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Reining in strangles: Absence of disease in horses vaccinated with a DIVA-compatible recombinant fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, following natural exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi 勒死马:在自然暴露于马链球菌亚种马后,接种diva兼容重组融合蛋白疫苗Strangvac的马没有出现疾病。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-23 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70125
Gittan Gröndahl, Francesco Righetti, Anna Aspán, Joakim Bjerketorp, Sara Frosth, Lars Frykberg, Karin Jacobsson, Bengt Guss, Romain Paillot, Jan-Ingmar Flock, Birgitta Henriques-Normark, Andrew S. Waller

Background

Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), is a prevalent infectious disease of horses. This is the first report on the use of a new vaccine, Strangvac, in a natural outbreak of strangles.

Objectives

To measure the effects of Strangvac vaccination during an outbreak of strangles at a Swedish farm.

Study Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Methods

Healthy horses (n = 17) were vaccinated on day 0, which occurred 23 days after strangles was first confirmed in three unvaccinated horses on the same farm. Blood serum samples were collected on day 0, day 28 and day 489. A combined iELISA was used to measure total antibody titres towards the components of the vaccine. Specific antibody levels in blood sera to S. equi were also quantified using the antigen A/C iELISAs, which can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. Clinical signs were monitored.

Results

All vaccinated horses had increased total antibody titres to CCE, Eq85 and/or IdeE from day 0 (2.50 ± 0.28) to day 28 (3.63 ± 0.31; p < 0.0001). Seropositivity in the antigen A/C iELISA was noted in 8/17 healthy horses on day 0 (prior to vaccination), in 9/16 vaccinates on day 28, and in 3/3 unvaccinated clinical cases on day 28. None of the vaccinated horses developed strangles, but 5/7 of the original vaccinated horses tested seropositive in the A/C iELISA on day 489, which was 377 days after their third vaccination.

Main Limitations

Aside from the three unvaccinated clinical cases, no unvaccinated control group was available.

Conclusions

Despite adherence to recommended biosecurity measures, serological evidence of exposure to S. equi was demonstrated in half of the vaccinated horses. Notably, all horses vaccinated during the outbreak responded to the vaccine components and remained healthy, suggesting a protective effect of vaccination of healthy horses with Strangvac in outbreak situations.

背景:由马链球菌亚种马(S. equi)引起的勒颈是一种常见的马传染病。这是关于在自然爆发的窒息中使用新疫苗Strangvac的第一份报告。目的:测量在瑞典一个农场发生的勒颈疫情期间施打斯特兰茨疫苗的效果。研究设计:纵向队列研究。方法:在同一农场3匹未接种疫苗的马首次被确诊为勒死后的第23天,于第0天接种健康马(n = 17)。分别于第0、28、489天采集血清。联合iELISA用于测量针对疫苗组分的总抗体滴度。使用抗原A/C elisa定量测定血清中对马链球菌的特异性抗体水平,可以区分感染动物和接种动物。监测临床症状。结果:从第0天(2.50±0.28)到第28天(3.63±0.31),所有接种疫苗的马对CCE、Eq85和/或IdeE的总抗体滴度均升高;p主要限制:除3例未接种疫苗的临床病例外,没有未接种疫苗的对照组。结论:尽管遵守了推荐的生物安全措施,但在接种疫苗的马中,有一半的马有暴露于马链球菌的血清学证据。值得注意的是,所有在疫情期间接种疫苗的马都对疫苗成分有反应并保持健康,这表明在疫情情况下为健康马接种Strangvac疫苗具有保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
Agreement of the performance of equine electrocardiogram recording devices for ECG complexity analysis. 用于心电复杂性分析的马心电图记录设备性能的一致性。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70105
Vadim Alexeenko, Dhruvpal Singh Anchan, Fe Ter Woort, Caroline Ribonnet, Emmanuele van Erck, Celia Marr, Kamalan Jeevaratnam

Background: Non-linear equine electrocardiography (ECG) analysis is an actively developing study area which has the potential to lead to novel, artificial intelligence-based diagnostic tools in equine cardiology. As more ECG recording devices are becoming available, there is a need to ensure results are interchangeable regardless of the equipment used to record the equine ECG.

Objectives: To evaluate the agreement of ECG complexity values obtained using the Televet™ and Equimetre™ systems.

Study design: Cross-sectional clinical.

Methods: ECGs were recorded using two devices simultaneously from 37 healthy Thoroughbred horses during routine training. An automated algorithm extracting the ECG segments of acceptable quality extracted 60-second strips with a stable heart rate in the range 30-100 beats per minute. Threshold-crossing, beat detection, and feature detection coarse-graining algorithms were used to annotate the ECG for complexity analysis. Complexity values were corrected to the heart rate using data from 37 horses, and inter-device agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots and Student's t-test using ECG data from 28 horses that provided sufficient data from both devices.

Results: The results of complexity analysis obtained with beat detection coarse-graining were independent of the device used at all heart rates. The results obtained with feature detection for heart rates below 75 beats per minute (bpm) and with threshold crossing for heart rates above 75 bpm were significantly different.

Main limitations: The study relied on convenience sampling, and data analysis was constrained by the availability of ECG data in the heart rate range of interest.

Conclusions: The accurate comparison of ECG complexity analysis results requires consideration of differences between recording devices, heart rates and ECG coarse-graining techniques.

背景:非线性马心电图(ECG)分析是一个积极发展的研究领域,有可能导致马心脏病学中基于人工智能的新型诊断工具。随着越来越多的心电图记录设备的出现,有必要确保结果是可互换的,而不管使用什么设备来记录马的心电图。目的:评价使用Televet™和equimeter™系统获得的ECG复杂性值的一致性。研究设计:横断面临床。方法:对37匹健康纯种马进行常规训练,同时用两种仪器记录心电图。一种自动算法提取质量可接受的心电片段,提取出心率稳定在每分钟30-100次的60秒长条。采用阈值交叉、心跳检测和特征检测粗粒度算法对心电信号进行标注,进行复杂度分析。使用来自37匹马的数据将复杂性值校正为心率,使用Bland-Altman图和使用来自28匹马的ECG数据(两种设备提供了足够的数据)的学生t检验来评估设备间的一致性。结果:粗粒度心跳检测的复杂性分析结果与在所有心率下使用的设备无关。心率低于每分钟75次(bpm)的特征检测结果与心率高于每分钟75次(bpm)的阈值跨越结果有显著差异。主要局限性:该研究依赖于方便采样,数据分析受到心率范围内ECG数据可用性的限制。结论:心电复杂性分析结果的准确比较需要考虑记录设备、心率和心电粗粒度化技术的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond nocardioform: Transcriptionally active microbes and host responses in equine mucoid placentitis 超越无心型:马黏液性胎盘炎中转录活性微生物和宿主反应。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70112
Machteld van Heule, Margo Verstraete, Jamie Kaj Norris, Kinga Barbara Graniczkowsa, Kirsten E. Scoggin, Hossam El-Sheikh Ali, Barry A. Ball, Ward De Spiegelaere, Peter Daels, Bart C. Weimer, Pouya Dini
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Nocardioform placentitis (NP) is an understudied form of equine placentitis historically attributed to nocardioform bacteria, yet it remains uncertain whether these organisms are the sole pathogens involved.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Objectives</h3> <p>To elucidate the pathophysiology of NP and the host–pathogen interaction.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Study Design</h3> <p>In vivo clinical multi-omics study.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Dual RNA sequencing was performed to profile transcriptionally active microbial communities and concurrent placental transcriptome responses in samples from 31 placentas with and without NP. Untargeted metabolomics was performed to study the associated metabolites in the placenta.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>The most abundant microbial transcripts belonged to <i>Amycolatopsis</i>, <i>Crossiella</i>, <i>Lentzea</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>, and <i>Mycobacterium.</i> Bacterial gene expression in NP-affected placentas was enriched in pathways related to ribosomal activity and metabolic processes involving amino acid, carbohydrate, and glycosphingolipid metabolism. Concurrently, placental transcripts demonstrated significant upregulation of inflammatory pathways and downregulation of pathways associated with blood vessel formation. Untargeted metabolomics highlighted an elevated abundance of metabolites such as beta-D-fucose, nervonic acid, and zymostenol in the placentitis samples. Significant correlations were found between microbial genes (<i>mraW</i>, <i>rlmB</i>, <i>amy</i>, <i>afuA</i>, and <i>cysC</i>) and host inflammation genes (<i>CXCL14</i>, <i>IL15RA</i>, <i>TASL</i>, and <i>IFIH1</i>). Additionally, elevated beta-D-fucose, a microbe-specific metabolite, showed a strong correlation with microbial genes involved in stress-adaptive metabolism and DNA repair (<i>ydhP</i>, <i>ybgC</i>, <i>serC</i>, <i>puuE</i>, and <i>radA</i>). The bacterial enzymes involved in beta-D-fucose were notably upregulated and predominantly expressed by <i>Amycolatopsis</i> and <i>Lentzea</i>.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Limitations</h3> <p>Classification based on RNA abundance limited the number of <i>Crossiella</i> cases (<i>n</i> = 3).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h
背景:诺心样胎盘炎(NP)是一种未被充分研究的马胎盘炎,历史上归因于诺心样细菌,但仍不确定这些微生物是否是唯一涉及的病原体。目的:探讨NP的病理生理及宿主-病原体相互作用。研究设计:体内临床多组学研究。方法:采用双RNA测序分析了31例有NP和无NP胎盘样本中转录活性微生物群落和同步胎盘转录组反应。采用非靶向代谢组学方法研究胎盘中相关代谢物。结果:最丰富的微生物转录本为Amycolatopsis、Crossiella、Lentzea、Enterococcus和Mycobacterium。在受np影响的胎盘中,细菌基因表达与核糖体活性和代谢过程相关,包括氨基酸、碳水化合物和鞘糖脂代谢。同时,胎盘转录本显示炎症途径的显著上调和血管形成相关途径的下调。非靶向代谢组学强调了胎盘炎样本中代谢产物如β - d -病灶、神经酸和酶烯醇的丰度升高。微生物基因(mraW、rmb、amy、afuA和cysC)与宿主炎症基因(CXCL14、IL15RA、TASL和IFIH1)之间存在显著相关性。此外,微生物特异性代谢物- β - d -焦点的升高与参与应激适应性代谢和DNA修复的微生物基因(ydhP、ybgC、serC、puuE和radA)有很强的相关性。参与β - d聚焦的细菌酶明显上调,主要由Amycolatopsis和Lentzea表达。主要局限性:基于RNA丰度的分类限制了交叉杆菌病例的数量(n = 3)。结论:诺心型和非诺心型细菌都与np诊断病例有关,挑战了目前“诺心型胎盘炎”一词的泛化,并支持拓宽黏液性胎盘炎诊断方案的必要性。多组学分析揭示了微生物代谢物介导的潜在宿主-微生物相互作用,为改进诊断策略提供了机制见解和机会。
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引用次数: 0
Agreement between veterinarians and three objective evaluation systems in naturally occurring equine lameness. 兽医之间的协议和三个客观评估系统在自然发生的马跛足。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70116
Jenna L McPeek, Bruno Menarim, Beatrice Sponseller, Margaret McClendon, Emma N Adam, Amanda A Adams, Stacy Slone, Allen E Page

Background: Subjective lameness evaluations are critical components of equine musculoskeletal health assessments. Objective approaches can supplement diagnosis and may be preferred for specific cases and scientific purposes.

Objectives: Evaluate agreements between subjective evaluation of two veterinarians and standard clinical interpretations from outputs of an AI-based smartphone application (Sleip; AI-SPA), the inertial measurement unit (IMU) system Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL), and the IMU system Equisym (ES).

Study design: In vivo experiment.

Methods: Twenty-five research horses (10-30 years) were evaluated on a straight-line trot. Limbs were independently graded and converted to an ordinal scale that, for objective systems, were converted from system-specific data outputs. Default settings and outputs for AI-SPA and LL were utilised to grade lameness while a manual process was developed for the ES. Pairwise agreement was calculated via weighted Cohen's κ, and agreement across rater types was calculated via Gwet's Agreement Coefficient 2 (GA2).

Results: Objective evaluator agreement (GA2 = 0.84, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.77-0.91) was higher than subjective evaluator agreement (GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63-0.83) across all limbs. For all five evaluators/systems, overall forelimb agreement (GA2 = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.95) was greater than overall hindlimb agreement (GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87). Pairwise agreement scores between the objective systems were often higher than those involving veterinary evaluators. The ES system often produced the highest agreement when compared with each rater individually.

Main limitations: Horses were evaluated on a straight line only. Lameness diagnosis was limited to visual observation. Outcomes for each horse's four limbs were considered independent measurements.

Conclusions: This work highlights the utility of commercially available objective evaluation systems, including the more recent ES system. Hindlimb asymmetries had lower agreement regardless of evaluator type. Objective systems had higher agreements when compared with subjective straight-line veterinary examination. The ability to uniformly assess asymmetries may assist diagnosis when compared with subjective evaluation alone.

背景:主观跛行评估是马肌肉骨骼健康评估的重要组成部分。客观的方法可以作为诊断的补充,对于特定的病例和科学目的可能更可取。目的:评估两名兽医的主观评价与基于人工智能的智能手机应用程序(Sleip; AI-SPA)、惯性测量单元(IMU)系统Equinosis Q跛行定位器(LL)和IMU系统Equisym (ES)输出的标准临床解释之间的一致性。研究设计:体内实验。方法:25匹研究马(10 ~ 30岁)进行直线小跑评价。肢体独立分级并转换为有序尺度,对于目标系统,从系统特定数据输出转换为有序尺度。AI-SPA和LL的默认设置和输出用于分级跛行,同时为ES开发了手动过程。通过加权Cohen’s κ计算两两一致性,通过Gwet’s agreement Coefficient 2 (GA2)计算不同评分类型的一致性。结果:所有肢体的客观评价者一致性(GA2 = 0.84, 95%可信区间(CI): 0.77 ~ 0.91)高于主观评价者一致性(GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63 ~ 0.83)。对于所有五个评估者/系统,总体前肢一致性(GA2 = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.95)大于总体后肢一致性(GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87)。客观系统之间的两两一致性得分通常高于涉及兽医评估者的系统。当与每个评分者单独比较时,ES系统通常产生最高的一致性。主要限制:仅在直线上对马匹进行评估。跛行诊断仅限于目测。每匹马四肢的结果被认为是独立的测量。结论:这项工作强调了商业上可获得的客观评估系统的效用,包括最近的ES系统。无论评估者类型如何,后肢不对称的一致性都较低。客观系统与主观直线兽医检查有较高的一致性。与单独的主观评价相比,统一评估不对称的能力可能有助于诊断。
{"title":"Agreement between veterinarians and three objective evaluation systems in naturally occurring equine lameness.","authors":"Jenna L McPeek, Bruno Menarim, Beatrice Sponseller, Margaret McClendon, Emma N Adam, Amanda A Adams, Stacy Slone, Allen E Page","doi":"10.1111/evj.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Subjective lameness evaluations are critical components of equine musculoskeletal health assessments. Objective approaches can supplement diagnosis and may be preferred for specific cases and scientific purposes.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Evaluate agreements between subjective evaluation of two veterinarians and standard clinical interpretations from outputs of an AI-based smartphone application (Sleip; AI-SPA), the inertial measurement unit (IMU) system Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL), and the IMU system Equisym (ES).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>In vivo experiment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-five research horses (10-30 years) were evaluated on a straight-line trot. Limbs were independently graded and converted to an ordinal scale that, for objective systems, were converted from system-specific data outputs. Default settings and outputs for AI-SPA and LL were utilised to grade lameness while a manual process was developed for the ES. Pairwise agreement was calculated via weighted Cohen's κ, and agreement across rater types was calculated via Gwet's Agreement Coefficient 2 (GA2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Objective evaluator agreement (GA2 = 0.84, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.77-0.91) was higher than subjective evaluator agreement (GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63-0.83) across all limbs. For all five evaluators/systems, overall forelimb agreement (GA2 = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.95) was greater than overall hindlimb agreement (GA2 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87). Pairwise agreement scores between the objective systems were often higher than those involving veterinary evaluators. The ES system often produced the highest agreement when compared with each rater individually.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>Horses were evaluated on a straight line only. Lameness diagnosis was limited to visual observation. Outcomes for each horse's four limbs were considered independent measurements.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work highlights the utility of commercially available objective evaluation systems, including the more recent ES system. Hindlimb asymmetries had lower agreement regardless of evaluator type. Objective systems had higher agreements when compared with subjective straight-line veterinary examination. The ability to uniformly assess asymmetries may assist diagnosis when compared with subjective evaluation alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A novel kirkovirus may be associated with equine gastrointestinal disease 一种新型kirkovirus可能与马胃肠道疾病有关。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70121
Lillian M. B. Haywood, Ava Clark, Ben Hause, Breanna Sheahan
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Many cases of equine enterocolitis are suspected to be infectious in nature, but no pathogen is identified in many cases.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Objectives</h3> <p>Perform next-generation sequencing on faeces collected from cases of equine enterocolitis for the presence of novel viruses and determine if an identified novel virus is associated with cases of equine enterocolitis.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Study Design</h3> <p>Retrospective cohort study.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Next generation sequencing was performed targeting viral genomes from <i>n</i> = 13 pooled faecal samples (<i>n</i> = 5 horses/pool) with enterocolitis. Subsequent qPCR was performed targeting the highly conserved replication-associated segment of the identified kirkovirus genome on <i>n</i> = 218 samples (collected between 2020 and 2025), divided into 3 groups [colitis (<i>n</i> = 87), colic (<i>n</i> = 56) and clinically normal (<i>n</i> = 75)]. Additional qPCR was performed on a subset of cases targeting the less well-conserved open reading frame 3 (ORF3) segment of the kirkovirus genome. In situ hybridisation and electron microscopy on kirkovirus-positive samples were also performed.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Next generation sequencing identified a novel kirkovirus in 5/13 pooled samples from enterocolitis cases, including the full genome. There was an association between the novel kirkovirus and enterocolitis, specifically in two farm outbreaks. A retrospective case review of kirkovirus-positive cases suggested a seasonal pattern, with all cases presented in the autumn, winter, and spring. Additionally, there was an association with small colon impactions, with 25% of positive cases having a small colon impaction.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Limitations</h3> <p>Whether equine kirkovirus is a cause of equine infectious enterocolitis remains unknown. There are limited available tissue samples from positive horses and efforts to definitively identify equine kirkovirus in the gastrointestinal tract tissues have been unsuccessful.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>We identified a novel equine kirkovirus that is associated with outbreaks of enterocolitis and small
背景:许多马小肠结肠炎病例被怀疑具有传染性,但在许多病例中未发现病原体。目的:对从马小肠结肠炎病例收集的粪便进行新一代测序,以确定新病毒的存在,并确定所鉴定的新病毒是否与马小肠结肠炎病例有关。研究设计:回顾性队列研究。方法:对n = 13个汇总的小肠结肠炎粪便样本(n = 5匹马/池)的病毒基因组进行下一代测序。随后,针对鉴定出的kirkovirus基因组高度保守的复制相关片段进行qPCR,在2020年至2025年期间收集n = 218份样本,分为3组[结肠炎(n = 87),绞痛(n = 56)和临床正常(n = 75)]。针对kirkovirus基因组中保守性较差的开放阅读框3 (ORF3)片段,对一部分病例进行了额外的qPCR。对kirkovirus阳性样品进行了原位杂交和电镜观察。结果:下一代测序在5/13个肠结肠炎病例汇总样本中鉴定出一种新型kirkovirus,包括全基因组。新型kirkovirus与小肠结肠炎之间存在关联,特别是在两次农场暴发中。对柯尔科病毒阳性病例的回顾性病例审查显示出季节性模式,所有病例均出现在秋季、冬季和春季。此外,与小结肠嵌塞有关,25%的阳性病例有小结肠嵌塞。主要局限性:马柯克病毒是否是马感染性小肠结肠炎的病因尚不清楚。来自阳性马的可用组织样本有限,并且在胃肠道组织中明确鉴定马kirkovirus的努力尚未成功。结论:我们确定了一种新的马kirkovirus,它与小肠结肠炎和小结肠嵌塞的爆发有关。在临床正常人群中很少发现。必须进行进一步的研究以确定病毒是否会感染马的组织和/或导致疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Bridging hosts: Domestic horse density and Hendra virus spillover risk in a changing landscape 桥接宿主:在不断变化的环境中,家马密度和亨德拉病毒溢出风险。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70118
Belinda Linnegar, Andrew Hoegh, Hamish McCallum, Alison J. Peel

Background

Anthropogenic climatic and landscape change can drive behavioural shifts in wildlife and thus lead to increased risk of pathogen exposure for humans and domestic animals. While spillover research often focuses on the reservoir hosts or ongoing transmission in humans, livestock and companion animals can play important roles as bridging and amplifying hosts, facilitating the emergence of highly pathogenic diseases.

Objectives

To investigate the distribution and density of domestic horses in the context of their role as bridge hosts for Hendra virus and build models to study zoonotic emergence.

Study Design

Cross sectional.

Methods

Government horse datasets (2011–2024) were analysed, and field surveys conducted in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales, Australia, to estimate domestic horse distributions and density. Zero-inflated negative binomial models were used to examine spatial correlations between horse population density, flying fox foraging areas and Hendra virus spillover events across different landcover types. Finally, random forest models were used to predict property-level horse densities based on 209 landscape and socioeconomic covariates.

Results

Horse populations were widespread across the study area, though field observations confirmed under-reporting in government datasets. Property size was the strongest predictor of horse density. A positive relationship in agricultural areas between Hendra virus spillover events and both locality-level horse density (p = 0.001) and cumulative winter occupancy of flying fox roosts (p < 0.001) was identified. These relationships were specific to agricultural landscapes, with negative associations in urban and forested areas.

Conclusion

A previously undetected association between horse density and spillover was revealed, highlighting the importance of this integrated approach. Current limitations in horse population data present challenges for biosecurity and disease risk assessments in existing risk areas. Targeted surveillance and predictive modelling will be essential to mitigate future spillover risks and protect both animal and human health.

背景:人为的气候和景观变化可以驱动野生动物的行为转变,从而导致人类和家畜接触病原体的风险增加。虽然外溢研究往往侧重于水库宿主或正在进行的人类传播,但牲畜和伴侣动物可以作为桥接和放大宿主发挥重要作用,促进高致病性疾病的出现。目的:调查家马作为亨德拉病毒桥宿主的分布和密度,建立人畜共患病模型。研究设计:横断面。方法:分析2011-2024年政府马匹数据,并在澳大利亚昆士兰州东南部和新南威尔士州东北部进行实地调查,估计家马分布和密度。采用零膨胀负二项模型研究了不同土地覆盖类型中马种群密度、飞狐觅食区域与亨德拉病毒溢出事件之间的空间相关性。最后,基于209个景观和社会经济协变量,采用随机森林模型预测地产级马密度。结果:马的种群在整个研究区域广泛分布,尽管实地观察证实了政府数据集的低报。属性大小是马密度的最强预测因子。在农业地区,亨德拉病毒溢出事件与地方马密度(p = 0.001)和狐窝冬季累积占用率呈正相关(p结论:揭示了以前未被发现的马密度与溢出之间的关联,强调了这种综合方法的重要性。目前马种群数据的局限性给现有风险地区的生物安全和疾病风险评估带来了挑战。有针对性的监测和预测建模对于减轻未来的溢出风险和保护动物和人类健康至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The horse cardiac transcriptome: Moving towards a molecular understanding of atrial fibrillation. 马心脏转录组:走向心房颤动的分子理解。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70115
Simon Libak Haugaard, Sarah Dalgas Nissen, Mélodie Jil Schneider, Jesper Bratz Birk, Helena Carstensen, Charlotte Hopster-Iversen, Ali Altıntaş, Romain Barrès, Rasmus Kjøbsted, Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski, Kate M Herum, Thomas Jespersen, Rikke Buhl

Background: High recurrence rates after atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment may be driven by myocardial changes induced by the arrhythmia itself. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these changes is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving outcomes.

Objectives: To characterise the cardiac transcriptome of healthy horses and explore transcriptional changes associated with persistent AF (naturally occurring and tachypacing-induced).

Study design: Case-control study.

Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed on atrial and ventricular tissue samples collected from six horses with naturally occurring persistent AF (lasting 2-12 weeks) and six healthy controls. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to identify chamber-specific differences and molecular pathways associated with AF. Findings were integrated with proteomic data and compared with transcriptional changes in a separate cohort of 10 horses with tachypacing-induced AF. Atrial metabolic remodelling was further investigated by evaluating the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central metabolic regulator and measuring local glycogen content.

Results: The transcriptomes of the four heart chambers had distinct molecular identities. Expression of ion channels and genes encoding calcium handling proteins was largely similar to humans, despite important differences in the ventricular expression of repolarising potassium channels. Persistent AF was associated with minimal ion channel changes but significant upregulation of metabolic, fibrotic and myofibrillar pathways. Metabolic remodeling included upregulation of fatty acid and glycolytic pathways, increased glycogen content in the left atrium and preserved AMPK activity in the right atrium. Transcriptomic profiles of naturally occurring persistent AF correlated well with those of tachypacing-induced AF.

Main limitations: The study cannot distinguish changes predisposing to AF from those caused by it.

Conclusion: Persistent AF was associated with changes in metabolic and fibrotic pathways in the atria, with minimal ion channel remodeling. Targeting these pathways, rather than focusing solely on the electrical disturbance, may improve treatment outcomes in equine AF.

背景:房颤(AF)治疗后复发率高可能是心律失常本身引起的心肌改变所致。了解这些变化背后的分子机制对于开发靶向治疗和改善结果至关重要。目的:表征健康马的心脏转录组,并探索与持续性房颤(自然发生和速搏诱导)相关的转录变化。研究设计:病例对照研究。方法:对6匹自然发生持续性房颤(持续2-12周)的马和6匹健康对照的心房和心室组织样本进行rna测序。研究人员进行了差异基因表达和途径富集分析,以确定房颤相关的室特异性差异和分子途径。研究结果与蛋白质组学数据相结合,并与10匹速搏诱发房颤的马的转录变化进行了比较。通过评估心房代谢活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)的活性和测量局部糖原含量,进一步研究了心房代谢重塑。结果:4个心腔的转录组具有明显的分子特征。离子通道和编码钙处理蛋白的基因的表达在很大程度上与人类相似,尽管心室重极化钾通道的表达存在重要差异。持续性房颤与最小的离子通道改变有关,但代谢、纤维化和肌纤维通路显著上调。代谢重塑包括脂肪酸和糖酵解途径的上调,左心房糖原含量的增加和右心房AMPK活性的保持。自然发生的持续性房颤的转录组学特征与速搏诱发的房颤的转录组学特征具有良好的相关性。主要局限性:该研究不能区分房颤的易感变化和由房颤引起的变化。结论:持续性房颤与心房代谢和纤维化通路的改变有关,并伴有少量离子通道重构。针对这些通路,而不是仅仅关注电干扰,可能会改善马房颤的治疗效果。
{"title":"The horse cardiac transcriptome: Moving towards a molecular understanding of atrial fibrillation.","authors":"Simon Libak Haugaard, Sarah Dalgas Nissen, Mélodie Jil Schneider, Jesper Bratz Birk, Helena Carstensen, Charlotte Hopster-Iversen, Ali Altıntaş, Romain Barrès, Rasmus Kjøbsted, Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski, Kate M Herum, Thomas Jespersen, Rikke Buhl","doi":"10.1111/evj.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High recurrence rates after atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment may be driven by myocardial changes induced by the arrhythmia itself. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these changes is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterise the cardiac transcriptome of healthy horses and explore transcriptional changes associated with persistent AF (naturally occurring and tachypacing-induced).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Case-control study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RNA-sequencing was performed on atrial and ventricular tissue samples collected from six horses with naturally occurring persistent AF (lasting 2-12 weeks) and six healthy controls. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to identify chamber-specific differences and molecular pathways associated with AF. Findings were integrated with proteomic data and compared with transcriptional changes in a separate cohort of 10 horses with tachypacing-induced AF. Atrial metabolic remodelling was further investigated by evaluating the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central metabolic regulator and measuring local glycogen content.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The transcriptomes of the four heart chambers had distinct molecular identities. Expression of ion channels and genes encoding calcium handling proteins was largely similar to humans, despite important differences in the ventricular expression of repolarising potassium channels. Persistent AF was associated with minimal ion channel changes but significant upregulation of metabolic, fibrotic and myofibrillar pathways. Metabolic remodeling included upregulation of fatty acid and glycolytic pathways, increased glycogen content in the left atrium and preserved AMPK activity in the right atrium. Transcriptomic profiles of naturally occurring persistent AF correlated well with those of tachypacing-induced AF.</p><p><strong>Main limitations: </strong>The study cannot distinguish changes predisposing to AF from those caused by it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Persistent AF was associated with changes in metabolic and fibrotic pathways in the atria, with minimal ion channel remodeling. Targeting these pathways, rather than focusing solely on the electrical disturbance, may improve treatment outcomes in equine AF.</p>","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145512012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clinical signs, clinical pathology and outcomes in horses infected naturally with equine encephalosis virus 自然感染马脑病病毒的马的临床症状、临床病理和预后。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70117
Graeme Piketh, Adrienne Viljoen, Christina Eberhardt
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Equine encephalosis (EE) is caused by an <i>Orbivirus</i> from the family <i>Sedoreoviridae</i> and is thus similar to African horse sickness (AHS) and Bluetongue viruses (BTV). These viruses are transmitted by <i>Culicoides</i> midges. Equine encephalosis can infect horses, donkeys and zebras sub-clinically while only horses develop clinical disease. The vector's distribution is climate-dependent with evidence for circulation in Southern Africa, the Middle East and India. Global warming could facilitate the expansion of this distribution and consequently the potential spread into Europe should not be overlooked.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Objectives</h3> <p>To describe clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, and outcomes in horses naturally infected with EE.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Study Design</h3> <p>A retrospective, descriptive, observational study.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Data were obtained from the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital's clinical database to identify cases with EE from 2013 to 2023. Data including the history, clinical signs and clinicopathology were analysed.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Equine encephalosis cases predominantly occurred from February to April. Twenty-five horses were included. Throughout the disease, 25 (100.0%) horses had pyrexia (mean maximum temperature 39.3°C; SD 0.86°C), 16 (64.0%) horses had tachycardia (median maximum heart rate 52/min; range 36–100/min), 19 (76.0%) horses had tachypnoea (median maximum respiratory rate 24/min; range 12–60/min). Within 24 h of presentation, horses predominantly displayed lymphopenia (median 1.17 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L; range 0.15–9.21 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L), thrombocytopenia (median 67.5 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L; range 3–303 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L), and leukopenia (median 5.44 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L; range 2.08–18.07 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/L).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Limitations</h3> <p>Retrospective study design with a small number of cases and many of these evaluated at differing times after infection.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusion</h3> <p>Pyrexia, tachycardia and tachypnoea are the most common clinical signs associated with EE. Haema
背景:马脑病(EE)是由sedoreovirus科的一种orbavirus引起的,因此与非洲马病(AHS)和蓝舌病(BTV)相似。这些病毒由库蠓传播。马脑病可以亚临床感染马、驴和斑马,而只有马会出现临床疾病。这种病媒的分布与气候有关,有证据表明它在非洲南部、中东和印度传播。全球变暖可能会促进这种分布的扩大,因此不应忽视向欧洲蔓延的可能性。目的:描述马自然感染EE的临床症状、临床病理异常和结果。研究设计:回顾性、描述性、观察性研究。方法:从Onderstepoort兽医学术医院的临床数据库中获取数据,确定2013年至2023年的EE病例。对病史、临床症状及临床病理资料进行分析。结果:马脑病发病时间以2 ~ 4月为主。其中包括25匹马。在整个疾病过程中,25匹马(100.0%)出现发热(平均最高体温39.3°C; SD 0.86°C), 16匹马(64.0%)出现心动过速(最大心率中位数52/min,范围36-100/min), 19匹马(76.0%)出现呼吸过速(最大呼吸速率中位数24/min,范围12-60/min)。在24小时内,马主要表现为淋巴细胞减少(中位数为1.17 × 109细胞/L,范围为0.15-9.21 × 109细胞/L),血小板减少(中位数为67.5 × 109细胞/L,范围为3-303 × 109细胞/L)和白细胞减少(中位数为5.44 × 109细胞/L,范围为2.08-18.07 × 109细胞/L)。主要局限性:回顾性研究设计与少数病例和许多这些评估在感染后的不同时间。结论:发热、心动过速和呼吸过速是EE最常见的临床症状。血液学评估在EE病例中显得很有价值,白细胞减少、淋巴减少和血小板减少是常见的观察结果。马脑病是潜在存在EEV和库蠓病媒的地理区域中马的其他传染病的相关鉴别诊断。
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引用次数: 0
Report from the 2025 research showcase and open discussion on equine vector-borne diseases in the UK 报告从2025年的研究展示和公开讨论马媒介传播疾病在英国。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70122
Emma L. Fairbanks, Fleur M. Whitlock, Matthew Baylis, Mike J. Tildesley, Janet M. Daly
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引用次数: 0
The one health threat of African horse sickness: Are Europe or the Middle East next? 非洲马病的一个健康威胁:下一个是欧洲还是中东?
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/evj.70119
Christiana Hebel, David Craig, Piet A. van Rijn, Sunitha Joseph, Ulrich Wernery
{"title":"The one health threat of African horse sickness: Are Europe or the Middle East next?","authors":"Christiana Hebel,&nbsp;David Craig,&nbsp;Piet A. van Rijn,&nbsp;Sunitha Joseph,&nbsp;Ulrich Wernery","doi":"10.1111/evj.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1111/evj.70119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11796,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Journal","volume":"58 2","pages":"283-286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evj.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145512002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Equine Veterinary Journal
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