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Evaluating Consensual Models of Governance 评估共识治理模式
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0010
T. Tyler
Two models of legal authority are compared: coercive and consensual. The coercive model functions through the ability of officials to create and maintain a credible risk of punishment for wrongdoing. It operates through perceptions of risk. The consensual model is based on peoples’ willing acceptance of the obligation to follow the law. People accept that personal obligation when they regard the law as legitimate. Data from several large-scale surveys suggest the importance of legitimacy to compliance and cooperation and in particular provide a better basis for understanding willing cooperation than does a risk-based model. A further analysis of the antecedents of legitimacy demonstrates that procedural justice is the key antecedent of legitimacy.
比较了法律权威的两种模式:强制性和合意性。强制模式通过官员创造和维持对不法行为进行惩罚的可信风险的能力发挥作用。它通过对风险的感知来运作。合意模式是建立在人们自愿接受遵守法律义务的基础上的。当人们认为法律是合法的时候,他们就接受了个人的义务。几项大规模调查的数据表明,合法性对遵守和合作的重要性,特别是为理解自愿合作提供了比基于风险的模型更好的基础。对合法性前提的进一步分析表明,程序正义是合法性的关键前提。
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引用次数: 1
The Political Legitimacy of International NGOs 国际非政府组织的政治合法性
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0009
Jennifer Rubenstein
Should large-scale, Western-based humanitarian and development INGOs such as Oxfam and Doctors Without Borders be evaluated based on whether they are politically legitimate? The philosophical literature on political legitimacy has addressed this question with regard to non-state actors in general, but has not said much specifically about INGOs. The INGO literature has discussed issues of political legitimacy, but has focused almost exclusively on one dimension of the concept—the criteria that INGOs must meet to be politically legitimate—while largely overlooking two other dimensions: that political legitimacy is (a) a minimum threshold for (b) the moral right to rule. Bringing the full “three-dimensional” concept of political legitimacy developed in the political philosophy literature to bear on INGOs is valuable in several ways: It flips the script of traditional charity-based approaches, treats aid recipients and other subjects of INGO rule as moral and political agents capable of making and acting on moral judgments, provides a locus of agreement for people who otherwise disagree about INGOs, and works synergistically with democratic criteria for INGO political legitimacy.
像乐施会和无国界医生这样的大型西方人道主义和发展非政府组织是否应该根据其政治合法性来评估?关于政治合法性的哲学文献从总体上讨论了关于非国家行为体的这个问题,但并没有特别提到国际非政府组织。国际非政府组织的文献讨论了政治合法性的问题,但几乎只集中在概念的一个方面——国际非政府组织必须满足政治合法性的标准——而在很大程度上忽视了其他两个方面:政治合法性是(a)道德统治权的最低门槛。将政治哲学文献中发展起来的政治合法性的完整“三维”概念应用于国际非政府组织在以下几个方面是有价值的:它颠覆了传统的以慈善为基础的方法,将受援者和非政府组织统治的其他主体视为能够做出道德判断并采取行动的道德和政治代理人,为那些对非政府组织持不同意见的人提供了一个共识点,并与非政府组织政治合法性的民主标准协同工作。
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引用次数: 0
The Empirical Study of Legitimate Authority Normative Guidance for Positive Analysis 合法性权威规范导向实证分析的实证研究
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0012
S. Gordon, G. Huber
We employ key concepts in the normative study of legitimate authority to place the empirical analysis of legitimacy on firmer analytical foundations. Our critical review of empirical research on support for courts, regimes generally, and international organizations highlights the slippage between normative and positive approaches, while simultaneously drawing attention to problems of measurement and critical inferential problems rooted in limitations of research design. We then describe a simple theoretical model that formalizes these considerations. The model reveals conditions under which it is possible to isolate the effect of an authority’s legitimacy on citizen behavior net of extrinsic compliance motivations as well as environments in which examination of the antecedents of legitimate authority is most likely to be fruitful.
我们采用合法性权威规范研究中的关键概念,将合法性的实证分析置于更坚实的分析基础之上。我们对支持法院、一般制度和国际组织的实证研究进行了批判性回顾,强调了规范方法和积极方法之间的滑动,同时提请注意测量问题和植根于研究设计局限性的关键推论问题。然后,我们描述了一个简单的理论模型,将这些考虑形式化。该模型揭示了一些条件,在这些条件下,可以将权威的合法性对公民行为的影响与外在遵从动机隔离开来,同时也揭示了在哪些环境中,对合法权威的前因由的考察最有可能取得成果。
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引用次数: 2
Political Legitimacy Under Epistemic Constraints 认识论约束下的政治合法性
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0006
F. Peter
The aim of this chapter is to provide an epistemological argument for why public reasons matter for political legitimacy. A key feature of the public reason conception of legitimacy is that political decisions must be justified to the citizens. They must be justified in terms of reasons that are either shared qua reasons or that, while not shared qua reasons, support the same political decision. Call the relevant reasons public reasons. Critics of the public reason conception, by contrast, argue that political legitimacy requires justification simpliciter—political decisions must be justified in terms of the reasons that apply. Call the relevant reasons objective reasons. The debate between defenders and critics of a public reason conception of political legitimacy thus focuses on whether objective reasons or public reasons are the right basis for the justification of political decisions. I will grant to critics of a public reason conception that there are objective reasons and allow that such reasons can affect the legitimacy of political decisions. But I will show, focusing on the epistemic circumstances of political decision-making, that it does not follow that the justification of those decisions is necessarily in terms of those reasons.
本章的目的是提供一个认识论论证,说明为什么公共原因对政治合法性很重要。公共理性的合法性概念的一个关键特征是,政治决策必须在公民看来是正当的。它们必须是正当的,要么是共同的理由,要么是虽然不是共同的理由,但支持同一政治决定的理由。把相关原因称为公共原因。相比之下,公共理性概念的批评者认为,政治合法性需要更简单的辩护——政治决策必须根据适用的理由进行辩护。把相关原因称为客观原因。因此,政治合法性公共理性概念的捍卫者和批评者之间的争论集中在客观原因还是公共原因是政治决策正当化的正确基础。我同意批评公共理性概念的人认为存在客观原因,并承认这些原因可以影响政治决策的合法性。但我将重点关注政治决策的认知环境,这并不意味着这些决策的正当性一定是基于这些原因。
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引用次数: 5
Official Intentions and Political Legitimacy 官方意图和政治合法性
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0008
Micah Schwartzman
The case of President Trump’s travel ban raises the question of whether the intentions of public officials matter in determining the legitimacy of their actions. In recent years, philosophers and legal scholars have argued that intentions are never directly relevant to the moral permissibility of actions. This permissibility objection can be applied to theories of political legitimacy that make intentions relevant in specifying moral conditions for the exercise of political power. After surveying various ways in which intentions might figure into theories of legitimacy, I present the permissibility objection and then argue that it cannot be sustained in reflective equilibrium. Using examples of discretionary discrimination, including the travel ban, I argue that intentions are relevant to determining the legitimacy of official conduct. I then defend a doctrine of moral taint, which holds that skepticism about the actions of public officials is appropriate when they have previously taken similar actions on the basis of wrongful intentions.
特朗普总统的旅行禁令案提出了一个问题,即公职人员的意图在确定其行为的合法性方面是否重要。近年来,哲学家和法律学者认为,意图与行为的道德可容许性从来没有直接关系。这种容许性异议可以应用于政治合法性理论,这些理论使意图与规定政治权力行使的道德条件相关。在考察了意图可能被纳入合法性理论的各种方式之后,我提出了可容许性的反对意见,然后论证它不能在反思平衡中维持下去。我以酌情歧视的例子,包括旅行禁令为例,认为意图与确定官方行为的合法性有关。然后,我为道德玷污学说辩护,该学说认为,当公职人员先前基于错误意图采取类似行动时,对他们的行为持怀疑态度是适当的。
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引用次数: 0
On the Empirical Measurement of Legitimacy 论合法性的实证测度
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0011
Jeffrey A. Lenowitz
For decades, Tom Tyler had led the charge of making legitimacy and procedural justice core concepts and variables in the empirical study of compliance and cooperation in the social sciences. In this chapter, after laying out a conceptual map of the three types of legitimacy and the roles that procedures can play in legitimation, I show that much of Tyler’s work focuses on providing support for two assertions: that a belief in the legitimacy of local authorities leads people to comply, cooperate, and positively engage with them, and that fair procedures are a powerful way to make people develop these beliefs. I then argue that both of these claims are misleading. On the one hand, Tyler’s operationalization of legitimacy distorts it beyond common meaning. On the other hand, Tyler only measures and shows the effects of perceptions of procedural justice, and thus merely gives reason to focus on reforming institutions such that they appear just, rather than become just. The only way to avoid this unhappy Machiavellian outcome, I argue, is to once again bring in moral argumentation to discussions of institutional reform.
几十年来,汤姆·泰勒(Tom Tyler)率先将合法性和程序正义作为社会科学合规与合作实证研究的核心概念和变量。在本章中,在对三种类型的合法性和程序在合法性中可以发挥的作用进行概念映射之后,我展示了泰勒的大部分工作都集中在为两个断言提供支持:对地方当局合法性的信念导致人们遵守,合作并积极参与其中,公平的程序是使人们发展这些信念的有力方式。然后,我认为这两种说法都具有误导性。一方面,泰勒对合法性的操作化扭曲了它,超出了一般意义。另一方面,泰勒只衡量和展示了程序正义观念的影响,因此,他只是给出了关注改革制度的理由,使它们看起来公正,而不是变得公正。我认为,避免这种令人不快的马基雅维利式结果的唯一方法,是在讨论制度改革时再次引入道德论证。
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引用次数: 0
In Defense of Functionalism 为功能主义辩护
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0003
J. Quong
This chapter provides a response to Anna Stilz’s chapter in this volume, “Legitimacy and Self-Determination.” I argue that Stilz’s Kantian approach to political autonomy and self-determination is vulnerable to a serious dilemma. Her account either cannot explain various intuitively wrongful instances of colonialism and annexation, or else it can only do so by departing from its Kantian foundations. I then defend a functionalist approach to political legitimacy, one that appeals to the pro tanto wrongness of involuntarily changing people’s political status. I argue, contra Stilz, that such a functionalist approach can adequately explain why certain cases of colonialism and territorial annexation are wrongful.
本章对安娜·斯蒂尔兹在本卷中的“合法性和自决”一章作出回应。我认为斯蒂尔茨关于政治自治和自决的康德式方法很容易陷入严重的困境。她的描述要么无法解释各种直观上错误的殖民主义和兼并事件,要么只能通过离开康德的基础来解释。然后,我为一种功能主义的政治合法性方法辩护,这种方法诉诸于不自觉地改变人们的政治地位的赞成错误。与斯蒂尔斯相反,我认为,这种功能主义的方法可以充分解释为什么某些殖民主义和领土吞并的情况是错误的。
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引用次数: 0
The Sovereign and the Republic a 君主与共和国
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0005
Ekow N. Yankah
Philosophically, we live in a liberal age, one that accords individual rights primacy of place among political values. Accordingly, contemporary conceptions of political and legal obligation treat sovereignty as perplexing, straining to justify how authority can impose on individual freedom and obligate one to obey law.  From Hobbes to Kant to Rawls, liberal thinkers have had to stitch together a civic sovereign from the free will of each individual. As against the machinations required to justify sovereignty beginning from the liberal premise of individual freedom, I suggest a fundamental reexamining of liberal freedom.  In its place, I will argue for a return to a classic conception of Athenian or Aristotelian republicanism as the basis of political obligation. Reigning for perhaps millennia, yet strangely absent from contemporary theory, the ancient view argues that political obligation is based on our natural and unavoidable interconnectedness.  Aristotle’s persuasive arguments that human beings need political communities to survive and flourish, now fortified by modern social science, illustrates why sovereignty is not a puzzle but rather a natural extension of our civic interconnectedness and gives rise to political obligation.
从哲学上讲,我们生活在一个自由的时代,一个将个人权利置于政治价值首位的时代。因此,当代政治和法律义务的概念将主权视为令人困惑的,难以证明权力如何能够强加于个人自由并迫使一个人服从法律。从霍布斯(Hobbes)到康德(Kant)再到罗尔斯(Rawls),自由主义思想家不得不从每个人的自由意志中拼凑出一种公民主权。为了反对从个人自由的自由主义前提出发为主权辩护所需要的阴谋,我建议从根本上重新审视自由主义的自由。取而代之的是,我将主张回归古典概念,即雅典或亚里士多德的共和主义,作为政治义务的基础。这种古老的观点统治了大约几千年,但奇怪的是,它没有出现在当代理论中,它认为政治义务是基于我们自然的、不可避免的相互联系。亚里士多德关于人类需要政治团体来生存和繁荣的有说服力的论点,现在得到了现代社会科学的支持,说明了为什么主权不是一个谜,而是我们公民相互联系的自然延伸,并产生了政治义务。
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引用次数: 0
Legitimacy as a Right To Err 合法性是一种犯错的权利
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0007
Daniel Viehoff
This chapter proposes that legitimacy (on at least one understanding of the protean term) is centrally a right to err: a right to make mistakes that set back interests of others that are ordinarily protected by rights. Legitimacy so understood is importantly distinct from authority, the normative power to impose binding (or enforceable) rules at will. Specifically, legitimate institutions have a distinctive liberty right to set back others’ interests that other agents normally lack. Their subjects in turn lack certain permissions to avoid, or redirect, the costs of the institutions’ mistakes in ways that would otherwise be permissible. Legitimate institutions have this liberty right because, and insofar as, they act for their subjects (in a specific sense) and do so only for the subjects’ sake. As a matter of fairness, (some of) the costs of the institutions’ actions are borne by the subjects for whom they are undertaken. In turn, where an institution fails to act for its subjects in the relevant way, it (and its officials) may have to bear the costs of its errors, which the subject is morally permitted to redirect by acts of resistance.
本章提出,合法性(至少在对这个千变万化的术语的一种理解上)主要是一种犯错的权利:一种犯错误使通常受权利保护的他人利益受到损害的权利。如此理解的合法性与权威有着重要的区别,权威是随意施加有约束力(或可执行的)规则的规范性权力。具体来说,合法机构拥有独特的自由权利,可以阻碍其他代理人通常所缺乏的他人利益。反过来,他们的对象也缺乏一定的权限,无法以原本允许的方式避免或转移机构错误的成本。合法机构拥有这种自由权利,因为,就它们而言,它们(在特定意义上)为其主体行事,并且只是为了主体的利益而行事。出于公平考虑,这些机构行动的(部分)成本由它们所代表的主体承担。反过来,当一个机构未能以相关的方式为其主体采取行动时,它(及其官员)可能不得不承担其错误的成本,而主体在道德上被允许通过抵抗行为来重新定向。
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引用次数: 0
Is Political Legitimacy Worth Promoting? 政治合法性值得提倡吗?
Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479888696.003.0004
A. Greene
This chapter develops and defends a new account of political legitimacy. I argue that a regime is legitimate insofar as it achieves quality assent to rule. Assent to rule is an evaluative assessment of the regime, by its subjects, about whether the regime realizes some goods through the exercise of power and authority. Assent is quality assent just when it is consistent with what I call the minimal claim of ruling, namely, the provision of basic security for all subjects. When legitimacy is characterized in these terms, its achievement will be naturally correlated with the realization of key political goods: non-alienation, stability, and political alignment among subjects. What makes this account distinctive, and attractive, is that it captures the crucial insights from both sides of the theoretical divide in the existing literature on political legitimacy, namely (i) that legitimacy is a good-making feature of a regime, but also (ii) that legitimacy depends upon people’s subjective attitudes.
本章发展并捍卫了一种关于政治合法性的新解释。我认为,只要一个政权获得了对统治的高质量认同,它就是合法的。统治认同是主体对政权是否通过行使权力和权威实现某种利益的一种评价性评价。只有当同意符合我所说的最低限度的统治要求,即为所有主体提供基本的保障时,同意才是有质量的同意。当合法性以这些术语为特征时,它的实现将自然地与关键政治产品的实现相关联:主体之间的非异化、稳定和政治联盟。这一解释的独特和吸引人之处在于,它抓住了现有文献中关于政治合法性的理论分歧双方的关键见解,即:(1)合法性是一个政权的良好特征,但(2)合法性取决于人们的主观态度。
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引用次数: 2
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Political Legitimacy
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