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Europe’s Green Policy: Towards a Climate Neutral Economy by Way of Investors’ Choice 欧洲的绿色政策:从投资者的选择走向气候中性经济
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2021005
E. Rogge, Lara Ohnesorge
Corporations are primary actors in transitioning to a climate neutral society. This is also reflected in the green policy agenda of the European Union, including the latest ‘Green Deal’, which is seeking to improve and introduce legislation that will control and provide more insight into the impact of corporations on the environment. The focus of some of this legislation, and of this article, is on the reporting by larger corporations on their non-financial impact. In particular, the revision of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive, the new Taxonomy Regulation and the new Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation are examined. These will trigger newly available non-financial information which can be used by investors. As this article sets out, the European policy agenda is based on the notion that providing the markets with such information will unlock private investments, ensuring a shift towards a climate neutral economy. This does, however, require some form of ‘enlightened’ shareholdership.European Green Deal, Non-Financial Reporting Directive, Taxonomy Regulation, Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation
企业是向气候中性社会过渡的主要参与者。这也反映在欧盟的绿色政策议程中,包括最新的“绿色协议”,该协议旨在改进和引入立法,以控制和深入了解企业对环境的影响。这项立法和这篇文章的重点是大公司对其非财务影响的报告。特别是审查了《非财务报告指令》的修订、新的分类条例和新的可持续财务披露条例。这些将触发投资者可以使用的新的非金融信息。正如本文所述,欧洲政策议程基于这样一种理念,即向市场提供此类信息将释放私人投资,确保向气候中性经济转变。然而,这确实需要某种形式的“开明”持股。欧洲绿色交易、非财务报告指令、分类规则、可持续财务披露规则
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引用次数: 5
A Tailor-made Legal Form for Social Enterprises in the Netherlands is on Its Way 荷兰为社会企业量身定做的法律形式正在酝酿之中
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2021004
T. Lambooy, Aikaterini Argyrou, Andrea Bolhuis
This article discusses the question how a social enterprise can best be recognised by customers, financiers, contract partners, the government and other stakeholders. Many EU Member States provide tailor-made legal forms for social enterprises. This enhances their recognition in the market. Dutch corporate law does not offer such a legal facility to social enterprises. Hence, in the Netherlands, social enterprises employ for their activities regular company legal forms such as the BV form (limited liability company) or the nonprofit legal form of the foundation, or a combination of both legal forms. Various network organisations and self-regulatory initiatives have emerged in order to support social enterprises in their development and in being acknowledged as such. Nonetheless, social enterprises have indicated that this is insufficient and that a tailor-made legal form is desired in the Netherlands. The Dutch government has initiated a study to find out what would be the best format and what should be the core elements thereof. In this article, the research questions, the methodology and the findings of this study are presented, as well as the decisions of the government taken on the basis of this study.social enterprises, legal enterprise forms, societal purpose, B corps, purpose companies, Netherlands, corporate law
本文探讨社会企业如何获得客户、资助者、合约伙伴、政府及其他利益相关者的认可。许多欧盟成员国为社会企业提供量身定制的法律形式。这提高了他们在市场上的认知度。荷兰公司法没有为社会企业提供这种法律便利。因此,在荷兰,社会企业在其活动中采用常规的公司法律形式,如BV形式(有限责任公司)或基金会的非营利法律形式,或两种法律形式的结合。为了支持社会企业的发展和获得社会企业的认可,出现了各种网络组织和自我监管倡议。然而,社会企业指出,这是不够的,荷兰需要一种量身定做的法律形式。荷兰政府已经启动了一项研究,以找出什么是最好的格式,什么应该是其中的核心要素。在这篇文章中,提出了研究问题,方法和研究结果,以及政府在此研究的基础上采取的决策。社会企业,合法的企业形式,社会目的,B型公司,目的公司,荷兰,公司法
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引用次数: 0
Report from the Netherlands: Recent Developments with Respect to Company Law in the Netherlands 荷兰的报告:荷兰公司法的最新发展
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020034
R. Mellenbergh
chain principle, mandatory bid, cascade offer, takeover regulation, minority shareholders protection, equal treatment of shareholders, market for corporate control, control, significance test, premium value
连锁原则、强制出价、级联要约、收购监管、中小股东保护、股东平等待遇、公司控制权市场化、控制权、显著性检验、溢价价值
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引用次数: 0
SMEs’ Equity Financing: Does Corporate Law Matter? 中小企业股权融资:公司法重要吗?
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020031
Elisabetta Pederzini, Anna Toniolo
Lack of appropriate financing is a major issue for European small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They are highly dependent on bank lending for external funding, while there is a strong need for wider use of alternative finance, and especially of equity capital with respect to innovative and growth-oriented firms. In this Article, we explore the relationship between corporate law and SMEs’ access to equity finance, concluding that the organizational and governance structure of the enterprise is essential for making it attractive for investors.First, we provide evidence of this relationship showing the importance that US corporate law, and particularly Delaware corporate law, had in the successful funding of Silicon Valley’s startups. Second, we analyse the European framework. On one side, we address the measures adopted by the EU regulators for promoting SMEs’ alternative finance, which have been ineffective and have completely ignored business organization law. On the other side, we describe how a number of EU jurisdictions – with a focus on the Italian system – have amended their corporate law, easing access to equity finance.Finally, we discuss some empirical data and the possible implications in terms of regulatory competition among the EU Member States. financing SMEs, alternative finance, equity finance, corporate law, business form, regulatory competition
缺乏适当的融资是欧洲中小型企业(SMEs)的一个主要问题。它们高度依赖银行贷款获得外部资金,而迫切需要更广泛地使用其他融资方式,特别是创新和面向增长的公司的股权资本。在本文中,我们探讨了公司法与中小企业获得股权融资之间的关系,得出的结论是,企业的组织和治理结构是使其对投资者具有吸引力的关键。首先,我们提供了这种关系的证据,表明美国公司法,特别是特拉华州公司法,在硅谷初创企业成功融资中的重要性。其次,我们分析了欧洲框架。一方面,我们讨论了欧盟监管机构为促进中小企业替代融资而采取的措施,这些措施无效,完全无视商业组织法。另一方面,我们描述了一些欧盟司法管辖区(以意大利体系为重点)如何修改了公司法,放宽了股权融资的准入。最后,我们讨论了一些经验数据和欧盟成员国之间监管竞争的可能影响。中小企业融资,另类金融,股权金融,公司法,经营形式,监管竞争
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引用次数: 0
Report from Greece: The New ‘One-stop-shop’ Procedure for the Establishment of a Société Anonyme in Greece – A Delayed but Welcomed Revolution 来自希腊的报道:在希腊建立匿名社会的新“一站式”程序——一场延迟但受欢迎的革命
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020035
Iakovos E. Venieris
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引用次数: 0
The Chain Principle: Equilibrium Between a Regulatory Need and Its Effects 链式原则:监管需求与其效果之间的平衡
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020033
Domingos Freire De Andrade
This article addresses the tension between the need to regulate takeovers activity through the chain principle, as to ensure minority shareholders protection and equal treatment of shareholders, and the adverse effects that may arise from that regulation. An explanation of how the chain principle is regulated in the United Kingdom and difficulties in applying the chain principle rules, particularly, to ascertain the chain price. Different possibilities Germany is offered and the Sky bid is presented as an example of the practical of how the chain principle could be designed are considered, namely regarding the most suitable method to ascertain the chain price and the most adequate entity to do it. The article ultimately concludes that the chain principle is a regulatory need because the mandatory bid rule could not be successfully achieved without the chain principle and that there is no perfect solution to find an equilibrium between the need to regulate the chain principle and its adverse effects, as rules enhancing the probability of an offer being made may have a negative impact on the premium value; while rules enhancing the premium value may have a negative impact on the probability of an offer being made.chain principle, mandatory bid, cascade offer, takeover regulation, minority shareholders protection, equal treatment of shareholders, market for corporate control, control, significance test, premium value
本文解决了通过连锁原则监管收购活动的必要性之间的紧张关系,以确保保护少数股东和平等对待股东,以及该监管可能产生的不利影响。解释连锁原则在英国是如何监管的,以及应用连锁原则规则的困难,特别是在确定连锁价格方面。德国提供了不同的可能性,Sky的投标被作为考虑如何设计连锁原则的实践例子,即关于确定连锁价格的最合适方法和最适当的实体。本文最终得出结论:链式原则是一种监管需要,因为没有链式原则,强制竞价规则就无法成功实现,而且在监管链式原则的必要性及其不利影响之间没有完美的解决方案,因为提高要约提出概率的规则可能对溢价价值产生负面影响;而提高溢价的规则可能会对要约的可能性产生负面影响。连锁原则、强制出价、级联要约、收购监管、中小股东保护、股东平等待遇、公司控制权市场化、控制权、显著性检验、溢价价值
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引用次数: 0
Mandatory Corporate Due Diligence regarding Human Rights, the Environment and Good Governance? 企业在人权、环境和良好管治方面的强制性尽职调查?
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020030
H. Koster
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引用次数: 0
Payment of (Extraordinary) Dividends: What if the Company Law Rules are Breached? 支付(特别)股息:如果违反《公司法》规定怎么办?
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020032
Jesper Seehausen
This article on payment of dividends focuses on situations where the company law rules on this subject are breached. The reason for this is that, in practice, lawyers, auditors, and others dealing with company law sometimes encounter situations where a company has paid dividends to its shareholders, but the company law rules on payment of dividends are breached. This is especially true with regard to extraordinary dividends, which is why the article focuses on such dividends. However, situations do occur where a company has paid ordinary dividends to its shareholders, but the company law rules on payment of such dividends are breached. Drawing on the Consolidated Company Law Directive (CCLD), the article starts by discussing the requirements for paying dividends. Next, still drawing on CCLD, it discusses the consequences of paying dividends if these requirements are not met. Finally, it explores the differences between CCLD and the European Model Companies Act (EMCA) with regard to payment of dividends. The article points to a number of ways in which the CCLD provisions on payment of dividends could be improved. Such improvements are necessary in order to maintain the important balance between creditor and shareholder protection.Company Law, Consolidated Company Law Directive (CCLD), European Model Companies Act (EMCA), Dividends, Extraordinary Dividends, Interim Dividends.
这篇关于股息支付的文章关注的是违反公司法关于这一主题的规定的情况。原因是,在实践中,律师、审计师和其他处理公司法的人有时会遇到公司向股东支付股息,但违反了公司法关于股息支付的规定的情况。这一点在特别股息方面尤其正确,这就是本文关注此类股息的原因。然而,公司确实会向股东支付普通股息,但违反了公司法关于支付此类股息的规定。本文借鉴《合并公司法指令》(CCLD),首先讨论了股息支付的要求。接下来,它仍然借鉴CCLD,讨论了如果不满足这些要求,支付股息的后果。最后,探讨了CCLD与《欧洲公司示范法》在股息支付方面的差异。该条指出了一些可以改进CCLD关于股息支付的规定的方法。为了保持债权人和股东保护之间的重要平衡,这种改进是必要的。《公司法》、《合并公司法指令》(CCLD)、《欧洲示范公司法》(EMCA)、《股息》、《特别股息》和《中期股息》。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a Duty of Societal Responsibility of the Board 董事会的社会责任
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020027
J. Winter
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引用次数: 2
Look Again: Company Law Has Changed 再看看:公司法已经改变了
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.54648/eucl2020026
Mario Abela
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European Company Law
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