Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15554
Palak Vashist
This work utilises archival methods to examine the processes of identification authorized by the colonial state to establish the certification routine for children employed in the textile mills of Bombay in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Specifically, this project will investigate how colonial administrative and bureaucratic policies, along with the legal regulation of the Indian Factory Acts, naturalized ‘age’ as the category of identification for laboring children. This work argues that the colonial obsession with ‘age’ standardization is very much present in the contemporary law governing child labor in India, i.e. the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act. Therefore, the proposed research plans to center on ‘age’ as a historical category of analysis and its institutionalization with related processes of identification through the introduction of medico-legal procedures by the colonial state. The working hypothesis is that the ‘industrial child’ was produced as an age-based category through the interaction between these regulatory processes, a corrupt bureaucracy, and a superficial colonial concern for child protection.
{"title":"Age as a Historical Category of Analysis","authors":"Palak Vashist","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15554","url":null,"abstract":"This work utilises archival methods to examine the processes of identification authorized by the colonial state to establish the certification routine for children employed in the textile mills of Bombay in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Specifically, this project will investigate how colonial administrative and bureaucratic policies, along with the legal regulation of the Indian Factory Acts, naturalized ‘age’ as the category of identification for laboring children. This work argues that the colonial obsession with ‘age’ standardization is very much present in the contemporary law governing child labor in India, i.e. the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act. Therefore, the proposed research plans to center on ‘age’ as a historical category of analysis and its institutionalization with related processes of identification through the introduction of medico-legal procedures by the colonial state. The working hypothesis is that the ‘industrial child’ was produced as an age-based category through the interaction between these regulatory processes, a corrupt bureaucracy, and a superficial colonial concern for child protection.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115903886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15428
Katherine Diamond
Homosexuality has historically been constructed as an issue within Ireland and the Irish diaspora for centuries. However, the academic investigation of homosexuality and, consequently, homophobia’s roles in Irish history have been sparsely studied. This essay seeks to examine homosexuality in the Irish diaspora. Specifically, it investigates how heterosexuality necessarily came to be closely associated with the growing Irish nationalist movement in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century England. Through the analysis of Oscar Wilde’s court cases as well as the impact of the publishing of Roger Casement’s personal diary entries, it is evident that homosexuality was constructed as a controversial issue in the Irish diaspora during times of instability in Ireland. Because homosexuality threatened the sanctity of Irish nationhood by existing outside of outlined social norms, instances of publicized homosexuality amid elite Irish men living within the Irish diaspora were largely looked down upon in order to preserve traditional notions of ‘Irishness’. This investigation concluded that familism’s rise in Ireland and throughout the Irish diaspora in response to Britain’s encroaching colonial intervention in the country determined that homosexuality served no purpose to the nationalistic cause, thus leading to its construction as an inherently anti-Irish characteristic among Irish men.
{"title":"Men, Misfits, and Martyrs","authors":"Katherine Diamond","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15428","url":null,"abstract":"Homosexuality has historically been constructed as an issue within Ireland and the Irish diaspora for centuries. However, the academic investigation of homosexuality and, consequently, homophobia’s roles in Irish history have been sparsely studied. This essay seeks to examine homosexuality in the Irish diaspora. Specifically, it investigates how heterosexuality necessarily came to be closely associated with the growing Irish nationalist movement in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century England. Through the analysis of Oscar Wilde’s court cases as well as the impact of the publishing of Roger Casement’s personal diary entries, it is evident that homosexuality was constructed as a controversial issue in the Irish diaspora during times of instability in Ireland. Because homosexuality threatened the sanctity of Irish nationhood by existing outside of outlined social norms, instances of publicized homosexuality amid elite Irish men living within the Irish diaspora were largely looked down upon in order to preserve traditional notions of ‘Irishness’. This investigation concluded that familism’s rise in Ireland and throughout the Irish diaspora in response to Britain’s encroaching colonial intervention in the country determined that homosexuality served no purpose to the nationalistic cause, thus leading to its construction as an inherently anti-Irish characteristic among Irish men.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128201408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15419
Rachel Zack
This paper explores the possible factors that pushed Britain to enter the First World War, specifically focusing on the crisis of masculinity that emerged in the pre-war years and how this phenomenon shaped the nation’s attitude towards war. This paper argues that in response to the Women’s Suffrage Movement and the transition away from physical labour jobs towards ‘bookish’ and ‘effeminate’ white-collar occupations, many men of the prewar era perceived their masculinity as being under both scrutiny and attack. This, in addition to a romanticised view of war, a ‘duty’ to save the women of Europe from the ‘sexually barbaric’ Germans, and a culture with institutions that made masculinity synonymous with the military, ultimately played a major role in convincing many young men to enlist and, generally, turned public opinion pro-war. The pre-war crisis of masculinity and subsequent campaign which framed the war as its solution, amongst other factors, largely contributed to Britain’s decision to enter the First World War.
{"title":"Masculinity in Crisis, Manhood at War","authors":"Rachel Zack","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the possible factors that pushed Britain to enter the First World War, specifically focusing on the crisis of masculinity that emerged in the pre-war years and how this phenomenon shaped the nation’s attitude towards war. This paper argues that in response to the Women’s Suffrage Movement and the transition away from physical labour jobs towards ‘bookish’ and ‘effeminate’ white-collar occupations, many men of the prewar era perceived their masculinity as being under both scrutiny and attack. This, in addition to a romanticised view of war, a ‘duty’ to save the women of Europe from the ‘sexually barbaric’ Germans, and a culture with institutions that made masculinity synonymous with the military, ultimately played a major role in convincing many young men to enlist and, generally, turned public opinion pro-war. The pre-war crisis of masculinity and subsequent campaign which framed the war as its solution, amongst other factors, largely contributed to Britain’s decision to enter the First World War.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126795441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15469
Katrina Hermann
This paper examines the historical significance of Les Mouches Fantastiques, cited as “Canada’s first queer publication,” published from 1918-1920 in Montreal. Specifically, the research employs a framework offered by The Historical Thinking Project (directed by Professor Peter Seixas of the University of British Columbia) to consider the historical significance of the journal as a primary source by acknowledging historical perspective, identifying continuity and change, and analyzing cause and consequence.1 Through this framework, the paper interrogates the ways Les Mouches Fantastiques challenged prominent social and judicial norms of the 1910’s and how it would inspire future queer publications. However, this paper conversely examines the limitations of the publication and its historical implications, recognizing the limited accessibility to a Canadian audience at the time. With a focus on the significance of Les Mouches Fantastiques in Canadian queer history, there is emphasis on the role of the publication in providing historians with a unique, well-rounded lens into history that remains significant in the present. 1 “Historical Thinking Concepts.” The Historical Thinking Project. Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness accessed November 27, 2021. https://historicalthinking.ca/historical-thinking-concepts.
{"title":"How “Fantastique” was Les Mouches Fantastiques?","authors":"Katrina Hermann","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15469","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the historical significance of Les Mouches Fantastiques, cited as “Canada’s first queer publication,” published from 1918-1920 in Montreal. Specifically, the research employs a framework offered by The Historical Thinking Project (directed by Professor Peter Seixas of the University of British Columbia) to consider the historical significance of the journal as a primary source by acknowledging historical perspective, identifying continuity and change, and analyzing cause and consequence.1 Through this framework, the paper interrogates the ways Les Mouches Fantastiques challenged prominent social and judicial norms of the 1910’s and how it would inspire future queer publications. However, this paper conversely examines the limitations of the publication and its historical implications, recognizing the limited accessibility to a Canadian audience at the time. With a focus on the significance of Les Mouches Fantastiques in Canadian queer history, there is emphasis on the role of the publication in providing historians with a unique, well-rounded lens into history that remains significant in the present. \u00001 “Historical Thinking Concepts.” The Historical Thinking Project. Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness accessed November 27, 2021. https://historicalthinking.ca/historical-thinking-concepts.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130648605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15386
Zoe Mack
Drawing from Michel Foucault’s discussion of the plague and smallpox epidemics, this essay unpacks the “inextricable link” between racism and biopower. By looking at the role of essential workers and ideas of differential risk in the current Covid-19 pandemic, this essay argues that Foucault’s work allows us to trace the techniques that biopower uses to generate and normalize the increased vulnerability of racialized groups. Techniques of quarantine and their exception for essential work expose the way that biopower relies on state racism through the production of differential and racialized vulnerabilities. One can draw connections between Foucault’s analysis of those of "little substance” who continued to work during plague quarantines and modern day essential workers to demonstrate how biopower protects the population by increasing and normalizing the vulnerability of an expendable subclass. Foucault explains these differentiated normalities through the smallpox epidemic, where the risk of contracting and dying of smallpox was distinguished based on age, location, profession, etc. One should build on Foucault here, and consider ‘race’ as another factor that is used to differentiate ‘normal’ levels of risk. This normalization preserves a system which makes people of colour vulnerable under the regime of biopower. While Foucault does not directly engage with race in his analysis of plagues and epidemics, his ideas on biopower provide a framework through which we can better understand the ways that racism permeates our current pandemic.
{"title":"Delegating Death","authors":"Zoe Mack","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15386","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing from Michel Foucault’s discussion of the plague and smallpox epidemics, this essay unpacks the “inextricable link” between racism and biopower. By looking at the role of essential workers and ideas of differential risk in the current Covid-19 pandemic, this essay argues that Foucault’s work allows us to trace the techniques that biopower uses to generate and normalize the increased vulnerability of racialized groups. Techniques of quarantine and their exception for essential work expose the way that biopower relies on state racism through the production of differential and racialized vulnerabilities. One can draw connections between Foucault’s analysis of those of \"little substance” who continued to work during plague quarantines and modern day essential workers to demonstrate how biopower protects the population by increasing and normalizing the vulnerability of an expendable subclass. Foucault explains these differentiated normalities through the smallpox epidemic, where the risk of contracting and dying of smallpox was distinguished based on age, location, profession, etc. One should build on Foucault here, and consider ‘race’ as another factor that is used to differentiate ‘normal’ levels of risk. This normalization preserves a system which makes people of colour vulnerable under the regime of biopower. While Foucault does not directly engage with race in his analysis of plagues and epidemics, his ideas on biopower provide a framework through which we can better understand the ways that racism permeates our current pandemic.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124227835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15555
Tessa Di Vizio
In this paper, I argue that the current Hungarian and Polish governments—Fidesz and the Law and Justice (PiS) parties, respectively—engage in historical revisionism to legitimize their illiberal regimes. They act as “mnemonic warriors” by mobilizing, or weaponizing, history for their political gain. They rebuke international criticism of their democratic backsliding, erosion of the rule of law, and media censorship by emphasizing their role as defenders of the nation. Specifically, Viktor Orbán and Jarosław Kaczyński seek legitimacy by grounding their historical interpretations in wartime resistance movements. They continually praise these wartime figures for fighting valiantly to defend their nations from foreign attacks and try to position themselves as their successors, striving to extend these historical narratives of heroism and struggle to their current fight against European Union elites, who criticize their democratic backsliding and illiberalism. In this paper, I will discuss how Orbán and Kaczyński try to revise the official and popular memory of their nations’ experiences in both the Second World War and Revolutions of 1989. I analyze specific monuments, museums, and laws implemented by each regime and compare and contrast their historical revisionism efforts—namely, victimization in Hungary and heroism in Poland—within their current political context to show how they mobilize their historical narratives in their fight against EU elites.
{"title":"Rewriting the Past to Right the Present","authors":"Tessa Di Vizio","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15555","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I argue that the current Hungarian and Polish governments—Fidesz and the Law and Justice (PiS) parties, respectively—engage in historical revisionism to legitimize their illiberal regimes. They act as “mnemonic warriors” by mobilizing, or weaponizing, history for their political gain. They rebuke international criticism of their democratic backsliding, erosion of the rule of law, and media censorship by emphasizing their role as defenders of the nation. Specifically, Viktor Orbán and Jarosław Kaczyński seek legitimacy by grounding their historical interpretations in wartime resistance movements. They continually praise these wartime figures for fighting valiantly to defend their nations from foreign attacks and try to position themselves as their successors, striving to extend these historical narratives of heroism and struggle to their current fight against European Union elites, who criticize their democratic backsliding and illiberalism. In this paper, I will discuss how Orbán and Kaczyński try to revise the official and popular memory of their nations’ experiences in both the Second World War and Revolutions of 1989. I analyze specific monuments, museums, and laws implemented by each regime and compare and contrast their historical revisionism efforts—namely, victimization in Hungary and heroism in Poland—within their current political context to show how they mobilize their historical narratives in their fight against EU elites.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"36 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115638970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15470
S. Stocco
Debuting in 2015, Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Broadway musical Hamilton was an instant success because of its unique interpretation of American history. The historical alteration that has made Hamilton so popular is the casting of America’s founding fathers all as men of color. All actors, with the exception of two, are people of colour, which makes Hamilton a welcome display of diversity on the Broadway stage. This modern casting choice has caught the attention of many critics, raising questions concerning the nature of artistic works versus historical works. This racially diverse casting choice is not accidental, and yet the same attention to diversity is not given to the play’s characters and plot. The visual diversity on stage conceals the fact that Hamilton is another example of the glorification of white men that simultaneously erases the presence and struggles of people of colour throughout American history. While the hip hop culture that structures the musical may appear to engage with a more diverse America, Hamilton is still using a concept of colored culture that is a form of reactionary masculinity to toxic Euro-American gender standards; the modern rap masculinity on stage is the same toxic masculinity as the oppressive white masculinity in history. The racially diverse cast and music that appear forward-thinking only conceal that Hamilton is yet another celebration of exclusively white American history that promotes the Euro-American construct of domineering masculinity.
{"title":"Who Tells Your Story","authors":"S. Stocco","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15470","url":null,"abstract":"Debuting in 2015, Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Broadway musical Hamilton was an instant success because of its unique interpretation of American history. The historical alteration that has made Hamilton so popular is the casting of America’s founding fathers all as men of color. All actors, with the exception of two, are people of colour, which makes Hamilton a welcome display of diversity on the Broadway stage. This modern casting choice has caught the attention of many critics, raising questions concerning the nature of artistic works versus historical works. This racially diverse casting choice is not accidental, and yet the same attention to diversity is not given to the play’s characters and plot. The visual diversity on stage conceals the fact that Hamilton is another example of the glorification of white men that simultaneously erases the presence and struggles of people of colour throughout American history. While the hip hop culture that structures the musical may appear to engage with a more diverse America, Hamilton is still using a concept of colored culture that is a form of reactionary masculinity to toxic Euro-American gender standards; the modern rap masculinity on stage is the same toxic masculinity as the oppressive white masculinity in history. The racially diverse cast and music that appear forward-thinking only conceal that Hamilton is yet another celebration of exclusively white American history that promotes the Euro-American construct of domineering masculinity.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131944320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15478
Abigail Egger
Historians have long written about the relationship between the living and the dead and the role ghosts play in maintaining this relationship. However, only recently have scholars turned to the ways death in the digital age has disurpted our traditional mourning rituals."Ghosts Without Unfinished Business: Recorded Media and the Liminal in Para-Social Mourning" explores the ways recording technology have shaped Western society's relationship with the dead from the development of the camera to the recent animation capabilities of CGI and "deep fake" technology. In particular, recordings construct a liminal space between life and death by altering our perceptions of the body, ghosts, and time, particularly when the relationship between the living and dead was para-social. This new mourning, theorized as para-social mourning, disrupts traditional understandings of ghosts as recordings are unchanging and frozen in time, thus disallowing the relationship between the living and dead to change. This paper concludes with a parallel drawn between the anxities between the development of the camera and the current anxities regarding CGI.
{"title":"Ghosts Without Unfinished Business","authors":"Abigail Egger","doi":"10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/lhps.v1i1.15478","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have long written about the relationship between the living and the dead and the role ghosts play in maintaining this relationship. However, only recently have scholars turned to the ways death in the digital age has disurpted our traditional mourning rituals.\"Ghosts Without Unfinished Business: Recorded Media and the Liminal in Para-Social Mourning\" explores the ways recording technology have shaped Western society's relationship with the dead from the development of the camera to the recent animation capabilities of CGI and \"deep fake\" technology. In particular, recordings construct a liminal space between life and death by altering our perceptions of the body, ghosts, and time, particularly when the relationship between the living and dead was para-social. This new mourning, theorized as para-social mourning, disrupts traditional understandings of ghosts as recordings are unchanging and frozen in time, thus disallowing the relationship between the living and dead to change. This paper concludes with a parallel drawn between the anxities between the development of the camera and the current anxities regarding CGI.","PeriodicalId":118026,"journal":{"name":"Living Histories: A Past Studies Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125352414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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