European Journal of Clinical Microbiology最新文献

The pharmacokinetics of the quinolone pefloxacin were determined following a 400 mg oral dose given to each of six male volunteers. Concentrations were determined in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography, and in cantharidin-induced inflammatory fluid by a microbiological assay. The mean peak serum level of 6.6 micrograms/ml was attained rapidly 0.8 h after administration. The mean serum elimination half-life was 11.6 h. Inflammatory fluid was penetrated quickly with a mean peak level of 3.9 micrograms/ml occurring at 2.4 h. Pefloxacin was excreted in the urine as the parent compound and its two metabolites, norfloxacin and pefloxacin N-oxide (24 h urinary recovery being 8.0%, 12.0% and 13.1% respectively of the dose). This study suggests that a twice or possibly once daily dosage may be sufficient to treat systemic infections caused by susceptible pathogens. Once daily dosing should be sufficient for urinary tract infections.

Thirty patients who underwent elective tonsillectomy were given phenoxymethylpenicillin (0.8 g) or cefadroxil (1 g) at different times before operation. The concentrations of the antibiotics were analysed in serum, tonsillar tissue, fluid from the surface of the tonsils, and mixed saliva. The concentrations in tonsillar tissue for both drugs were much lower than the corresponding serum concentrations. This apparently low tissue accessibility could be ascribed to the limited intracellular penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics. For both antibiotics the concentrations in the tonsillar surface fluid were higher than the levels in the tissue and well above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for streptococci. This was not due to antibiotics in saliva but probably a result of leakage from the interstitial fluid. Inability to reach active concentrations of phenoxymethylpenicillin or cefadroxil at the site of infection does not therefore seem to be a probable cause for relapse after treatment of streptococcal tonsillitis.

A total of 629 clinical strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria were tested for their susceptibility to RO 19-5247, RO 15-8074, and other antimicrobial agents. Both RO 19-5247 and RO 15-8074 had good activity against strains of Enterobacteriaceae; however, resistance was found among some strains of Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Morganella spp. Both compounds showed moderate to poor active against Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci and Streptococcus faecalis. Against strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococci (not enterococci), each compound was highly active in vitro. RO 19-5247 and RO 15-8074 had comparable activity to cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime and ceftizoxime. Each new compound had considerably better activity then did cefaclor and amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate.

Bile samples taken intraoperatively from 100 patients with three different bile system diseases were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Statistically significant differences between the types of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria present in the bile were found.

A prospective study was performed involving 101 women who consecutively attended a primary health care unit for complaints of genital malodour and/or abnormal vaginal discharge. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 34 women on the basis of four diagnostic criteria: vaginal pH greater than 4.7, homogeneous vaginal discharge, a positive amine test and clue cells. The sensitivity of these criteria was greater than 90% except for homogeneous discharge (82%). Their specificity was greater than 90% except for vaginal pH greater than 4.7 (46%); a specificity of 87% could have been achieved by using the criterion for vaginal pH greater than or equal to 5.0. There was a strong association between diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and the concomitant occurrence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp. and Bacteroides spp. There was no difference between women with or without bacterial vaginosis as regards contraception methods (except for use of an intrauterine device), age at first intercourse, or earlier episodes of vaginal discharge. Sexual transmission of the predominant bacteria was not supported by data collected from the male consorts.

Imipenem was successfully used to treat a case of subdural empyema complicated by multiple cerebral abscesses, in which surgery and therapy with other antibiotics had previously failed. Imipenem concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and the cerebral abscess were much higher than the MICs for the infecting organisms, qualifying this antibiotic as an effective option in therapy of suppurative intracranial infections.

BMY-28100 was compared with cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram and found to be more active than the reference cephalosporins against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Clostridium difficile. BMY-28100 was the next most active, after cefteram, against Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Against gram-negative bacteria, BMY-28100 showed similar activity to that of cefaclor. The antimicrobial activity of BMY-28100, including bactericidal activity, against Staphylococcus aureus was less affected by penicillinase-production than was that of cefaclor. BMY-28100 was more stable than cefaclor against various types of penicillinases, especially against the penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus.

A novel 1-carbacephem, LY163892, was determined to be more stable to plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases than cefaclor. Chromosomal-mediated Type Ia and IVc enzymes destroyed LY163892 at rates ranging from 16 to 93% that of nitrocefin. LY163892 showed minimal ability to inhibit beta-lactamases other than Type Ia (P99).