Željko Šreng, Jelena Kaluđer, Marija Šperac, Silvia Iva Miličević
The analysis of water seepage below the model’s foundation of hydrotechnical object is conducted in the paper. A physical model of gravitational dam is made with the aim to visualize seepage through the ground below the dam. The model is made at the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Osijek. The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of the hydraulic gradient on seepage domain deformation, as well as to study the effect of different engineering measures on the decrease of hydraulic gradient. Four measurements were conducted which were mutually distinguished by the shape of the dam model, i.e. the foundation sheet. The first part of the paper is based on the assessment of measurement variants, i.e. engineering solutions used for the reduction of the seepage part of the buoyancy and seepage flow. The second part of the paper is dedicated to adoption of different models in the analysis of groundwater seepage below the object. Values related to seepage flow as well as buoyancy and pressure distribution below the foundation sheet were analyzed. Graphical, numerical, and approximate methods of analysis were used
{"title":"Visualization and analysis of seepage below the dam foundation","authors":"Željko Šreng, Jelena Kaluđer, Marija Šperac, Silvia Iva Miličević","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of water seepage below the model’s foundation of hydrotechnical object is conducted in the paper. A physical model of gravitational dam is made with the aim to visualize seepage through the ground below the dam. The model is made at the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Osijek. The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of the hydraulic gradient on seepage domain deformation, as well as to study the effect of different engineering measures on the decrease of hydraulic gradient. Four measurements were conducted which were mutually distinguished by the shape of the dam model, i.e. the foundation sheet. The first part of the paper is based on the assessment of measurement variants, i.e. engineering solutions used for the reduction of the seepage part of the buoyancy and seepage flow. The second part of the paper is dedicated to adoption of different models in the analysis of groundwater seepage below the object. Values related to seepage flow as well as buoyancy and pressure distribution below the foundation sheet were analyzed. Graphical, numerical, and approximate methods of analysis were used","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"40 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140478912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Lesičar, Boris Kavur, Edin Serdarević, Ratko Savi
The use of geosynthetics has become a common and unavoidable practice in geotechnical engineering, agriculture and environmental engineering. The main disadvantages of earthen construction materials are their insufficient tensile strength and inadequate water permeability or impermeability, depending on the problem to be solved. Such shortcomings are successfully solved by incorporating appropriate geosynthetics (geotextile, geogrid, geocells, geomembrane etc.) into earthen structures. The most used geosynthetic is geotextile, which can provide practically all functions expected from such a product. The aim of this paper was to present and analyse the relative results of multiple tensile tests performed on two nonwoven (NW) geotextiles to provide a realistic insight into the variability of their tensile properties. The obtained results showed a very similar variability of the tensile properties of the tested geotextiles.
{"title":"Testing of tensile properties of two nonwoven geotextiles","authors":"Ana Lesičar, Boris Kavur, Edin Serdarević, Ratko Savi","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The use of geosynthetics has become a common and unavoidable practice in geotechnical engineering, agriculture and environmental engineering. The main disadvantages of earthen construction materials are their insufficient tensile strength and inadequate water permeability or impermeability, depending on the problem to be solved. Such shortcomings are successfully solved by incorporating appropriate geosynthetics (geotextile, geogrid, geocells, geomembrane etc.) into earthen structures. The most used geosynthetic is geotextile, which can provide practically all functions expected from such a product. The aim of this paper was to present and analyse the relative results of multiple tensile tests performed on two nonwoven (NW) geotextiles to provide a realistic insight into the variability of their tensile properties. The obtained results showed a very similar variability of the tensile properties of the tested geotextiles.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"444 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140471336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecological engineering is a new branch of engineering based on ecology that emerged in the 1960s from the growing need for more sustainable biological solutions to environmental problems. It is based on the design of natural ecosystems for the benefit of both nature and human society, and its techniques can be applied to a range of environmental problems, from the restoration of degraded ecosystems to the removal of pollutants. One of the major environmental problems worldwide is waste disposal in the form of landfills, with its various negative impacts on the environment, living beings and human health. Conventional landfill closure and remediation techniques have proven to be economically and energetically challenging and are not sufficiently effective in reducing leachate formation and removing pollutants. For this reason, this article presents several ecological engineering techniques that can be used in landfill remediation. Phytocapping is an alternative to conventional cover systems that uses plants to control and limit water infiltration into waste, leachate formation, stabilize landfills, control erosion, and reduce methane emissions. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technology for soil remediation through natural processes, in two forms: phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Phytoextraction uses plants to extract and remove pollutants from waste and soil, while phytostabilization is used to immobilize pollutants in the root zone. Constructed wetlands, designed and constructed according to the principles of natural wetland ecosystems, can be used to clean leachate. Natural attenuation uses natural biological processes to mitigate pollution without taking specific action. All of these techniques are based on viable natural solutions that can reduce remediation costs and further maintenance of the landfill. Although they are increasingly being considered in developed countries, there are few examples of their application in landfill remediation in Croatia.
{"title":"Application of\u0000ecological engineering in landfill remediation","authors":"Ivana Piljek Miletić, Z. Stančić, Ž. Fiket","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological engineering is a new branch of engineering based on ecology that emerged in the 1960s from the growing need for more sustainable biological solutions to environmental problems. It is based on the design of natural ecosystems for the benefit of both nature and human society, and its techniques can be applied to a range of environmental problems, from the restoration of degraded ecosystems to the removal of pollutants. One of the major environmental problems worldwide is waste disposal in the form of landfills, with its various negative impacts on the environment, living beings and human health. Conventional landfill closure and remediation techniques have proven to be economically and energetically challenging and are not sufficiently effective in reducing leachate formation and removing pollutants. For this reason, this article presents several ecological engineering techniques that can be used in landfill remediation. Phytocapping is an alternative to conventional cover systems that uses plants to control and limit water infiltration into waste, leachate formation, stabilize landfills, control erosion, and reduce methane emissions. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technology for soil remediation through natural processes, in two forms: phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Phytoextraction uses plants to extract and remove pollutants from waste and soil, while phytostabilization is used to immobilize pollutants in the root zone. Constructed wetlands, designed and constructed according to the principles of natural wetland ecosystems, can be used to clean leachate. Natural attenuation uses natural biological processes to mitigate pollution without taking specific action. All of these techniques are based on viable natural solutions that can reduce remediation costs and further maintenance of the landfill. Although they are increasingly being considered in developed countries, there are few examples of their application in landfill remediation in Croatia.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"162 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140477588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to estimates, around 40 % of the world's plastic waste production is buried in landfills, which are still a widely used approach for waste disposal. Waste undergoes a number of physical, chemical, and biological changes after being landfilled, producing landfill leachate, a highly contaminated effluent. These complex physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in landfills also cause plastics to break into smaller fragments called microplastics (MPs) which are accumulated in landfill leachate due to their small size. Depending on waste type, the degree of degradation, the climate, the characteristics of the landfill sites, socioeconomic factors, and the applied landfilling technology, leachate composition differs between landfills. Microplastics are now emerging particle anthropogenic contaminants, and their study is generating more and more attention from the scientific community and the general public. Even though landfills have taken steps to decrease the severity of this problem, MPs continue to be produced by plastics in both current and former landfills. In this way, humans and biota may be adversely affected by landfill leachate that has been released into the environment. In order to comprehend the patterns of microplastics degradation and the most typical forms of polymers that they contain, identification and characterization of MPs from landfills is highly required. These efforts will contribute to a better understanding of how MPs from landfills affect the environment.
{"title":"Microplastics in landfill leachate - characteristics and common methods of identification","authors":"Nikola Sakač, Nikola Hrnčić","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.10","url":null,"abstract":"According to estimates, around 40 % of the world's plastic waste production is buried in landfills, which are still a widely used approach for waste disposal. Waste undergoes a number of physical, chemical, and biological changes after being landfilled, producing landfill leachate, a highly contaminated effluent. These complex physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in landfills also cause plastics to break into smaller fragments called microplastics (MPs) which are accumulated in landfill leachate due to their small size. Depending on waste type, the degree of degradation, the climate, the characteristics of the landfill sites, socioeconomic factors, and the applied landfilling technology, leachate composition differs between landfills. Microplastics are now emerging particle anthropogenic contaminants, and their study is generating more and more attention from the scientific community and the general public. Even though landfills have taken steps to decrease the severity of this problem, MPs continue to be produced by plastics in both current and former landfills. In this way, humans and biota may be adversely affected by landfill leachate that has been released into the environment. In order to comprehend the patterns of microplastics degradation and the most typical forms of polymers that they contain, identification and characterization of MPs from landfills is highly required. These efforts will contribute to a better understanding of how MPs from landfills affect the environment.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140474049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the Government's decisions from the period 2004 to 2013, a significant amount of state forests and forest land was eased for the growing of perennial crops (vineyards and olive yards) on a total surface of 24,310.24 ha throughout the state. Although greatly opposed by forestry professionals, since a vast amount of private agricultural land in the state is not utilized due to unresolved proprietary issues, these surfaces have become agricultural land by coming into force from the Forest Act of 2014. In case these dedicated surfaces are not put into function, the amount of non-utilized agricultural land is increasing and so is the danger from forest fires, and loss of biological and landscape diversity. On the other hand, if all these surfaces were utilized, a significant adverse impact on the ecological network would occur because on many ecological network sites more than 1% of the dedicated area consists of target habitat types (mostly maquis). The purpose of this paper is, to use GIS tools and analysis of the so-far signed easement contracts, to determine what amount of dedicated surfaces were utilized and point out the failure and environmental dangers that may arise from these decisions which can still be revoked, and the affected area can be brought back into the forest area of the Republic of Croatia, i. e. sustainable forest management can still be reinstated and forest functions restored.
{"title":"Easement of forests and forest land for the growing of perennial crops - the analysis of (non)functionality regarding the ecological network and ecosystem functions","authors":"K. Kiš, Nikola Geršak","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.5","url":null,"abstract":"By the Government's decisions from the period 2004 to 2013, a significant amount of state forests and forest land was eased for the growing of perennial crops (vineyards and olive yards) on a total surface of 24,310.24 ha throughout the state. Although greatly opposed by forestry professionals, since a vast amount of private agricultural land in the state is not utilized due to unresolved proprietary issues, these surfaces have become agricultural land by coming into force from the Forest Act of 2014. In case these dedicated surfaces are not put into function, the amount of non-utilized agricultural land is increasing and so is the danger from forest fires, and loss of biological and landscape diversity. On the other hand, if all these surfaces were utilized, a significant adverse impact on the ecological network would occur because on many ecological network sites more than 1% of the dedicated area consists of target habitat types (mostly maquis). The purpose of this paper is, to use GIS tools and analysis of the so-far signed easement contracts, to determine what amount of dedicated surfaces were utilized and point out the failure and environmental dangers that may arise from these decisions which can still be revoked, and the affected area can be brought back into the forest area of the Republic of Croatia, i. e. sustainable forest management can still be reinstated and forest functions restored.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"85 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140471796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategic Environmental Assessment is a tool used in the EU for mainstreaming biodiversity and environmental issues into other sectors of socio-economic development. SEA offers a high level of environmental protection and can shape plans, programs, and strategies towards a more sustainable solution. Based on the EU Commission SEA report (2019) and interviews conducted with practitioners in national SEA processes, the possibility of shaping plans towards more sustainable solutions has rarely been fully achieved. What are the obstacles to effective SEA national implementation and how to overcome them was the focus of this paper. The research was conducted with three main groups of stakeholders: consultants, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, and environmental Civil Society Organisations. As a result, opportunities and specific intervention points were identified. The main opportunities consist of raising the level of SEA inclusiveness, educating stakeholders in the SEA process and improving the initiation timing of the SEA process. Further, opportunities were developed into specific interventions and ranked based on five criteria: Impact, Probability of success, Cultural fit, Added value, and Resource intensity. This paper suggests that stimulating the application of existing guidelines and educating the SEA committee have the highest potential impact and added value to SEA process improvement, but educating the SEA committee is a more complex task due to high cultural challenges. Improving a SEA non-technical summary and standardising the public hearing forms are interventions with a high probability of success, culturally fit, and not resource intensive but with low impact on the overall SEA process. Importantly, 10 out of 15 identified specific interventions are unique for this project, indicating this work's novelty. Finally, this paper suggests that for long-term improvement of the national SEA process, establishing the SEA Technical Working Group is highly beneficial.
{"title":"Making strategic environmental assessment work for biodiversity in Croatia","authors":"Boris Božić","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Strategic Environmental Assessment is a tool used in the EU for mainstreaming biodiversity and environmental issues into other sectors of socio-economic development. SEA offers a high level of environmental protection and can shape plans, programs, and strategies towards a more sustainable solution. Based on the EU Commission SEA report (2019) and interviews conducted with practitioners in national SEA processes, the possibility of shaping plans towards more sustainable solutions has rarely been fully achieved. What are the obstacles to effective SEA national implementation and how to overcome them was the focus of this paper. The research was conducted with three main groups of stakeholders: consultants, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, and environmental Civil Society Organisations. As a result, opportunities and specific intervention points were identified. The main opportunities consist of raising the level of SEA inclusiveness, educating stakeholders in the SEA process and improving the initiation timing of the SEA process. Further, opportunities were developed into specific interventions and ranked based on five criteria: Impact, Probability of success, Cultural fit, Added value, and Resource intensity. This paper suggests that stimulating the application of existing guidelines and educating the SEA committee have the highest potential impact and added value to SEA process improvement, but educating the SEA committee is a more complex task due to high cultural challenges. Improving a SEA non-technical summary and standardising the public hearing forms are interventions with a high probability of success, culturally fit, and not resource intensive but with low impact on the overall SEA process. Importantly, 10 out of 15 identified specific interventions are unique for this project, indicating this work's novelty. Finally, this paper suggests that for long-term improvement of the national SEA process, establishing the SEA Technical Working Group is highly beneficial.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"729 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140479371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordana Ninkov, Snežana Jakšić, Predrag Nenin, Marija Gvozdenović, B. Mijić, Biljana Radović, Stanko Milić
Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the circular economy identified the Fertilisers Regulation revision as a key legislative proposal to boost the market for secondary raw materials. The European Commission has adopted recently EU Fertilising Products Regulation EU 2019/1009 expanding its scope to secondary-raw-material-based products (from biogenic wastes and other secondary raw materials). During the industrial processing of sunflowers, sunflower husks used as alternative fuels resulting in the generation of waste ash. Sunflower ash is a known material as a good and cheap source of potassium. In present study the tested samples of ashes is characterized as a starting raw material for the producing fertilizers in an accredited and authorized Laboratory for fertilisers quality. The tested samples is not loaded with heavy metals and the risk of recycling contaminants has not been assessed. According to the content of available (water-soluble) elements, the content of soluble phosphorus and micronutrients is very low, while potassium is completely water-soluble (40 to 50% K2O m/m), therefore, the tested ashes can be regarded as a good raw material as a source of potassium component in the final product. The pH reaction of the samples is extremely alkaline, therefore it is necessary to neutralize pH reaction in the industrial processing of this raw material, or to restrict the final product for use on acid reaction soils.
{"title":"Waste ashes from burned sunflower hulls as new fertilising materials","authors":"Jordana Ninkov, Snežana Jakšić, Predrag Nenin, Marija Gvozdenović, B. Mijić, Biljana Radović, Stanko Milić","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the circular economy identified the Fertilisers Regulation revision as a key legislative proposal to boost the market for secondary raw materials. The European Commission has adopted recently EU Fertilising Products Regulation EU 2019/1009 expanding its scope to secondary-raw-material-based products (from biogenic wastes and other secondary raw materials). During the industrial processing of sunflowers, sunflower husks used as alternative fuels resulting in the generation of waste ash. Sunflower ash is a known material as a good and cheap source of potassium. In present study the tested samples of ashes is characterized as a starting raw material for the producing fertilizers in an accredited and authorized Laboratory for fertilisers quality. The tested samples is not loaded with heavy metals and the risk of recycling contaminants has not been assessed. According to the content of available (water-soluble) elements, the content of soluble phosphorus and micronutrients is very low, while potassium is completely water-soluble (40 to 50% K2O m/m), therefore, the tested ashes can be regarded as a good raw material as a source of potassium component in the final product. The pH reaction of the samples is extremely alkaline, therefore it is necessary to neutralize pH reaction in the industrial processing of this raw material, or to restrict the final product for use on acid reaction soils.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"343 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140476867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miodrag Pisarević, Dragana Slavković, Vladimir Filipović
During the construction of the highway "Miloš Veliki" E-763 through Serbia, in addition to many challenges, it was necessary to stabilize the cut at the section km 81+250 to km 81+650. The cut was supposed to be constructed in the soft layered rocks of the Ljiški flysch complex, made of sandstone, marl stone and shales. The orientation of the rupture assembly of the rock mass as well as the spatial position of the slope led to a series of instabilities on the left side of the cut, while at the same time they had a positive effect on the stability of the right side. All occurrences of instability were accompanied by a dip direction of bedding, which on the left side of the cut had a dominant negative impact on the strength of the rock mass. For the purposes of geotechnical modeling and determination of remedial measures, the parameters of the rock mass were obtained using classifications of the rock mass, while the parameters of rock mass discontinuities and sliding surfaces were obtained from back analyzes of slipped rock blocks or slipped debris material. By using passive anchors, subhorizontal drains, shotcrete, wire netting, reinforced soil and facing RC walls, this cut was successfully stabilised.
{"title":"Cut stabilization on the\u0000highway E-763 made in rock mass with unfavorably oriented discontinuities","authors":"Miodrag Pisarević, Dragana Slavković, Vladimir Filipović","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.7","url":null,"abstract":"During the construction of the highway \"Miloš Veliki\" E-763 through Serbia, in addition to many challenges, it was necessary to stabilize the cut at the section km 81+250 to km 81+650. The cut was supposed to be constructed in the soft layered rocks of the Ljiški flysch complex, made of sandstone, marl stone and shales. The orientation of the rupture assembly of the rock mass as well as the spatial position of the slope led to a series of instabilities on the left side of the cut, while at the same time they had a positive effect on the stability of the right side. All occurrences of instability were accompanied by a dip direction of bedding, which on the left side of the cut had a dominant negative impact on the strength of the rock mass. For the purposes of geotechnical modeling and determination of remedial measures, the parameters of the rock mass were obtained using classifications of the rock mass, while the parameters of rock mass discontinuities and sliding surfaces were obtained from back analyzes of slipped rock blocks or slipped debris material. By using passive anchors, subhorizontal drains, shotcrete, wire netting, reinforced soil and facing RC walls, this cut was successfully stabilised.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"78 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140470716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The water quality used for irrigation should meet the prescribed criteria. The most commonly determined indicators are electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR). Water can also contain harmful substances, regardless of whether irrigation is carried out from surface water or groundwater. The origin of the pollution can be waste, untreated wastewater or saltwater intrusion. The use of poor water quality can cause soil problems such as alkalinity, salinity, increased sodium concentration, toxicity, etc. In Koprivnica- Križevci county (KKŽ) and throughout Croatia, irrigation is currently poorly represented in agriculture. Given the climate change and the trends of very dry and hot seasons, the implementation of irrigation is of increasing importance. According to the results of determining the groundwater quality for irrigation in KKŽ, the values of the indicators are satisfactory (EC = <0.7 dS/m; TDS = <450 mg/l; RSC = <1.25 meq/l; SAR = <3.0 meq/l) for use in agriculture. However, since there are no standards and criteria in Croatian regulations that would define water quality, the results are compared with European/world standards. Water quality testing and the adoption of standards/criteria in Croatia could contribute to the future development of agriculture in increasingly unfavorable climatic conditions and prevent environmental pollution. This would ensure more efficient cultivation of plants, which also contributes to production in our own food industry.
{"title":"Irrigation water quality and criteria/standards in Croatia - contribution to the environment and industry","authors":"J. Nemčić-Jurec","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The water quality used for irrigation should meet the prescribed criteria. The most commonly determined indicators are electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR). Water can also contain harmful substances, regardless of whether irrigation is carried out from surface water or groundwater. The origin of the pollution can be waste, untreated wastewater or saltwater intrusion. The use of poor water quality can cause soil problems such as alkalinity, salinity, increased sodium concentration, toxicity, etc. In Koprivnica- Križevci county (KKŽ) and throughout Croatia, irrigation is currently poorly represented in agriculture. Given the climate change and the trends of very dry and hot seasons, the implementation of irrigation is of increasing importance. According to the results of determining the groundwater quality for irrigation in KKŽ, the values of the indicators are satisfactory (EC = <0.7 dS/m; TDS = <450 mg/l; RSC = <1.25 meq/l; SAR = <3.0 meq/l) for use in agriculture. However, since there are no standards and criteria in Croatian regulations that would define water quality, the results are compared with European/world standards. Water quality testing and the adoption of standards/criteria in Croatia could contribute to the future development of agriculture in increasingly unfavorable climatic conditions and prevent environmental pollution. This would ensure more efficient cultivation of plants, which also contributes to production in our own food industry.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"117 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140476876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air pollution is a global threat leading to large impacts on human health and ecosystems. Emissions and concentrations have increased in many areas and worldwide. In some areas of Europe, air quality remains very poor, despite reduced emissions and concentrations in the environment. Currently the most important environmental risk to human health is air pollution, and Europeans are considered the second biggest concern for the environment, right after climate change. Major problems related to air quality have an impact on human health, and in particular on respiratory diseases. In response to the problems of poor air quality, there is political, media and public interest in air quality issues. The growing public influence over air pollution challenges, including ongoing civic scientific initiatives involved in supporting air quality monitoring and targeted initiatives to raise public awareness and change behavior, has led to increasing support and demand for measures to improve air quality. Due to increasing air pollution, great efforts are being made to develop various chemical methods and chemical sensors used to measure air quality. Cheaper gas-based sensors based on the Arduino system are available today. Given their simplicity and given that they are more cost-effective, these sensors have proven to be very useful in some situations where it is necessary to detect certain gases in the air in a very short time. Several chemical methods have been developed that can also detect certain gases in the air. In this paper, only some methods by which gases and particles can be detected will be mentioned.
{"title":"Chemical sensors for outdoor air quality monitoring","authors":"Dino Bosilj, Nikola Sakač","doi":"10.37023/ee.10.1-2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.10.1-2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is a global threat leading to large impacts on human health and ecosystems. Emissions and concentrations have increased in many areas and worldwide. In some areas of Europe, air quality remains very poor, despite reduced emissions and concentrations in the environment. Currently the most important environmental risk to human health is air pollution, and Europeans are considered the second biggest concern for the environment, right after climate change. Major problems related to air quality have an impact on human health, and in particular on respiratory diseases. In response to the problems of poor air quality, there is political, media and public interest in air quality issues. The growing public influence over air pollution challenges, including ongoing civic scientific initiatives involved in supporting air quality monitoring and targeted initiatives to raise public awareness and change behavior, has led to increasing support and demand for measures to improve air quality. Due to increasing air pollution, great efforts are being made to develop various chemical methods and chemical sensors used to measure air quality. Cheaper gas-based sensors based on the Arduino system are available today. Given their simplicity and given that they are more cost-effective, these sensors have proven to be very useful in some situations where it is necessary to detect certain gases in the air in a very short time. Several chemical methods have been developed that can also detect certain gases in the air. In this paper, only some methods by which gases and particles can be detected will be mentioned.","PeriodicalId":11820,"journal":{"name":"Environmental engineering","volume":"221 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140475070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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