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Using reflection. Mentoring midwifery students in India 使用反射。在印度指导助产学学生
Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.3.2.14253
Glenda Hawley, A. Tuckett
Purpose: This study aims to offer guidance to lecturers and undergraduate midwifery students in using reflective practice and to offer a roadmap for academic staff accompanying undergraduate midwifery students on international clinical placements. Design: Drawing on reflection within the Constructivist Theory, the Gibbs Reflective Cycle (GRC) provides opportunities to review experiences and share new knowledge by working through five stages—feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. Findings:  The reflections of the midwifery students in this study provide insight into expectations prior to leaving for international placement, practical aspects of what local knowledge is beneficial, necessary teaching and learning strategies and the students’ cultural awareness growth. Implications: The analysis and a reflective approach have wider implications for universities seeking to improve preparations when embarking on an international clinical placement. It can also inform practices that utilise reflection as an impetus to shape midwifery students to be more receptive to global health care issues. 
目的:本研究旨在指导讲师和助产学本科学生进行反思性实践,并为陪同助产学本科学生进行国际临床实习的学术人员提供路线图。设计:借鉴建构主义理论中的反思,吉布斯反思周期(GRC)通过五个阶段——感受、评估、分析、结论和行动计划——提供了回顾经验和分享新知识的机会。研究结果:本研究中助产学学生的反思提供了对国际安置前的期望,当地知识有益的实际方面,必要的教学和学习策略以及学生的文化意识增长的见解。影响:分析和反思的方法有更广泛的影响,大学寻求改善准备时,着手国际临床安置。它还可以为利用反思作为推动助产学学生更容易接受全球卫生保健问题的做法提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Giving and receiving written feedback on research reports: a narrative review and guidance for supervisors and students 对研究报告给予和接受书面反馈:对导师和学生的叙述性回顾和指导
Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.3.2.14767
K. Duncanson, D. Schmidt, Emma L Webster
PurposeWritten feedback on research-related writing is an important educational component of novice researcher development. Limited evidence exists to inform effective written feedback, particularly in relation to research reports by novice researchers. The aim of this narrative literature review was to explore supervisor and novice researcher perspectives on the provision of written feedback, particularly in the context of their evolving supervisory relationship. MethodsA systematic search of peer-reviewed journals in educational and health databases was undertaken for the terms ‘written feedback’ and ‘research report’, from January 2001 to August 2020. Identified literature was critiqued for methodological quality. Findings were coded, grouped and described as themes. Next, the themes and their parts were applied to the development of a two-part written feedback checklist that includes separate but related recommendations for supervisors and novice researchers.FindingsFrom 35 included papers, the four main themes that related to written feedback on research reports by novice researchers were: the emotional impact of receiving or giving written feedback; written feedback in the supervisory power dynamic; communicating written feedback; and the content and structure of written feedback. The changing nature and complexity of factors associated with written feedback from research supervisors reflected the transition from a supervisory relationship to a peer relationship. The checklist developed from the synthesised data is intended to provide guidance for supervisors and students about their respective and shared responsibilities within a supervisory relationship.  ImplicationsIncreased awareness of the characteristics, roles and impact of written feedback will assist supervisors of novice researchers to provide effective written feedback, and for students to effectively utilise written feedback. Progression of written feedback throughout the supervisory period is proposed as a means of transitioning from a teacher-student to a peer researcher relationship. 
目的研究相关写作的书面反馈是新手研究者发展的重要教育组成部分。现有的证据有限,无法为有效的书面反馈提供信息,特别是与新手研究人员的研究报告有关。这篇叙述性文献综述的目的是探讨主管和新手研究人员在提供书面反馈方面的观点,特别是在他们不断发展的监督关系的背景下。方法系统检索2001年1月至2020年8月期间教育和卫生数据库中同行评议期刊的“书面反馈”和“研究报告”词条。已确定的文献因方法质量而受到批评。研究结果被编码、分组并描述为主题。接下来,将主题及其部分应用于两部分书面反馈清单的开发,其中包括对主管和新手研究人员的单独但相关的建议。从35篇纳入的论文中,发现与新手研究人员对研究报告的书面反馈相关的四个主要主题是:接受或给出书面反馈的情感影响;书面反馈中的监督权力动态;沟通书面反馈;以及书面反馈的内容和结构。与研究主管书面反馈相关的因素的变化性质和复杂性反映了从主管关系到同伴关系的转变。根据综合数据制定的清单旨在为导师和学生提供指导,说明他们在监督关系中各自和共同的责任。提高对书面反馈的特征、作用和影响的认识将有助于新研究人员的导师提供有效的书面反馈,并有助于学生有效地利用书面反馈。在整个监督期间,书面反馈的进展被提议作为从师生关系过渡到同伴研究员关系的一种手段。
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引用次数: 2
The use of the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in a practice-based health discipline: Academic and student experience in paramedicine 在以实践为基础的卫生学科中使用客观结构化临床检查:辅助医学方面的学术和学生经验
Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.3.2.14225
A. Bell, J. Kelly, P. Lewis
Abstract:Purpose:Over the past two decades, the discipline of Paramedicine has seen expediential growth as it moved from a work-based training model to that of an autonomous profession grounded in academia.  With limited evidence-based literature examining assessment in paramedicine, this paper aims to describe student and academic views on the preference for OSCE as an assessment modality, the sufficiency of pre-OSCE instruction, and whether or not OSCE performance is a perceived indicator of clinical performance.Design/Methods:A voluntary, anonymous survey was conducted to examine the perception of the reliability and validity of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as an assessment tool by students sitting the examination and the academics that facilitate the assessment. Findings:The results of this study revealed that the more confident the students are in the reliability and validity of the assessment, the more likely they are to perceive the assessment as an effective measure of their clinical performance.  The perception of reliability and validity differs when acted upon by additional variables, with the level of anxiety associated with the assessment and the adequacy of feedback of performance cited as major influencers. Research Implications:The findings from this study indicate the need for further paramedicine discipline specific research into assessment methodologies to determine best practice models for high quality assessment.Practical Implications:The development of evidence based best practice guidelines for the assessment of student paramedics should be of the upmost importance to a young, developing profession such as paramedicine.Originality/Value: There is very little research in the discipline specific area of assessment for paramedicine and discipline specific education research is essential for professional growth.Limitations:The principal researcher was a faculty member of one of the institutions surveyed.  However, all data was non identifiable at time of data collection.  Key WordsParamedic; paramedicine; objective structured clinical examinations; OSCE; education; assessment.
摘要:目的:在过去的二十年中,辅助医学学科从以工作为基础的培训模式转变为以学术为基础的自主职业,取得了迅速的发展。由于有限的循证文献研究了辅助医学评估,本文旨在描述学生和学术界对欧安组织作为评估方式的偏好、欧安组织前指导的充分性以及欧安组织绩效是否为临床绩效的感知指标的看法。设计/方法:进行了一项自愿的匿名调查,以检查参加考试的学生和促进评估的学者对客观结构化临床检查(OSCE)作为评估工具的可靠性和有效性的看法。研究发现:本研究的结果显示,学生对评估的信度和效度越有信心,他们就越有可能将评估视为其临床表现的有效衡量标准。当受到其他变量的影响时,对可靠性和有效性的感知会有所不同,与评估相关的焦虑程度和绩效反馈的充分性被认为是主要影响因素。研究意义:本研究的结果表明,需要进一步对辅助医学学科的评估方法进行研究,以确定高质量评估的最佳实践模型。实际意义:基于证据的最佳实践指南的发展,学生护理人员的评估应该是最重要的一个年轻的,发展中的职业,如护理医学。原创性/价值:对辅助医学的特定学科评估领域的研究很少,而特定学科的教育研究对专业成长至关重要。限制:首席研究员是被调查机构之一的教员。然而,在数据收集时,所有数据都是不可识别的。关键WordsParamedic;paramedicine;目的结构化临床检查;欧安组织;教育;评估。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing student paramedics for the mental health challenges of the profession by using the wisdom of the experienced 准备学生护理人员的心理健康挑战的专业运用经验的智慧
Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.3.2.14131
L. Holmes, N. Ciccone, L. Cohen, R. Brightwell
Given the significant mental health issues affecting our paramedics, there exists an urgent need to promote positive mental health and well-being among future cohorts of student paramedics.  This study investigated the preparedness of student paramedics for the mental health challenges of the profession and explored the coping strategies used by experienced paramedics.The study was conducted in two parts. Part A comprised of two surveys which were developed and administered to 16 course coordinators and 302 students of the 16 accredited undergraduate paramedicine courses across Australia and New Zealand. The survey aimed to identify the perceived need for preparation within the curriculum.  In addition, the anticipations, confidence and fears of student paramedics, Course Coordinators and paramedics were also collected as a means to explore the preparedness through self-evaluation, reflection and discussion.Part B included twenty semi-structured interviews with experienced paramedics, from Australia and New Zealand. The interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of their experiences and the mental health coping strategies they employed, as well as capture the advice they would give to student paramedics. Results from the interviews were validated by three focus groups comprised of six paramedics each, representative of the geographic spread.Results suggest there is widespread recognition for the need to include preparation for the mental health challenges of the profession, within accredited undergraduate paramedic courses, with 100% of course coordinators and 97% of students recognising this need.The interviews with paramedics provided valuable insights into the experiences and strategies used to aid the survival of the paramedics throughout their careers.  Within the interviews, 70% of participants expressed a sincere love for the paramedic role, and 70% identified black humour as the coping strategy most used by themselves and colleagues.  In addition, extensive advice was given to students based upon the paramedics’ lived experiences.  This advice comprised of three themes; support, health and the profession.   These findings were mapped against the aims of Australia’s current Mental Health Policy to provide evidence-based and policy-informed guidelines for the integration of positive mental health strategies into undergraduate paramedicine curricula.Preparing student paramedics for the mental health challenges of the profession could be advantageous.  One way to achieve this is through the inclusion of key content within the undergraduate curriculum by utilising the relatable data collected on anticipation, confidence, fears and the advice offered by the veteran paramedics can be integrated. These lived experiences are highly credible and an opportunity for veterans to contribute positively to the future of paramedicine.
鉴于影响护理人员的重大心理健康问题,迫切需要在未来的学生护理人员群体中促进积极的心理健康和福祉。本研究调查学生护理人员对专业心理健康挑战的准备情况,并探讨经验丰富的护理人员的应对策略。这项研究分为两部分。A部分包括对澳大利亚和新西兰16个经认可的本科辅助医学课程的16名课程协调员和302名学生进行的两项调查。调查的目的是确定在课程范围内需要进行的准备工作。此外,还收集了学生护理人员、课程协调员和护理人员的期望、信心和恐惧,通过自我评价、反思和讨论来探讨准备情况。B部分包括20个来自澳大利亚和新西兰的经验丰富的护理人员的半结构化访谈。进行访谈是为了了解他们的经历和他们采用的心理健康应对策略,以及捕捉他们会给学生护理人员的建议。访谈结果由三个焦点小组验证,每个小组由六名护理人员组成,代表地理分布。结果表明,在认可的本科护理课程中,人们普遍认识到有必要为该专业的心理健康挑战做准备,100%的课程协调员和97%的学生认识到这一需求。对护理人员的访谈提供了宝贵的见解,了解了用于帮助护理人员在整个职业生涯中生存的经验和策略。在访谈中,70%的参与者表达了对护理人员角色的真诚热爱,70%的人认为黑色幽默是他们自己和同事最常用的应对策略。此外,根据护理人员的生活经验,为学生提供了广泛的建议。这个建议包括三个主题;支持、健康和职业。这些发现与澳大利亚现行精神卫生政策的目标相对应,该政策旨在为将积极的精神卫生战略纳入本科辅助医学课程提供循证和政策指导。为护理专业的心理健康挑战做好准备可能是有利的。实现这一目标的一种方法是,通过利用收集到的有关预期、信心、恐惧的相关数据,将关键内容纳入本科课程,并将资深护理人员提供的建议整合起来。这些生活经历是非常可信的,也是退伍军人为护理医学的未来做出积极贡献的机会。
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引用次数: 2
From the Editor-in-Chief 来自总编辑
Pub Date : 2020-08-13 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.3.1.14713
K. Nair
Welcome to the 3rd Volume, 1st Issue of Health Education in Practice: Journal of Research for Professional Learning This is my first editorial.  Let me thank David Schmidt for keeping everything in order and working beyond his call of duty in these difficult times. I do hope he will continue to work with us and bring in his corporate memory to provide ongoing support and leadership to the Journal. I would also like to thank Mark Parton who has provided his expertise in a copyediting capacity and has been critical to the behind the scenes work of the journal. This issue reflects the philosophy of HETI – Interprofessional care and education. The first paper by Simon Holliday and colleagues is about prescribing for chronic pain which is a major issue in our community. They have shown how to provide a multifaceted pain management program and how the General Practitioners can be upskilled. Triage nurses have to be efficient and effective in running our emergency rooms. Thawley and colleagues have done a survey of educational needs of triage nurses and have come up with some interesting suggestions to improve patient safety and outcomes. For optimum patient care, we need allied health professionals who are fit to practice. Farlie and colleagues have explored strategies for this. Simulation training is the way we prepare students for the future in many curricula. Ryall et al explore MASK-ED for physiotherapy students to make simulation more authentic. We look forward to their next paper on this protocol.  I do hope in these challenging times, you are all keeping well, both physically and mentallyAs somebody said, ask your colleagues, what matters to you and not what is the matter with you. We are all together, in this difficult COVID times.
欢迎来到《实践中的健康教育:专业学习研究杂志》第一期第三卷,这是我的第一篇社论。请允许我感谢大卫·施密特,他使一切井然有序,并在这一困难时期超越了他的职责。我确实希望他能继续与我们合作,并将他的企业记忆带入《华尔街日报》,为《华尔街日报》提供持续的支持和领导。我还要感谢马克·帕顿(Mark Parton),他提供了编辑方面的专业知识,对期刊的幕后工作至关重要。这个问题反映了HETI的理念-跨专业关怀和教育。西蒙·霍利迪和同事的第一篇论文是关于慢性疼痛的处方这是我们社区的一个主要问题。他们展示了如何提供一个多方面的疼痛管理项目,以及如何提高全科医生的技能。分诊护士在管理急诊室时必须高效。Thawley和同事们对分诊护士的教育需求进行了调查,并提出了一些有趣的建议,以提高患者的安全性和治疗效果。为了获得最佳的患者护理,我们需要适合实践的专职医疗人员。Farlie和他的同事已经为此探索了一些策略。模拟训练是我们在许多课程中为学生准备未来的方式。Ryall等人探索了物理治疗学生的MASK-ED,使模拟更加真实。我们期待着他们关于该议定书的下一篇论文。我希望在这个充满挑战的时刻,你们都能保持健康,无论是身体上还是精神上。正如有人说的,问你的同事,对你来说重要的是什么,而不是你怎么了。在这艰难的COVID时期,我们团结在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Training primary care providers in opioid deprescribing and chronic pain management based on local guidance: a pre–post study of attitude change 基于当地指导培训初级保健提供者阿片类药物处方和慢性疼痛管理:态度改变的前后研究
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33966/HEPJ.2.1.13209
Ruth White, C. Hayes, A. Boyes, Sandra Fitzgerald, H. Rajappa, C. Paul
Background. Local chronic non-cancer pain guidance recommends that general practitioners should consider opioid deprescribing and referral to multidisciplinary healthcare providers for behaviourally based treatments. We designed a training package called AIMM (Assess, Inform, Manage and Monitor) to reinforce this stewardship.Aim. To identify whether participation in AIMM training effectively aligned clinicians’ attitudes with local guidance for treating chronic non-cancer pain.Design and setting. In 2014–15, the AIMM training was tested using a pre–post-test non-randomised design at two sites in NSW, Australia. The primary outcome measure was an 11-item, study-specific, pain attitude questionnaire (PAQ).Method. Step one of AIMM training involved online completion of the PAQ and review of a specialist pain website. Step two involved attendance at two face-to-face, two-hour interactive workshops led by pain experts who addressed opioid deprescribing and switching to broader care. A repeat PAQ survey was completed at the conclusion of the second workshop.Results. Nineteen participants attended the workshops, including general practitioners (n = 7), nurses (n = 5), exercise physiologists (n = 2), a dietitian (n = 1), community pharmacists (n = 2) and psychologists (n = 2). Significant shifts in six attitudes occurred, including prescribing less pain medication, greater emphasis on social reconnection, increasing planned activity and adopting anti-inflammatory nutrition (p < .05). Responses to the item regarding expectations of a positive recovery was not aligned with local guidance and no significant attitudinal change was found. Four other attitudes were aligned with local guidance at baseline and did not change during the study.Conclusions. Online information and face-to-face training can achieve a change in healthcare provider attitudes towards non-pharmacological treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. Further work is needed to assess whether attitudinal changes are maintained and translate into behavioural change.
背景。当地慢性非癌性疼痛指南建议全科医生应考虑开具阿片类药物处方,并转诊给多学科医疗保健提供者进行基于行为的治疗。我们设计了一个名为AIMM(评估、通知、管理和监控)的培训包来加强这种管理。确定参加AIMM培训是否有效地使临床医生的态度与当地治疗慢性非癌性疼痛的指导相一致。设计和设置。2014 - 2015年,在澳大利亚新南威尔士州的两个地点采用测试前-后非随机设计对AIMM培训进行了测试。主要结果测量是一份包含11个项目的疼痛态度问卷(PAQ)。AIMM培训的第一步包括在线完成PAQ和审查专家疼痛网站。第二步是参加两次面对面的、两小时的互动研讨会,由疼痛专家主持,讨论阿片类药物的处方和转向更广泛的治疗。第二次研修班结束时再次进行PAQ调查。19名参与者参加了研讨会,包括全科医生(n = 7)、护士(n = 5)、运动生理学家(n = 2)、营养师(n = 1)、社区药剂师(n = 2)和心理学家(n = 2)。六种态度发生了显著变化,包括减少止痛药的处方、更加强调社会重新联系、增加有计划的活动和采用抗炎营养(p < 0.05)。对积极复苏预期项目的回答与当地指导意见不一致,没有发现重大的态度变化。其他四种态度在基线时与当地指导一致,并且在研究期间没有改变。在线信息和面对面的培训可以改变医疗保健提供者对慢性非癌症疼痛的非药物治疗的态度。需要进一步的工作来评估态度的改变是否得到维持并转化为行为的改变。
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引用次数: 2
Wellness in Allied Health students: the case for change 联合健康学生的健康:改变的理由
Pub Date : 2019-06-28 DOI: 10.33966/HEPJ.2.1.13447
A. Lewis, A. Kirkman, L. Holmes
Introduction: the case for changeThere are increasing mental health issues among young people, including higher education students. Millennial students face unique challenges with attention, critical thinking and managing stress. In addition, allied health students engage in multiple placements where they need to interact with real people in real time whilst being evaluated in assessment and treatment strategies. Some universities have been using wellness programs and mindfulness strategies to support student mental health across campuses for some time. However, as allied health students face unique challenges, there is a need for a particular focus on wellness at an individual allied health course level. The curriculum in allied health courses is determined by accreditation bodies and is comprehensive with little space for additional information. It is possible for short activities to be embedded in tutorials and the authors argue a focus on wellness is vital for the future allied health workforce.Methodology for pilot projectThis project used questionnaires to investigate student perceptions of a short program of activities to promote wellness and mindfulness in third year speech pathology students who were also engaging in clinical placements.Results and discussionStudents were positive about the activities, developed their own wellness plan and learnt new strategies to manage their mental health at university and in their future careers.Future directionsThis short program could easily be adapted in other allied health courses.
在年轻人中,包括受过高等教育的学生中,心理健康问题越来越多。千禧一代的学生在注意力、批判性思维和压力管理方面面临着独特的挑战。此外,专职健康学生参与多个实习,在那里他们需要与真实的人实时互动,同时在评估和治疗策略方面进行评估。一段时间以来,一些大学一直在使用健康项目和正念策略来支持校园内学生的心理健康。然而,由于专职健康学生面临着独特的挑战,有必要在个人专职健康课程水平上特别关注健康。联合健康课程的课程由认证机构确定,内容全面,几乎没有空间提供额外信息。在教程中嵌入短期活动是可能的,作者认为,对健康的关注对未来的专职卫生工作者至关重要。试点项目的方法本项目采用问卷调查的方式调查学生对促进健康和正念的短期活动计划的看法,这些活动是在三年级的语言病理学学生中进行的,他们也参与了临床实习。结果和讨论:学生们对这些活动持积极态度,制定了自己的健康计划,并学会了在大学和未来职业生涯中管理自己心理健康的新策略。未来发展方向这个短期项目可以很容易地在其他联合健康课程中进行调整。
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引用次数: 2
From The Editor 来自编辑
Pub Date : 2019-06-27 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.2.1.13516
David Schmidt
Welcome to Volume 2 of Health Education In Practice: Journal of Research for Professional Learning. As the journal enters its second year we look to the future of health education, with a focus on equipping our health workers for the future challenges facing the health workforce.
欢迎阅读《实践中的健康教育:专业学习研究杂志》第二卷。在该杂志进入第二个年头之际,我们展望健康教育的未来,重点是使我们的卫生工作者能够应对卫生工作人员面临的未来挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Education pathways, mentoring and future intentions of nurse and midwifery consultants in a NSW Health District 新南威尔士州卫生区的护士和助产顾问的教育途径、指导和未来意向
Pub Date : 2019-02-15 DOI: 10.33966/hepj.2.1.12918
Denise Edgar, J. Brinton, B. Burgess, V. David, M. Glass, Lynda Horning
Clinical Nurse and Midwifery Consultants (CNC/CMCs) play an important role within NSW Health Services. They are required to function within five domains of practice: clinical service and consultancy, clinical leadership, research, education, and clinical services planning and management. This study engaged with one Health District’s current CNC/CMC network members with a view to informing the development of a strategy for career and succession planning. One hundred CNC/CMCs were invited to participate in an online survey and in one of three focus groups. The survey explored: the participants’ demographics, their educational pathways prior to and during the role, the relationship of this education to the five domains of CNC/CMC practice, their priorities for their own future education needs, the education priorities they suggested for other aspiring CNC/CMCs, and who was mentoring into their role. The focus group added further clarity to the survey data. The survey was completed by 61% of invitees and 19% attended the focus groups. The findings identified an experienced workforce, with 25% of CNC/CMCs intending to leave over the next five years, yet only 20% mentoring others. Nearly half (47%) of the participants held or were working towards a Master’s degree. A third of these Master’s degrees were considered by the participants to support knowledge in all five of the CNC/CMCs’ domains of practice, in comparison to only 11% of graduate certificates. The focus-group participants expressed the view that the Master’s qualification supported them to meet the domains of the CNC/CMC role, and suggested that aspiring CNC/CMCs should aim for this level of education. When considering their own personal educational needs, the CNC/CMCs prioritised service planning and management and research, but they felt that aspiring CNC/CMCs should prioritise the development of clinical knowledge, followed by clinical leadership.Article submitted: 21/6/18Article accepted: 10/1/19Publish date: 15/2/19
临床护士和助产顾问(CNC/CMCs)在新南威尔士州卫生服务中发挥着重要作用。他们需要在五个实践领域发挥作用:临床服务和咨询,临床领导,研究,教育和临床服务规划和管理。本研究与一个卫生区目前的CNC/CMC网络成员进行了接触,目的是为职业和继任规划战略的制定提供信息。100名CNC/ cmc被邀请参加一项在线调查和三个焦点小组之一。调查探讨了参与者的人口统计数据,他们在担任角色之前和期间的教育途径,这种教育与CNC/CMC实践的五个领域的关系,他们对自己未来教育需求的优先事项,他们对其他有抱负的CNC/CMC的教育优先事项的建议,以及谁在指导他们的角色。焦点小组进一步明确了调查数据。61%的受访者完成了调查,19%的受访者参加了焦点小组。调查结果表明,有一支经验丰富的员工队伍,25%的CNC/ cmc打算在未来五年内离职,但只有20%的人会指导他人。近一半(47%)的参与者拥有或正在攻读硕士学位。参与者认为,这些硕士学位中有三分之一支持CNC/ cmc所有五个实践领域的知识,而研究生证书中只有11%。焦点小组的与会者表示,硕士资格支持他们满足CNC/CMC角色的领域,并建议有抱负的CNC/CMC应以这一水平的教育为目标。当考虑到他们自己的个人教育需求时,CNC/ cmc优先考虑服务规划、管理和研究,但他们认为有抱负的CNC/ cmc应该优先考虑临床知识的发展,其次是临床领导力。文章提交日期:21/6/18文章接受日期:10/1/19出版日期:15/2/19
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Health Education in Practice: Journal of Research for Professional Learning
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