Pub Date : 2019-03-15DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9936.PUB2
H. Luo, Shilin Chen
{"title":"Progress on the Transcriptome Analysis of Medicinal Plants with Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies","authors":"H. Luo, Shilin Chen","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9936.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9936.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130760211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a9939.pub2
J. Schripsema, D. Dagnino
{"title":"Metabolomics: Experimental Design, Methodology, and Data Analysis","authors":"J. Schripsema, D. Dagnino","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.a9939.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9939.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128474388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9341
S. Richter
This paper provides an overview about state of the art methods in the field of plasma spectrometry and its application in material science. Different types of plasmas with their special characteristics for various applications are described. Indirect analytical methods involving sample digestion and often also analyte/matrix separation prior to analyzing the samples still represent the most important routine methods. Here, plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry are the most frequently used determination techniques with a wide variety of instruments commercially available. To avoid the risk of analyte loss or of contaminations during an often time consuming and laborious sample preparation, the use of techniques with direct solid sampling is considered an attractive alternative for the analysis of many materials. A survey on applications with a special focus on direct solid sampling techniques such as GDMS, GD-OES, LA-ICPMS, ETV-ICPMS, ETV-ICP-OES, DC-Arc is given. Different possible calibration strategies are discussed.
{"title":"Plasma Spectrochemistry in Material Sciences – Theory and Recent Applications","authors":"S. Richter","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9341","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview about state of the art methods in the field of plasma spectrometry and its application in material science. Different types of plasmas with their special characteristics for various applications are described. Indirect analytical methods involving sample digestion and often also analyte/matrix separation prior to analyzing the samples still represent the most important routine methods. Here, plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry are the most frequently used determination techniques with a wide variety of instruments commercially available. To avoid the risk of analyte loss or of contaminations during an often time consuming and laborious sample preparation, the use of techniques with direct solid sampling is considered an attractive alternative for the analysis of many materials. A survey on applications with a special focus on direct solid sampling techniques such as GDMS, GD-OES, LA-ICPMS, ETV-ICPMS, ETV-ICP-OES, DC-Arc is given. Different possible calibration strategies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115080931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9667
H. Knapik, Juliana Leithold, J. C. D. Azevedo, C. Fernandes
{"title":"Studying Pollution in Rivers by Fluorescence Spectroscopy","authors":"H. Knapik, Juliana Leithold, J. C. D. Azevedo, C. Fernandes","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116491542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9929
Justyna Krzyżanowska, M. Kowalczyk, W. Oleszek
Saponins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites, which can be widely found in a number of plant families. They can be found in different parts of plants usually as multicomponent mixtures. They are composed of the triterpene or steroidal aglycone to which a number of sugars in the form of one, two, or three sugar chains are attached. Depending on the chemical structure, they show different biological activities. The common feature of these compounds is surface activity, so they can be used as emulsifiers, and in the past, they were used as soap substitutes. Some of them have found application in food industry, whereas the others are being considered as antinutritional substances. Owing to the fact that saponins occur in quite complex mixtures, their separation to individual compounds is still a challenge. Also, their determination with chromatographic techniques creates some problems as they are lacking chromophores allowing ultraviolet (UV) detection. Precolumn derivatization, light scattering detection, and liquid chromatography coupled with mass detector are the methods of choice for their determination. Keywords: saponins; glycosides; steroids; triterpenes; analytical methods
{"title":"Analysis of Plant Saponins","authors":"Justyna Krzyżanowska, M. Kowalczyk, W. Oleszek","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9929","url":null,"abstract":"Saponins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites, which can be widely found in a number of plant families. They can be found in different parts of plants usually as multicomponent mixtures. They are composed of the triterpene or steroidal aglycone to which a number of sugars in the form of one, two, or three sugar chains are attached. Depending on the chemical structure, they show different biological activities. The common feature of these compounds is surface activity, so they can be used as emulsifiers, and in the past, they were used as soap substitutes. Some of them have found application in food industry, whereas the others are being considered as antinutritional substances. Owing to the fact that saponins occur in quite complex mixtures, their separation to individual compounds is still a challenge. Also, their determination with chromatographic techniques creates some problems as they are lacking chromophores allowing ultraviolet (UV) detection. Precolumn derivatization, light scattering detection, and liquid chromatography coupled with mass detector are the methods of choice for their determination. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000saponins; \u0000glycosides; \u0000steroids; \u0000triterpenes; \u0000analytical methods","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126243487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9669
M. Thoms, M. Frentzen
{"title":"Applications of Fluorescence Studies in Dentistry","authors":"M. Thoms, M. Frentzen","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128508561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9337
P. Krystek, C. Cirtiu, H. Braakhuis, Margriet V D Z Park, W. H. Jong
The biodistribution of engineered inorganic nanomaterials with size characteristics of one, two, or three dimensions smaller than 100 nm is a fast-growing analytical and toxicological research field. This review gives a detailed overview about biodistribution studies with gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). Exposure to NPs is possible via inhalation, injection, ingestion, and skin contact. The distribution of NPs in the body is affected by their chemical/elemental composition, size and size distribution, shape, coatings, surface properties, and their stability under the selected circumstances. The evaluation of the presence of NPs to determine their tissue distribution is not easy. NP presence can be identified by electron microscopy (EM) but this is a time- and labor-consuming technique. So, instead of determining the presence of the NPs themselves, distribution studies can use elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as indication for the tissue distribution of NPs. In the field of analytical research, the suitable application of ICPMS is crucial and discussed in detail. Other relevant analytical techniques, the obtained results as well as the evaluations, are presented too.
{"title":"Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry in Biodistribution Studies of (Engineered) Nanoparticles","authors":"P. Krystek, C. Cirtiu, H. Braakhuis, Margriet V D Z Park, W. H. Jong","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9337","url":null,"abstract":"The biodistribution of engineered inorganic nanomaterials with size characteristics of one, two, or three dimensions smaller than 100 nm is a fast-growing analytical and toxicological research field. This review gives a detailed overview about biodistribution studies with gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Exposure to NPs is possible via inhalation, injection, ingestion, and skin contact. The distribution of NPs in the body is affected by their chemical/elemental composition, size and size distribution, shape, coatings, surface properties, and their stability under the selected circumstances. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The evaluation of the presence of NPs to determine their tissue distribution is not easy. NP presence can be identified by electron microscopy (EM) but this is a time- and labor-consuming technique. So, instead of determining the presence of the NPs themselves, distribution studies can use elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as indication for the tissue distribution of NPs. In the field of analytical research, the suitable application of ICPMS is crucial and discussed in detail. Other relevant analytical techniques, the obtained results as well as the evaluations, are presented too.","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121511841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.A9540
N. Locquet, A. Aït-Kaddour, C. Cordella
{"title":"3D Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Its Applications","authors":"N. Locquet, A. Aït-Kaddour, C. Cordella","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.A9540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.A9540","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116356397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a9655
R. Zhao
{"title":"The Recent Development and Application of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Atmospheric Chemistry","authors":"R. Zhao","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.a9655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9655","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130874398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-24DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a9419
L. Rizzi, M. Tassieri
Read the full text PDFPDF Tools Share Abstract A great number of important biological phenomena that occur in living organisms demand energy transduction processes that critically depend on the viscoelastic properties of their constituent building blocks, such as cytoplasm, microtubules, and motor proteins. Accordingly, several techniques have been developed to characterize biological systems with complex mechanical properties at micron‐ and nano‐length scales; these are now part of an established field of study known as Microrheology. In this article, we provide an overview of the theoretical principles underpinning the most popular experimental techniques used in such fields, including video particle tracking, dynamic light scattering, diffusing wave spectroscopy, optical and magnetic tweezers, and atomic force microscopy. We report examples of both active and passive microrheology techniques and discuss their applications in the study of biological specimens, where the use of small volumes in controlled environments and the intrinsic heterogeneities of the samples can be critical conditions to both perform and interpret the experiments.
{"title":"Microrheology of Biological Specimens","authors":"L. Rizzi, M. Tassieri","doi":"10.1002/9780470027318.a9419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9419","url":null,"abstract":"Read the full text \u0000PDFPDF \u0000Tools \u0000Share \u0000Abstract \u0000 \u0000A great number of important biological phenomena that occur in living organisms demand energy transduction processes that critically depend on the viscoelastic properties of their constituent building blocks, such as cytoplasm, microtubules, and motor proteins. \u0000 \u0000Accordingly, several techniques have been developed to characterize biological systems with complex mechanical properties at micron‐ and nano‐length scales; these are now part of an established field of study known as Microrheology. \u0000 \u0000In this article, we provide an overview of the theoretical principles underpinning the most popular experimental techniques used in such fields, including video particle tracking, dynamic light scattering, diffusing wave spectroscopy, optical and magnetic tweezers, and atomic force microscopy. \u0000 \u0000We report examples of both active and passive microrheology techniques and discuss their applications in the study of biological specimens, where the use of small volumes in controlled environments and the intrinsic heterogeneities of the samples can be critical conditions to both perform and interpret the experiments.","PeriodicalId":119970,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115814698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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