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Global warming could shorten the seed lifespan of pioneer tree species and thus natural regeneration window of damaged areas 全球变暖会缩短先锋树种的种子寿命,从而缩短受损地区的自然更新窗口
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01633-1
Katharina Tiebel, Johannes Dahlmann, Antje Karge

Prolonged periods without precipitation in spring prevent timely and rapid germination of pioneer tree seeds and could lead to an accelerated loss of germination capacity (reduced lifespan). To get knowledge about the shortening of seed lifespan and, thus, the shortening of natural regeneration windows under climate change, an experiment was conducted. Seeds of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Salix caprea, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, and Picea abies were exposed to temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C (past or present climate), and 40 °C (future climate) with low or high humidity for a period of 3 months. Regardless of air humidity, the initial germination percentage of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Larix decidua, and Pinus sylvestris seeds decreased only slightly by 5–15% over the 91-day period when stored at 15 °C and 25 °C. For Populus tremula and Salix caprea, time windows of maximum 14–49 days and 42–91 days were identified, respectively.

However, as climate change progresses with rising temperatures and increasing absolute air humidity values, the window of opportunity for successful germination will shorten for all studied tree species. In the moist air humidity variant of 40 °C, the germination percentage dropped to 0% after 42 days for Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, and Larix decidua. The natural regeneration window will be reduced by half from more than three months to about three weeks under climate change. The lifespan of Populus tremula and Salix caprea seeds will be shortened to 1 week. For Picea abies, the time window will shorten to a maximum of 28 days.

春季长时间无降水不利于先锋树种子的及时和快速发芽,并可能导致发芽能力的加速丧失(寿命缩短)。为了解气候变化下种子寿命缩短及自然更新窗口缩短的原因,进行了试验研究。将白杨(Alnus glutinosa)、白桦(Betula pendula)、白杨(Populus tremula)、白柳(Salix caprea)、落叶落叶松(Larix decidua)、西洋松(Pinus sylvestris)和云杉(Picea abies)的种子分别暴露在15°C、25°C(过去或现在气候)和40°C(未来气候)的低湿度或高湿环境下3个月。无论空气湿度如何,在15°C和25°C条件下,91 d内,粘桤木、白桦、落叶松和西林松种子的初始发芽率仅略有下降5-15%。白杨和黄柳的最长时间窗分别为14 ~ 49 d和42 ~ 91 d。然而,随着气候变化的进展,温度的升高和绝对空气湿度的增加,所有研究树种成功发芽的机会之窗将缩短。在40℃的湿空气湿度变化条件下,42 d后,粘桤木、白桦和落叶松的发芽率降至0%。在气候变化的影响下,自然再生窗口期将从3个多月减少到3周左右,减少一半。白杨和羊柳种子寿命缩短至1周。对于云杉,时间窗口将缩短到最多28天。
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引用次数: 0
Diversification of forest management can mitigate wind damage risk and maintain biodiversity 森林管理的多样化可以减轻风害风险并保持生物多样性
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01625-1
Mária Potterf, Kyle Eyvindson, Clemens Blattert, María Triviño, Ryan C. Burner, Daniel Burgas, Mikko Mönkkönen

Mitigating future forest risks, safeguarding timber revenues and improving biodiversity are key considerations for current boreal forest management. Alternatives to rotation forestry likely have an important role, but how they will perform under a changing climate remains unclear. We used a boreal forest growth simulator to explore how variations on traditional clear-cutting, in rotation length, thinning intensity, and increasing number of remaining trees after final harvest (green tree retention), and on extent of continuous cover forestry will affect stand-level probability of wind damage, timber production, deadwood volume, and habitats for forest species. We used business-as-usual rotation forestry as a baseline and compared alternative management adaptations under the reference and two climate change scenarios. Climate change increased overall timber production and had lower impacts on biodiversity compared to management adaptations. Shortening the rotation length reduced the probability of wind damage compared to business-as-usual, but also decreased both deadwood volume and suitable habitats for our focal species. Continuous cover forestry, and management with refraining from thinnings, and extension of rotation length represent complementary approaches benefiting biodiversity, with respective effects of improving timber revenues, reducing wind damage risk, and benefiting old-growth forest structures. However, extensive application of rotation length shortening to mitigate wind damage risk may be detrimental for forest biodiversity. To safeguard forest biodiversity over the landscape, shortening of the rotation length could be complemented with widespread application of regimes promoting old-growth forest structures.

减轻未来森林风险、保障木材收入和改善生物多样性是当前北方森林管理的关键考虑因素。轮作林业的替代方案可能发挥着重要作用,但它们在不断变化的气候下的表现如何仍不清楚。我们使用了一个北方森林生长模拟器来探索传统的采伐、轮作长度、间伐强度、最终采伐后剩余树木数量的增加(绿树保留)以及连续覆盖森林的程度如何影响林分水平的风害概率、木材产量、枯木量和森林物种的栖息地。我们以常规轮作林业为基准,比较了参考情景和两种气候变化情景下的替代管理适应情况。与管理适应相比,气候变化增加了木材总产量,对生物多样性的影响较小。与往常相比,缩短轮作长度减少了风害的可能性,但也减少了枯木量和我们重点物种的适宜栖息地。连续覆盖森林、不疏林管理和延长轮作长度是有利于生物多样性的互补方法,具有提高木材收入、降低风害风险和有利于原生林结构的各自作用。然而,广泛采用缩短轮作长度来降低风害风险可能不利于森林生物多样性。为了保护景观上的森林生物多样性,缩短轮作长度可以与广泛应用促进原生林结构的制度相辅相成。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of labour costs on wood harvesting costs and timber provision 劳动力成本对木材采伐成本和木材供应的影响
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01621-5
Leo G. Bont, Janine Schweier, Christian Temperli

Efficient forest operations are essential for forest enterprises, who provide wood and numerous ecosystem services for the society. Important factors influencing the efficiency of forest operations, and thus the harvesting costs, are the level of mechanization, the harvesting method applied, the forest road network, and the training of the labourers. The cost of labour, i.e. salaries, is another important driver of harvesting costs. However, its effect on and relative importance for overall harvesting costs is poorly described in the scientific literature. Thus, this study aims to analyse the influence of labour costs in more detail, especially on the country-wide wood harvesting potentials. In addition, we aimed to cross-compare the effect of labour costs with the effect of switching to a more efficient harvesting method. For this purpose, we calculated timber harvesting costs with varying salaries for all sample plots of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) for both, the currently applied harvesting method recorded in the NFI, and the potential best suitable harvesting method. A 1% change in labour costs affects harvesting costs by 0.33–0.77%, depending on the harvesting method applied. The influence is larger for systems that involve a large share of motor-manual work and for cable-based methods. Changing labour costs by ± 30% affects the number of plots for which timber harvesting is economically feasible, by 5 to 15 percent points. The effect of switching from the current to the best suitable harvesting method is comparable to that of reducing labour costs by 15–30%. These results indicate that the efficiency of wood harvesting can be increased with further mechanization and does not require cutting salaries of forestry personnel. In that, our results may inform forestry planning and policy making at regional to national level.

森林企业为社会提供木材和许多生态系统服务,有效的森林经营对森林企业至关重要。影响森林作业效率,进而影响采伐成本的重要因素是机械化水平、采伐方法、森林路网和对劳动者的培训。劳动力成本,即工资,是收获成本的另一个重要驱动因素。然而,其对总体收获成本的影响和相对重要性在科学文献中描述得很少。因此,本研究旨在更详细地分析劳动力成本的影响,特别是对全国木材采伐潜力的影响。此外,我们旨在交叉比较劳动力成本的影响与转向更有效的收获方法的影响。为此,我们计算了瑞士国家森林调查(NFI)中所有样地的木材采伐成本和不同的工资,包括NFI中记录的当前应用的采伐方法和潜在的最合适的采伐方法。劳动力成本1%的变化对收获成本的影响为0.33-0.77%,具体取决于所采用的收获方法。对于涉及大量手动操作的系统和基于电缆的方法,影响更大。劳动力成本变化30%左右会影响木材采伐在经济上可行的地块数量,影响幅度为5%至15%。从电流转换到最合适的收获方法的效果与减少15-30%的劳动力成本相当。这些结果表明,木材采伐的效率可以随着机械化的进一步提高而提高,而且不需要削减林业人员的工资。因此,我们的研究结果可以为区域和国家一级的林业规划和政策制定提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Can deadwood be preferred to soil? Vascular plants on decaying logs in different forest types in Central Europe 朽木能比土壤更受欢迎吗?中欧不同森林类型中腐木上的维管植物
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01632-2
Pavel Unar, Pavel Daněk, Dušan Adam, Lenka Paločková, Jan Holík

Deadwood is known to be an irreplaceable substrate for various groups of organisms but its importance for vascular plants is still unclear. To examine which deadwood characteristics promote its colonization by vascular plants and whether species can prefer this substrate to mineral soil (or vice versa), we used regression modeling and ordination methods to analyze an extensive data set of vegetation records from more than 1800 pieces of lying deadwood and 200 control plots on soil. Data were collected in four old-growth forest sites ranging from lowland alluvial to mountain spruce forests. Colonization of deadwood of all decay classes, including freshly fallen logs, was frequent at all study sites. The density of colonizers differed between deadwood species, increased with deadwood decomposition stage and was higher when deadwood was exposed to light. On average, about 40% of observed species showed a preference for either deadwood or soil substrate with preference for soil usually being more common. Species that preferred deadwood to soil were typically early successional species, while those with preference for soil were often hygrophytes or typical understorey species. Most species responded consistently to substrate across multiple sites. With its unique microsite conditions and specific composition of plant colonizers, we highlight the importance of deadwood for herb layer species composition. Deadwood retention should be encouraged not only in protected but also in commercial forests.

众所周知,枯木是各种生物群体不可替代的基质,但其对维管植物的重要性尚不清楚。为了研究哪些枯木特征促进了维管植物的定植,以及物种是否更喜欢这种基质而不是矿物土壤(反之亦然),我们使用回归模型和排序方法分析了1800多块枯木和200个土壤对照样地的植被记录。数据收集于从低地冲积林到山地云杉林的四个原生林地点。在所有的研究地点,包括新倒下的原木在内的所有腐烂类的枯木都经常被殖民化。随着腐木分解阶段的增加,腐木暴露在光照条件下的密度更高。平均而言,约40%的观察物种对枯木或土壤基质表现出偏好,对土壤的偏好通常更为常见。偏好腐木而非土壤的物种通常是早期演替物种,而偏好土壤的物种通常是湿生植物或典型的林下物种。大多数物种在多个地点对基质的响应一致。由于腐木具有独特的微场条件和特定的植物寄主组成,因此我们强调了腐木对草本层物种组成的重要性。不仅在保护森林中,而且在商业森林中,都应鼓励保留枯木。
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引用次数: 0
Short-term effects of pre-commercial thinning on carbon cycling in fertile birch (Betula sp.) stands in hemiboreal Estonia 预商业间伐对爱沙尼亚半北方地区肥沃桦树林分碳循环的短期影响
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01631-3
Jürgen Aosaar, Mikko Buht, Laura Erik, Mats Varik, Kristiina Aun, Marek Uri, Mai Kukumägi, Agnes Sepaste, Hardo Becker, Maris Hordo, Veiko Uri

Pre-commercial thinning (PCT) is a common silvicultural practice for directing the development of the young stand in Nordic and Baltic countries. However, its impact on the stands carbon (C) cycling is still poorly studied. We carried out a comprehensive case study for estimating net ecosystem production (NEP) in unthinned control plot and in moderately and heavily thinned plots (2,500 and 1,500 trees ha−1 remaining, respectively), in the next growing season after PCT in young Betula pendula stands on mineral soil (Site 1) and Betula pubescens stands on drained organic soil (Site 2). Thus, the study demonstrates post-thinning changes in C cycling in stands of two species of the same genus. The control plots of both sites served as C sinks: NEP 1.5 and 3.6 t C ha−1 yr−1 in Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. However, the thinned plots acted as C sinks on Site 1 (1.8 t C ha−1 yr−1) and as C sources on Site 2 (−1.4 and −3.1 t C ha−1 yr−1 in heavily and moderately thinned plot, respectively). The declined net primary production of trees after PCT was compensated for by the production of herbaceous vegetation and stump sprouts. Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) was the largest flux in the C budget of both sites and all treatments. Despite the increasing trend of Rh with increasing thinning intensity on Site 2, no statistically significant difference in the annual Rh flux occurred between the treatments in either site.

商业前间伐(PCT)是北欧和波罗的海国家指导幼林发展的常见造林实践。然而,其对林分碳(C)循环的影响尚缺乏研究。我们对未疏林对照样地、中度和重度疏林样地(分别剩余2500和1500棵树ha - 1)进行了全面的案例研究,估算了PCT后下一个生长季节的净生态系统产量(NEP),这些样地分别位于矿土(Site 1)上的幼桦林和排水有机土(Site 2)上的短毛桦林。因此,该研究证明了同一属两种林分在疏林后碳循环的变化。两个地点的对照样地都起到了碳汇的作用:站点1和站点2的NEP分别为1.5和3.6 t C ha - 1年- 1。然而,稀疏样地在Site 1上充当碳汇(1.8 t C ha−1年−1),在Site 2上充当碳源(重度和中度稀疏样地分别为- 1.4和- 3.1 t C ha−1年−1)。PCT后树木净初级生产量的下降被草本植被和树桩芽的生产量所补偿。土壤异养呼吸(Rh)是两样地和各处理C收支中最大的通量。在2号样地,Rh随伐减强度的增加呈上升趋势,但各处理间的年Rh通量差异无统计学意义。
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引用次数: 0
Importance of abiotic factors in shaping canopy arthropod assemblages: the case of Quercus castanea Née (Fagales:Fagaceae) a Mexican endemic oak 非生物因子在形成树冠节肢动物组合中的重要性:以墨西哥特有栎(Fagales:Fagaceae)为例
2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01630-4
Pablo Cuevas-Reyes, Marcela Sofía Vaca-Sánchez, Ken Oyama, G. Wilson Fernandes, Francisco Javier Loera-Padilla, Ma. Carmen López-Maldonado, Marcílio Fagundes, Maurício Lopes de Faria, Magno Augusto Zazá Borges, Yurixhi Maldonado-López
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引用次数: 0
Bark beetle outbreaks in coniferous forests: a review of climate change effects 针叶林树皮甲虫爆发:气候变化影响的综述
2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01623-3
Luciana Jaime, Enric Batllori, Francisco Lloret
{"title":"Bark beetle outbreaks in coniferous forests: a review of climate change effects","authors":"Luciana Jaime, Enric Batllori, Francisco Lloret","doi":"10.1007/s10342-023-01623-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01623-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11996,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Research","volume":"39 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and demographic history of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae), a tertiary relict plant in East Asia based on RAD sequencing 基于RAD测序的东亚第三代孑遗植物柳杉的遗传多样性、遗传分化及种群历史
2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01629-x
Xinyu Li, Mengying Cai, Minqiu Wang, Xingtong Wu, Saneyoshi Ueno, Kentaro Uchiyama, Yunosuke Onuma, Minjun Dai, Yiling Tao, Yafeng Wen, Yoshihiko Tsumura
{"title":"Genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and demographic history of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae), a tertiary relict plant in East Asia based on RAD sequencing","authors":"Xinyu Li, Mengying Cai, Minqiu Wang, Xingtong Wu, Saneyoshi Ueno, Kentaro Uchiyama, Yunosuke Onuma, Minjun Dai, Yiling Tao, Yafeng Wen, Yoshihiko Tsumura","doi":"10.1007/s10342-023-01629-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01629-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11996,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Research","volume":"108 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135136950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tree trait-mediated differences in soil moisture regimes: a comparative study of beech, spruce, and larch in a drought-prone area of Central Europe 树木性状介导的土壤湿度差异:中欧干旱易发地区山毛榉、云杉和落叶松的比较研究
2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01628-y
Marta Kuželková, Lukáš Jačka, Martin Kovář, Václav Hradilek, Petr Máca
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引用次数: 0
Coppice reintroduction in the Czech Republic: extent, motivation and obstacles 捷克重新引进科比斯:范围、动机和障碍
2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01626-0
Anežka Kozdasová, Lucie Galčanová Batista, Radim Hédl, Péter Szabó
Abstract Coppicing is a form of forest management in European broadleaved forests. While it is still practised in south-eastern Europe, in central and western Europe it was almost completely replaced by high forest management. Currently, there are increasing efforts to reintroduce coppice management into former coppice woods. However, little comprehensive knowledge is available about the extent and management of coppice reintroduction and the processes governing it. In this paper, we present an overview of localities in the Czech Republic where coppice reintroduction was taking place in 2020. We identified 8 localities and conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with experts involved in their management in order to understand what motivated them to restart coppicing and what obstacles they have had to face. The main motivation of site managers is nature conservation, while the most important obstacles are operational issues, such as bureaucracy, complicated land ownership and legal responsibilities or lack of workforce. Other motivating factors identified in other European countries (production of a renewable energy source and potential for rural employment) have so far played a minor role in the Czech Republic. We conclude that a major challenge for future forest policies will be to utilise the economic experiences of regions with active coppicing to foster the spread of coppice woods in order to combine renewable energy production with biodiversity conservation.
摘要:分伐是欧洲阔叶林的一种森林管理方式。虽然它在东南欧仍在实行,但在中欧和西欧,它几乎完全被高度森林管理所取代。目前,越来越多的人努力在以前的灌木林中重新引入灌木林管理。然而,关于灌木林重新引入的范围和管理及其控制过程的全面知识很少。在本文中,我们概述了捷克共和国在2020年重新引入灌木林的地方。我们确定了8个地方,并与参与其管理的专家进行了10次半结构化访谈,以了解他们重新开始复制的动机以及他们必须面对的障碍。场地管理者的主要动机是自然保护,而最重要的障碍是操作问题,如官僚主义、复杂的土地所有权和法律责任或缺乏劳动力。在其他欧洲国家查明的其他激励因素(可再生能源的生产和农村就业的潜力)迄今在捷克共和国起的作用不大。我们的结论是,未来森林政策的一个主要挑战将是利用积极采伐地区的经济经验来促进灌木林的蔓延,从而将可再生能源生产与生物多样性保护结合起来。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Journal of Forest Research
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