Pub Date : 2019-08-23DOI: 10.1039/9781788015806-00239
F. Nudelman, S. Dillon, D. Eldosoky
Bone is a complex organ that acts as a biomechanical and protective scaffold in conjunction with the musculature; regulates calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis; and is an endocrine organ involved with energy homeostasis. The ability of bone self-repair, however, is limited to small defects, creating the need to develop bone-replacement materials that mimic its properties and restore the function of the native tissue. One of the major challenges facing material scientists in recreating bone-replacement materials comes from the complexity of the structure of bone, which in turns gives rise to its mechanical properties. Furthermore, these properties are calibrated according to the biological context, such that different types of bones performing different functions will display different architectures, across many length scales. In this chapter, we will discuss the different materials used for producing biomimetic bone-replacement materials that combine osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, resorbability and osseointegration. These include biopolymers such as collagen and silk; synthetic polymers; calcium phosphate cements; and the use of wood as a template for hierarchical synthetic materials. We will further discuss cell–scaffold interactions and emerging fabrication technologies as methods to produce scaffolds with pre-designed and controlled shapes, sizes, and internal and external architectures.
{"title":"Chapter 5. Bioinspired Approaches to Bone","authors":"F. Nudelman, S. Dillon, D. Eldosoky","doi":"10.1039/9781788015806-00239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015806-00239","url":null,"abstract":"Bone is a complex organ that acts as a biomechanical and protective scaffold in conjunction with the musculature; regulates calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis; and is an endocrine organ involved with energy homeostasis. The ability of bone self-repair, however, is limited to small defects, creating the need to develop bone-replacement materials that mimic its properties and restore the function of the native tissue. One of the major challenges facing material scientists in recreating bone-replacement materials comes from the complexity of the structure of bone, which in turns gives rise to its mechanical properties. Furthermore, these properties are calibrated according to the biological context, such that different types of bones performing different functions will display different architectures, across many length scales. In this chapter, we will discuss the different materials used for producing biomimetic bone-replacement materials that combine osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, resorbability and osseointegration. These include biopolymers such as collagen and silk; synthetic polymers; calcium phosphate cements; and the use of wood as a template for hierarchical synthetic materials. We will further discuss cell–scaffold interactions and emerging fabrication technologies as methods to produce scaffolds with pre-designed and controlled shapes, sizes, and internal and external architectures.","PeriodicalId":119435,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspired Inorganic Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131217471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-23DOI: 10.1039/9781788015806-00167
A. G. Dumanli, T. Savin
Structural coloration is a visible consequence of the patterning of a reflecting surface with regular nanostructures. Structural colours usually appear bright, shiny, iridescent or with a metallic look as a result of physical processes such as diffraction, interference, or scattering. Many biological materials exhibit such colours, originating from a strikingly wide variety of microarchitectures that have been precisely optimised by natural selection. The biomimicry of these materials has recently attracted much research effort in materials science, chemistry, engineering and physics. After detailing the physical principles behind structural colours, we review the techniques and materials employed to fabricate nature-inspired, colour-producing nanostructures. We also present recent advances in scaling up the production of these new materials, as well as some of their current and potential applications.
{"title":"Chapter 4. Biomimetics of Structural Colours: Materials, Methods and Applications","authors":"A. G. Dumanli, T. Savin","doi":"10.1039/9781788015806-00167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015806-00167","url":null,"abstract":"Structural coloration is a visible consequence of the patterning of a reflecting surface with regular nanostructures. Structural colours usually appear bright, shiny, iridescent or with a metallic look as a result of physical processes such as diffraction, interference, or scattering. Many biological materials exhibit such colours, originating from a strikingly wide variety of microarchitectures that have been precisely optimised by natural selection. The biomimicry of these materials has recently attracted much research effort in materials science, chemistry, engineering and physics. After detailing the physical principles behind structural colours, we review the techniques and materials employed to fabricate nature-inspired, colour-producing nanostructures. We also present recent advances in scaling up the production of these new materials, as well as some of their current and potential applications.","PeriodicalId":119435,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspired Inorganic Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127483481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-23DOI: 10.1039/9781788015806-00054
A. Collins, G. Depietra
Life is not a homogeneous medium. The complex molecular chemistry giving rise to all living things operates in a compartmental system. For example, DNA is a solid macromolecule coiled tightly within the liquid phase of the nucleus and the nucleus itself resides within the closed domain of a phospholipid membrane within a cell. Interfacial boundaries and surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and present a wealth of diverse functions, from mediating metabolic reactions to environmental protection. The long process of evolution has produced a variety of surfaces that can be of use if replicated synthetically. The production of a bioinspired surface relies on mimicking not only the chemical character of the interface but also the topology of an often intricate hierarchical surface. This chapter focuses on the chemical considerations for designing functional bioinspired surfaces alongside the techniques for duplicating and examining them.
{"title":"Chapter 2. Bioinspired Surfaces","authors":"A. Collins, G. Depietra","doi":"10.1039/9781788015806-00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015806-00054","url":null,"abstract":"Life is not a homogeneous medium. The complex molecular chemistry giving rise to all living things operates in a compartmental system. For example, DNA is a solid macromolecule coiled tightly within the liquid phase of the nucleus and the nucleus itself resides within the closed domain of a phospholipid membrane within a cell. Interfacial boundaries and surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and present a wealth of diverse functions, from mediating metabolic reactions to environmental protection. The long process of evolution has produced a variety of surfaces that can be of use if replicated synthetically. The production of a bioinspired surface relies on mimicking not only the chemical character of the interface but also the topology of an often intricate hierarchical surface. This chapter focuses on the chemical considerations for designing functional bioinspired surfaces alongside the techniques for duplicating and examining them.","PeriodicalId":119435,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspired Inorganic Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130889511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-23DOI: 10.1039/9781788015806-00001
R. Boston
The ability of nature to control the formation of materials across multiple length scales, often simultaneously and under near-ambient conditions, is one that would be of great benefit across many areas of materials synthesis. The techniques used enable unrivalled optimisation of the materials produced, aiding the survival of the organisms that employ them. Harnessing these ideas and methods in the laboratory, or even at the industrial scale, offers new approaches to the control and synthesis of functional materials, often producing energy- and resource-efficient processes that are becoming increasingly important as global demand for functional materials increases. This introductory chapter examines how nature and biology have been used to inspire and control formation and function in inorganic materials. It considers a range of materials, including glasses, metals, and ceramics, and studies how nature has been used to control or inform their formation and explores the benefits and effects of these. The limitations and factors that must be considered for these types of synthesis are discussed, and the ideas further extended into organic and non-biological sources, whilst retaining the concepts found in many bioinspired techniques.
{"title":"Chapter 1. Bioinspired Synthesis: History, Fundamentals and Outlook","authors":"R. Boston","doi":"10.1039/9781788015806-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015806-00001","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of nature to control the formation of materials across multiple length scales, often simultaneously and under near-ambient conditions, is one that would be of great benefit across many areas of materials synthesis. The techniques used enable unrivalled optimisation of the materials produced, aiding the survival of the organisms that employ them. Harnessing these ideas and methods in the laboratory, or even at the industrial scale, offers new approaches to the control and synthesis of functional materials, often producing energy- and resource-efficient processes that are becoming increasingly important as global demand for functional materials increases. This introductory chapter examines how nature and biology have been used to inspire and control formation and function in inorganic materials. It considers a range of materials, including glasses, metals, and ceramics, and studies how nature has been used to control or inform their formation and explores the benefits and effects of these. The limitations and factors that must be considered for these types of synthesis are discussed, and the ideas further extended into organic and non-biological sources, whilst retaining the concepts found in many bioinspired techniques.","PeriodicalId":119435,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspired Inorganic Materials","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114659390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-23DOI: 10.1039/9781788015806-00125
B. Schwenzer
In this chapter some of the most innovative and creative approaches reported so far for the use of bioinspired inorganic materials in the area of energy-related applications are highlighted. Bioinspiration, as it pertains to inorganic materials for energy conversion and storage applications, has been grouped into two categories: (1) bioinspired synthesis/approach and (2) bioinspired design/functionality. Focusing on the commercialised and most commonly used methods to either convert or store energy, this chapter is structured into sections on photovoltaics (Section 3.2), thermal energy storage systems and phase change materials (Section 3.3), batteries (Section 3.4) and supercapacitors (Section 3.5). Each section first describes examples of bioinspired syntheses of functional inorganic materials relevant to the specific topic, or the fabrication of devices that contain active inorganic or hybrid materials that were prepared employing a bioinspired synthesis method. Subsequently, each section gives examples for each energy storage or conversion system of novel device designs translated from biology. The overarching aim of this chapter is to showcase the progress as well as the opportunities for how bioinspiration can contribute to, or even help to overcome, existing challenges regarding approaches to energy conversion and storage.
{"title":"Chapter 3. Energy Conversion and Storage","authors":"B. Schwenzer","doi":"10.1039/9781788015806-00125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015806-00125","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter some of the most innovative and creative approaches reported so far for the use of bioinspired inorganic materials in the area of energy-related applications are highlighted. Bioinspiration, as it pertains to inorganic materials for energy conversion and storage applications, has been grouped into two categories: (1) bioinspired synthesis/approach and (2) bioinspired design/functionality. Focusing on the commercialised and most commonly used methods to either convert or store energy, this chapter is structured into sections on photovoltaics (Section 3.2), thermal energy storage systems and phase change materials (Section 3.3), batteries (Section 3.4) and supercapacitors (Section 3.5). Each section first describes examples of bioinspired syntheses of functional inorganic materials relevant to the specific topic, or the fabrication of devices that contain active inorganic or hybrid materials that were prepared employing a bioinspired synthesis method. Subsequently, each section gives examples for each energy storage or conversion system of novel device designs translated from biology. The overarching aim of this chapter is to showcase the progress as well as the opportunities for how bioinspiration can contribute to, or even help to overcome, existing challenges regarding approaches to energy conversion and storage.","PeriodicalId":119435,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspired Inorganic Materials","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117199513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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