下水样品中BTEX和TPH的去除效率也有所提高。©2006美国化学工程师学会环境项目，2006

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引用次数: 20

Evaluation of the AERMOD dispersion model as a function of atmospheric stability for an urban area 评价AERMOD色散模式对城市地区大气稳定性的影响

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10129

Ashok Kumar, S. Dixit, C. Varadarajan, A. Vijayan, Anand Masuraha

The AERMOD dispersion model was used to compute ambient air concentrations of SO2 for 1-, 3-, and 24-h averaging periods using the emission inventory data for Lucas County, Ohio for the year 1990. The estimated concentrations were classified based on the stability parameter, Monin–Obukhov length (L), for the two monitoring stations located in the area. The data were divided into two atmospheric stability classes (stable and convective cases) as used in the AERMOD model. These categories were further grouped into five subcategories based on the value of L to learn about fine details of model performance. The model evaluation was done using several statistical parameters used in air quality studies. AERMOD did not yield a satisfactory performance in predicting 1- and 3-h average concentrations for the multisource region but showed a slightly better performance in predicting the 24-h concentrations using urban option for the land use parameters. The model had a tendency to underpredict in both the stable and convective cases. In the 24-h averaging period factor of two (Fa2) values suggested a better performance than fractional bias (FB). The model seemed to perform better for the Main Street station than the Collins Park station. Limited analysis using different land use parameters reported in the paper indicates that model performance may improve for certain cases. Other errors include the unavoidable scatter arising from differences between wind direction and actual transport for an averaging period, formulation of the model, and the emission inventory. The results of the study should be used cautiously because of the limited scope of the evaluation. Future work should focus on the role of land use parameters in predicting concentrations at the monitors and finding ways to quantify errors attributed to other factors. However, it is clear that more guidance is needed to apply the AERMOD model for multisource regions. Alternative schemes to divide the data should also be considered for analyzing model performance. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006

利用1990年俄亥俄州卢卡斯县的排放清单数据，采用AERMOD分散模型计算了1、3和24小时平均周期的环境空气SO2浓度。根据该地区两个监测站的稳定性参数莫宁-奥布霍夫长度(L)对估计浓度进行分类。根据AERMOD模式，将数据分为两类大气稳定性(稳定和对流情况)。根据L的值将这些类别进一步分为五个子类别，以了解模型性能的细节。模型评估是使用空气质量研究中使用的几个统计参数完成的。AERMOD在预测多源区域1 h和3 h平均浓度方面表现不理想，但在土地利用参数的城市选项预测24 h浓度方面表现稍好。该模式在稳定和对流情况下都有低估的趋势。在24 h平均周期内，两个因子(Fa2)值的表现优于分数偏差(FB)。该模型似乎在主街站比柯林斯公园站表现得更好。本文中使用不同土地利用参数的有限分析表明，在某些情况下，模型的性能可能会有所改善。其他误差包括由于平均时期的风向和实际输送量的不同而不可避免的散射、模型的制定和排放清单。由于评估的范围有限，研究结果应谨慎使用。今后的工作应侧重于土地利用参数在预测监测站浓度方面的作用，并寻找方法来量化归因于其他因素的误差。然而，很明显，在多源区域应用AERMOD模型需要更多的指导。在分析模型性能时，还应考虑划分数据的备选方案。©2006美国化学工程师学会环境项目，2006

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引用次数: 86

Attempted biofiltration of reduced sulphur compounds from a pulp and paper mill in Northern Sweden 在瑞典北部的纸浆和造纸厂尝试生物过滤减少硫化合物

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10131

Anneli Andersson Chan

The objective of this study was to identify the reduced sulphur compounds (RSCs) present in waste gas from a specific deaerator at a pulp and paper mill in northern Sweden, and to investigate the feasibility of a multi-stage biofilter to treat these compounds in an industrial setting. Two filter media, rockwool mats and an organic peat and compost mixture, were used as biofilter media. A mixed population of heterotrophs and a strain of Hypomicrobium were examined for DMS and DMDS degradation. Two experimental periods were performed for 45 days each, in the fall and winter in cold climate. Process parameters as well as the number of viable cells of the filter were monitored during operation. Results were inconsistent due to the fluctuations of the system, and a number of operational problems were identified, differing from those developed under controlled, laboratory set-ups. Process conditions varied greatly, that is, fluctuating temperatures, pollutant concentrations, and airflows that led to insufficient residence times. Both biological and mass transfer limitations are possible explanations for the poor treatment results. This study can contribute to assessing the feasibility of biofilters in the pulp and paper industry, and help reduce the knowledge gap between laboratory studies and field conditions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006

本研究的目的是确定瑞典北部一家纸浆和造纸厂特定除氧器废气中存在的还原硫化合物(RSCs)，并研究多级生物过滤器在工业环境中处理这些化合物的可行性。两种过滤介质，岩棉垫和有机泥炭和堆肥混合物，被用作生物过滤介质。研究了异养菌和一株低微生物的混合种群对DMS和DMDS的降解。试验分秋季和冬季两期，每期45 d。在运行过程中，对滤池的工艺参数和活菌数进行了监测。由于系统的波动，结果不一致，并且确定了许多操作问题，与在受控的实验室设置下开发的问题不同。工艺条件变化很大，即波动的温度、污染物浓度和气流导致停留时间不足。生物学和传质限制都是治疗效果差的可能解释。该研究有助于评估生物过滤器在纸浆和造纸工业中的可行性，并有助于减少实验室研究与现场条件之间的知识差距。©2006美国化学工程师学会环境项目，2006

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引用次数: 34

Improved methods for carbon adsorption studies for water and wastewater treatment 水和废水处理中碳吸附研究的改进方法

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10122

W. Ying, Wei Zhang, Qigang Chang, Wen-xin Jiang, Guang‐hua Li

An improved method was developed to rank activated carbon in removing organic water pollutants. The simple and standardized evaluation method uses a set of four adsorptive capacity indicators: phenol, iodine, methylene blue, and tannic acid numbers; those four indicator compounds were selected because they cover the molecular size range of most organic water pollutants. An improved microcolumn rapid breakthrough (MCRB) test method was developed from the existing HPMC (high-pressure minicolumn) and RSSCT (rapid small-scale column test) methods by simplifying the experimental procedure and using readily available low-cost pump, sampler, piping, and fittings. This method can be practiced in an ordinary environmental laboratory to select the best carbon, to verify the treatment effectiveness, and to estimate the adsorption treatment cost based on the observed capacity utilization rate for carbon in the adsorber without the problems often encountered with using small and mini traditional columns. The benefits ofthe four-parameter carbon selection method and the MCRB method were demonstrated by adsorption isotherm and breakthrough data for several indicator compounds and organic water pollutants. These improved methods will enable efficient carbon adsorption studies necessary for more applications of carbon adsorption technology in water and wastewater treatment.

提出了一种改进的活性炭去除水中有机污染物的分级方法。采用苯酚、碘、亚甲基蓝、单宁酸等4个吸附量指标组成一套简便、规范的评价方法;选择这四种指示化合物是因为它们涵盖了大多数有机水污染物的分子大小范围。通过简化实验程序和使用现成的低成本泵、进样器、管道和配件，在现有的HPMC(高压小柱)和RSSCT(快速小柱测试)方法的基础上，开发了一种改进的微柱快速突破(MCRB)测试方法。该方法可以在普通环境实验室实践，选择最佳碳，验证处理效果，并根据观察到的吸附器中碳的容量利用率估算吸附处理成本，而不会遇到使用小型和微型传统塔经常遇到的问题。四参数选碳法和MCRB法对几种指示化合物和有机水污染物的吸附等温线和突破数据证明了其优越性。这些改进的方法将为碳吸附技术在水和废水处理中的更多应用提供必要的高效碳吸附研究。

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引用次数: 35

Emission reduction of NOx and CO by optimization of the automatic control system in a coal-fired stoker boiler 通过优化燃煤锅炉自动控制系统降低NOx和CO的排放

Environmental Progress

Pub Date : 2006-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/EP.10125

K. Schnelle, Atip Laungphairojana, K. Debelak

To date research on NO, and CO emission reduction in stoker-fired boilers has been devoted to combustion modification to the overfire air, diverting air to a selected set of burners, using modified low-NOx, burners, using flue gas recirculation or flue gas treatment with specially controlled catalyst and additives. This study introduces a concept that focuses on the dynamics of the boiler and the automatic control system. The objective of this study was to reduce the NO and CO emissions by restructuring the automatic control system and then tuning the control system with parameters that have been optimized with emission reduction as the objective. Dynamic data were obtained from a step-input test of either the underfire air or the overfire air. These data were used to model the boiler with a transfer function describing the emissions. The analyzer dynamic response was included in the overall model. The control parameters were determined from this overall emissions transfer function by mathematical optimization. These control parameters constituted the initial values in the automatic control system used for the final tests in the boiler. Additional adjustments to reduce the emissions were carried out during boiler operation. A low controller gain and a fast reset timemore » were found to be the most suitable setting for the control system. The NO emissions controlled by the overfire air and CO emissions controlled by the underfire air produced the best results.« less

迄今为止，关于燃煤锅炉减少NO和CO排放的研究主要集中在对过火空气进行燃烧改性，将空气引入选定的一组燃烧器，使用改性的低nox燃烧器，使用烟气再循环或使用特殊控制的催化剂和添加剂进行烟气处理。本文主要介绍了锅炉动力学和自动控制系统的概念。本研究的目的是通过对自动控制系统进行重组，然后以减排为目标对优化后的控制系统参数进行调整，从而减少NO和CO的排放。动态数据是从火下空气和过火空气的步进测试中获得的。这些数据被用来用描述排放的传递函数对锅炉进行建模。整体模型中包含了分析仪的动态响应。控制参数由总排放传递函数通过数学优化确定。这些控制参数构成了用于锅炉最终试验的自动控制系统的初始值。在锅炉运行期间进行了额外的调整以减少排放。低控制器增益和快速复位时间被认为是最适合控制系统的设置。由过火空气控制的NO排放和由欠火空气控制的CO排放效果最好。«少

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引用次数: 2

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