Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.30
Mitch Brown, D. Sacco, Kaitlyn N. Boykin, Kelsey Drea, Alicia L. Macchione
This chapter explains that within the corpus of research showing the extent to which cues to physical attractiveness connote individuals’ specific value as a mate, findings have begun to recognize how these cues specifically apply to inferring parental abilities. Namely, this research suggests some physical features that were likely selected due to their connotations of heritable fitness may dually implicate a person as an especially effective parent. Such work additionally demonstrates the instances in which features not selected for their connotation of what we typically consider heritable fitness (i.e., adiposity) become desirable while providing additional evidence for the trade-offs in selecting short- and long-term mates. This selection of adiposity further clarified what is actually meant when researchers discuss selecting for good genes. That is, individuals could be inferring parental abilities through adiposity, thus leading individuals to select mates with higher levels for a long-term context given that connotation.
{"title":"Inferences of Parental Abilities Through Facial and Bodily Features","authors":"Mitch Brown, D. Sacco, Kaitlyn N. Boykin, Kelsey Drea, Alicia L. Macchione","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains that within the corpus of research showing the extent to which cues to physical attractiveness connote individuals’ specific value as a mate, findings have begun to recognize how these cues specifically apply to inferring parental abilities. Namely, this research suggests some physical features that were likely selected due to their connotations of heritable fitness may dually implicate a person as an especially effective parent. Such work additionally demonstrates the instances in which features not selected for their connotation of what we typically consider heritable fitness (i.e., adiposity) become desirable while providing additional evidence for the trade-offs in selecting short- and long-term mates. This selection of adiposity further clarified what is actually meant when researchers discuss selecting for good genes. That is, individuals could be inferring parental abilities through adiposity, thus leading individuals to select mates with higher levels for a long-term context given that connotation.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133520355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.25
Geoff Kushnick
This chapter explores the relationship between parenting and technology from an evolutionary perspective. The exploration is organized around the “three styles” framework for understanding and differentiating between the three major evolutionary approaches to the study of human behavior: evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, and dual inheritance theory. For each of these evolutionary approaches, the chapter provides two examples of the relationship between parenting and technology, one related to childbearing and the other related to childrearing. Is the evolutionary approach a useful one to understand this relationship? First, although each has as its focus the application of evolutionary theory to the study of human behavior, each of the three styles brings a different set of assumptions and priorities. Second, an evolutionary perspective points to specific, and theoretically justified, behavioral concomitants of technological change.
{"title":"The Cradle of Humankind","authors":"Geoff Kushnick","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the relationship between parenting and technology from an evolutionary perspective. The exploration is organized around the “three styles” framework for understanding and differentiating between the three major evolutionary approaches to the study of human behavior: evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, and dual inheritance theory. For each of these evolutionary approaches, the chapter provides two examples of the relationship between parenting and technology, one related to childbearing and the other related to childrearing. Is the evolutionary approach a useful one to understand this relationship? First, although each has as its focus the application of evolutionary theory to the study of human behavior, each of the three styles brings a different set of assumptions and priorities. Second, an evolutionary perspective points to specific, and theoretically justified, behavioral concomitants of technological change.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129406233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.27
Nicholas Kerry, Damian R. Murray
This chapter assesses how parenthood may functionally influence political attitudes. Becoming a parent is a keystone life event that has numerous psychological and physiological implications. There are several theoretical reasons to predict a functional relationship between parenthood (as well as individual differences in parenting motivation) and socially conservative attitudes, primarily related to an increased sensitivity to threat and a reduced interest in short-term mating. Moreover, initial work has found correlational, mediational, and experimental support for a functional and causal relationship between parenting and increased social conservatism and out-group prejudice. However, many unanswered questions remain, as do multiple fruitful avenues for future research.
{"title":"Politics and Parenting","authors":"Nicholas Kerry, Damian R. Murray","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses how parenthood may functionally influence political attitudes. Becoming a parent is a keystone life event that has numerous psychological and physiological implications. There are several theoretical reasons to predict a functional relationship between parenthood (as well as individual differences in parenting motivation) and socially conservative attitudes, primarily related to an increased sensitivity to threat and a reduced interest in short-term mating. Moreover, initial work has found correlational, mediational, and experimental support for a functional and causal relationship between parenting and increased social conservatism and out-group prejudice. However, many unanswered questions remain, as do multiple fruitful avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129503455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.1
Tomás Cabeza de Baca, B. Ellis
This chapter highlights parental behavior and household dynamics as one key set of factors that play a vital role in the regulation of development and behavior in children. It shows the benefits of using an evolutionary-developmental model and discusses fundamental points to consider when applying such a model to research. The application of Darwinian principles to domains of parenting and development provides a benefit to researchers by integrating the results of proximate-level research into a unified and interconnected framework. It also reorients within- and between-household differences in parenting as strategies molded by natural selection to maximize survival and reproduction under varied ecological circumstances. The chapter begins with a review of the theoretical foundations of evolutionary developmental psychology, followed by a brief explanation of methodological approaches used by developmentalists. It then looks at current research and future directions.
{"title":"Evolutionary Perspectives on Parenting","authors":"Tomás Cabeza de Baca, B. Ellis","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights parental behavior and household dynamics as one key set of factors that play a vital role in the regulation of development and behavior in children. It shows the benefits of using an evolutionary-developmental model and discusses fundamental points to consider when applying such a model to research. The application of Darwinian principles to domains of parenting and development provides a benefit to researchers by integrating the results of proximate-level research into a unified and interconnected framework. It also reorients within- and between-household differences in parenting as strategies molded by natural selection to maximize survival and reproduction under varied ecological circumstances. The chapter begins with a review of the theoretical foundations of evolutionary developmental psychology, followed by a brief explanation of methodological approaches used by developmentalists. It then looks at current research and future directions.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130876247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.6
C. Salmon, Jessica A. Hehman
This chapter focuses on maternal care, including the specialized psychological mechanisms designed to shape maternal solicitude and the various factors to which these mechanisms are sensitive. It identifies factors that influence levels of maternal parental investment. Maternal factors that lead to increased investment include the amount of resources available, potential for future mating opportunities and maternal age, and number of offspring. Child factors that lead to greater investment include reproductive value, age of the child, sex, offspring need, and relatedness to the mother. Although there has been an abundance of research on maternal parental investment, most of the studies have focused on individual factors that influence parental investment levels with only a few investigating interactive models. Therefore, more research investigating interactive models is necessary to better understand under which circumstances mothers would be more or less likely to invest in their offspring.
{"title":"Evolutionary Perspectives on Maternal Parenting","authors":"C. Salmon, Jessica A. Hehman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on maternal care, including the specialized psychological mechanisms designed to shape maternal solicitude and the various factors to which these mechanisms are sensitive. It identifies factors that influence levels of maternal parental investment. Maternal factors that lead to increased investment include the amount of resources available, potential for future mating opportunities and maternal age, and number of offspring. Child factors that lead to greater investment include reproductive value, age of the child, sex, offspring need, and relatedness to the mother. Although there has been an abundance of research on maternal parental investment, most of the studies have focused on individual factors that influence parental investment levels with only a few investigating interactive models. Therefore, more research investigating interactive models is necessary to better understand under which circumstances mothers would be more or less likely to invest in their offspring.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126801908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.10
V. Ottesen
This chapter explores evolutionary psychological (EP) perspectives on maternal aggression, focusing on physical aggression, both lethal and nonlethal. It argues that the psychological mechanisms underpinning such aggression held an adaptive function to our foremothers. If such mechanisms formerly did hold an adaptive function, then maternal aggression should not be expected to be a random event, nor necessarily caused by pathology. Rather, the risk factors and characteristic traits of maternal aggression should follow an ancestrally adaptive and evolutionary logic. In which case, it should be a predictable phenomenon on a societal level. And as the chapter presents, the theoretical understanding of maternal aggression that EP perspectives offer has allowed for the successful prediction of risk factors and characteristic traits for such aggression. The chapter reviews these risk factors and traits, along with the theoretical reasoning the predictions are based on and the cross-cultural empirical support for their existence.
{"title":"Maternal Aggression","authors":"V. Ottesen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores evolutionary psychological (EP) perspectives on maternal aggression, focusing on physical aggression, both lethal and nonlethal. It argues that the psychological mechanisms underpinning such aggression held an adaptive function to our foremothers. If such mechanisms formerly did hold an adaptive function, then maternal aggression should not be expected to be a random event, nor necessarily caused by pathology. Rather, the risk factors and characteristic traits of maternal aggression should follow an ancestrally adaptive and evolutionary logic. In which case, it should be a predictable phenomenon on a societal level. And as the chapter presents, the theoretical understanding of maternal aggression that EP perspectives offer has allowed for the successful prediction of risk factors and characteristic traits for such aggression. The chapter reviews these risk factors and traits, along with the theoretical reasoning the predictions are based on and the cross-cultural empirical support for their existence.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126052777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.21
Jessica A. K. Matthews, E. Pinderhughes, Martha L. Pott
This chapter focuses on adoptive parenting. At face value, adoption does not fulfill one of the primary goals of evolution: survival and eventual reproduction of one’s genes. Why, then, given our evolutionary history, and the relative difficulty of adoption, is adoption so widespread and usually successful? The chapter is devoted to examining adoption from an evolutionary perspective. It traces the history of adoption and reviews many reasons why adoption has been, and still is, widespread. The human history of adoption reflects many of our evolutionary goals and biological drives. However, one of the unique capacities of humanity is the ability to rise above our baser biology to use logic and reason to overcome gut reactions rooted in animal biology. Modern adoption theory and practice seek to recognize patterns rooted in biology, history, and culture, while encouraging more equitable practices that respect each individual involved in adoption.
{"title":"Adoptive Parenting Is More Complex Than Evolutionary Theory Would Predict","authors":"Jessica A. K. Matthews, E. Pinderhughes, Martha L. Pott","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on adoptive parenting. At face value, adoption does not fulfill one of the primary goals of evolution: survival and eventual reproduction of one’s genes. Why, then, given our evolutionary history, and the relative difficulty of adoption, is adoption so widespread and usually successful? The chapter is devoted to examining adoption from an evolutionary perspective. It traces the history of adoption and reviews many reasons why adoption has been, and still is, widespread. The human history of adoption reflects many of our evolutionary goals and biological drives. However, one of the unique capacities of humanity is the ability to rise above our baser biology to use logic and reason to overcome gut reactions rooted in animal biology. Modern adoption theory and practice seek to recognize patterns rooted in biology, history, and culture, while encouraging more equitable practices that respect each individual involved in adoption.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128004424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.13
M. Lewis, Trinity Hoenig
This chapter reflects on maternal investment in adolescent daughters and sons. The focus of maternal investment necessarily changes as a function of the ontological maturity of adolescent sons and daughters. As most sexually mature youth continue to live with parents, mothers’ investments channel youth toward adaptive trajectories given the opportunities and constraints of the local ecology. The nature of childrearing shifts to a greater emphasis on preparing daughters and sons for socio-competitive success; that is, providing resources, particularly those that increase adult knowledge and skills, and protecting offspring from their own adventurousness while learning occurs. Through this focus, mothers facilitate the reproductive success of offspring.
{"title":"Maternal Investment in Adolescent Daughters and Sons","authors":"M. Lewis, Trinity Hoenig","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reflects on maternal investment in adolescent daughters and sons. The focus of maternal investment necessarily changes as a function of the ontological maturity of adolescent sons and daughters. As most sexually mature youth continue to live with parents, mothers’ investments channel youth toward adaptive trajectories given the opportunities and constraints of the local ecology. The nature of childrearing shifts to a greater emphasis on preparing daughters and sons for socio-competitive success; that is, providing resources, particularly those that increase adult knowledge and skills, and protecting offspring from their own adventurousness while learning occurs. Through this focus, mothers facilitate the reproductive success of offspring.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134059445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.4
J. Mesman, Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
This chapter focuses on cultural influences on parenting, examining patterns across countries, but also within countries in different ethnic groups. Whereas forms vary, two broad functions of parenting practices can be consistently identified across cultural contexts: establishing a relational bond providing safety and security in infancy (commonly referred to as attachment), and transmitting culturally appropriate behavior, knowledge, and skills throughout the childhood years. The chapter then looks at the role of culture in ethnic minority parenting, which has unique features that are different from those in ethnic majority groups. It concludes by reflecting on the state of the research field of culture and parenting, and directions for the future. Given the high cultural diversity in many urban regions in the world where professionals deal with families from all over the world, and the frequent “export” of parenting interventions from the West to other parts of the world, the field would benefit enormously from investing in mixed-methods studies examining these processes in situations where cultures meet, and where it is not immediately clear which cultural norms should prevail.
{"title":"Cultural Perspectives on Parenting","authors":"J. Mesman, Rosanneke A. G. Emmen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on cultural influences on parenting, examining patterns across countries, but also within countries in different ethnic groups. Whereas forms vary, two broad functions of parenting practices can be consistently identified across cultural contexts: establishing a relational bond providing safety and security in infancy (commonly referred to as attachment), and transmitting culturally appropriate behavior, knowledge, and skills throughout the childhood years. The chapter then looks at the role of culture in ethnic minority parenting, which has unique features that are different from those in ethnic majority groups. It concludes by reflecting on the state of the research field of culture and parenting, and directions for the future. Given the high cultural diversity in many urban regions in the world where professionals deal with families from all over the world, and the frequent “export” of parenting interventions from the West to other parts of the world, the field would benefit enormously from investing in mixed-methods studies examining these processes in situations where cultures meet, and where it is not immediately clear which cultural norms should prevail.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123151672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.5
J. C. Yong, Norman P. Li
This chapter evaluates the dominant social-personality theories of parenting. It highlights the limitations inherent in the literature, particularly the lack of integration between the domains of parenting and attachment as well as the inability to make claims about the specific causes and effects of parent–child dynamics. The chapter then explains how an evolutionary life history perspective allows for a better understanding of parenting and attachment patterns and overcomes these limitations by grounding parent–child dynamics in a functional context. An evolutionary perspective stresses that different parenting styles and attachment types represent facultative responses to environmental demands, thereby facilitating adaptive responses to anticipated interpersonal interactions in the interest of individual fitness. Ultimately, parenting and attachment behaviors reflect life strategies on a fast–slow continuum that aim to maximize ancestral reproductive success in response to environmental harshness and unpredictability.
{"title":"Social and Personality Perspectives on Parenting in an Evolutionary Context","authors":"J. C. Yong, Norman P. Li","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates the dominant social-personality theories of parenting. It highlights the limitations inherent in the literature, particularly the lack of integration between the domains of parenting and attachment as well as the inability to make claims about the specific causes and effects of parent–child dynamics. The chapter then explains how an evolutionary life history perspective allows for a better understanding of parenting and attachment patterns and overcomes these limitations by grounding parent–child dynamics in a functional context. An evolutionary perspective stresses that different parenting styles and attachment types represent facultative responses to environmental demands, thereby facilitating adaptive responses to anticipated interpersonal interactions in the interest of individual fitness. Ultimately, parenting and attachment behaviors reflect life strategies on a fast–slow continuum that aim to maximize ancestral reproductive success in response to environmental harshness and unpredictability.","PeriodicalId":118977,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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