F. Leypoldt, Klaus-Peter Wandinger, C. Bien, J. Dalmau
The term autoimmune encephalitis is used to describe a group of disorders characterised by symptoms of limbic and extra-limbic dysfunction occurring in association with antibodies against synaptic antigens and proteins localised on the neuronal cell surface. In recent years there has been a rapidly expanding knowledge of these syndromes resulting in a shift in clinical paradigms and new insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Since many patients respond well to immunosuppressive treatment, the recognition of these disorders is of utmost importance. In general, there are no brain-imaging modalities or biomarkers specific of these disorders other than the demonstration of the neuronal antibodies. A disease classification based on these antibodies provides information on prognosis and paraneoplastic aetiology. This article focuses on recent clinical advances, newly characterised antibodies and treatment approaches to these disorders.
{"title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis.","authors":"F. Leypoldt, Klaus-Peter Wandinger, C. Bien, J. Dalmau","doi":"10.32388/9rkr7t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/9rkr7t","url":null,"abstract":"The term autoimmune encephalitis is used to describe a group of disorders characterised by symptoms of limbic and extra-limbic dysfunction occurring in association with antibodies against synaptic antigens and proteins localised on the neuronal cell surface. In recent years there has been a rapidly expanding knowledge of these syndromes resulting in a shift in clinical paradigms and new insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Since many patients respond well to immunosuppressive treatment, the recognition of these disorders is of utmost importance. In general, there are no brain-imaging modalities or biomarkers specific of these disorders other than the demonstration of the neuronal antibodies. A disease classification based on these antibodies provides information on prognosis and paraneoplastic aetiology. This article focuses on recent clinical advances, newly characterised antibodies and treatment approaches to these disorders.","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43484660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.37
A. Haehner, T. Hummel, H. Reichmann
Olfactory loss is one of the major non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Olfactory assessment constitutes an important part of PD diagnostic procedures in many clinics. The majority of patients present with severe quantitative olfactory loss, with accompanying qualitative smell disorders being very rare. Olfactory subfunctions are differentially impaired in PD compared with other hyposmic individuals whereby the impairment in odour discrimination turned out to have predictive value in preclinical PD. In terms of PD risk stratification in patients with unexplained smell loss, a clear diagnostic allocation based on an exhaustive clinical assessment and comprehensive chemosensory testing seems to be essential. This brief review summarises relevant information about olfactory dysfunction in PD and discusses the diagnostic utility of olfactory testing for early PD diagnosis.
{"title":"Olfaction in Parkinson’s Disease – A Clinical Approach","authors":"A. Haehner, T. Hummel, H. Reichmann","doi":"10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"Olfactory loss is one of the major non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Olfactory assessment constitutes an important part of PD diagnostic procedures in many clinics. The majority of patients present with severe quantitative olfactory loss, with accompanying qualitative smell disorders being very rare. Olfactory subfunctions are differentially impaired in PD compared with other hyposmic individuals whereby the impairment in odour discrimination turned out to have predictive value in preclinical PD. In terms of PD risk stratification in patients with unexplained smell loss, a clear diagnostic allocation based on an exhaustive clinical assessment and comprehensive chemosensory testing seems to be essential. This brief review summarises relevant information about olfactory dysfunction in PD and discusses the diagnostic utility of olfactory testing for early PD diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"15 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67592340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.19
S. Lattanzi, E. Trinka, P. Striano, Francesco Brigo
1. Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; 2. Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; 3. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; 4. Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria; 5. Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, ‘Gianna Gaslini’ Institute, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; 6. Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 7. Division of Neurology, ‘Franz Tappeiner’ Hospital, Merano, Italy
{"title":"Cannabidiol Oral Solution – A New Class of Antiseizure Medication","authors":"S. Lattanzi, E. Trinka, P. Striano, Francesco Brigo","doi":"10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"1. Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; 2. Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; 3. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; 4. Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria; 5. Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, ‘Gianna Gaslini’ Institute, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; 6. Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 7. Division of Neurology, ‘Franz Tappeiner’ Hospital, Merano, Italy","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"15 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67592288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.13
A. Zirra, C. Constantinescu
The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 – which causes COVID-19 – has rapidly reached pandemic proportions, causing widespread morbidity and mortality It has had a major impact on society in general, and in medicine and health in particular Although primarily a potentially fatal respiratory pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can be neurotropic Its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is expressed in endothelial cells in the brain and can be induced in neural cells COVID-19 is therefore of high relevance to neurological disease Indeed, various neurological manifestations are increasingly being reported On the other hand, COVID-19 has a major impact on people with certain neurological diseases Patients with neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis or myasthenia gravis who are on immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments may be more susceptible to infection or have a more severe disease due to a blunted immune response Patients with many neurological disorders may be at risk of severe COVID-19 infection, due to immobility, frailty, disability, diminished respiratory capacity or cognitive dysfunction Disease-specific patient organisations and neurological societies have been prompt in providing advice and generating guidelines for various neurological conditions Local, national and international registers are being created and will be essential in monitoring the disease and its outcomes New knowledge about COVID-19, including issues of relevance to neurology, is generated daily This review presents some succinct background information on coronaviruses and its neuro-invasive potential, the current knowledge of neurological manifestations, and the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with neurological disease Some disease-specific recommendations are briefly listed or referenced
{"title":"Neurological Aspects of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"A. Zirra, C. Constantinescu","doi":"10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 – which causes COVID-19 – has rapidly reached pandemic proportions, causing widespread morbidity and mortality It has had a major impact on society in general, and in medicine and health in particular Although primarily a potentially fatal respiratory pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can be neurotropic Its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is expressed in endothelial cells in the brain and can be induced in neural cells COVID-19 is therefore of high relevance to neurological disease Indeed, various neurological manifestations are increasingly being reported On the other hand, COVID-19 has a major impact on people with certain neurological diseases Patients with neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis or myasthenia gravis who are on immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments may be more susceptible to infection or have a more severe disease due to a blunted immune response Patients with many neurological disorders may be at risk of severe COVID-19 infection, due to immobility, frailty, disability, diminished respiratory capacity or cognitive dysfunction Disease-specific patient organisations and neurological societies have been prompt in providing advice and generating guidelines for various neurological conditions Local, national and international registers are being created and will be essential in monitoring the disease and its outcomes New knowledge about COVID-19, including issues of relevance to neurology, is generated daily This review presents some succinct background information on coronaviruses and its neuro-invasive potential, the current knowledge of neurological manifestations, and the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with neurological disease Some disease-specific recommendations are briefly listed or referenced","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"15 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67592257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.9
A. Korczyn
{"title":"COVID-19 and the World Congress on Controversies in Neurology","authors":"A. Korczyn","doi":"10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/enr.2020.15.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p />","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"15 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67592351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.44
H. Katzberg, R. Lewis, T. Harbo, Jeffrey A. Allen, M. Bullock, D. Grosse-Kreul, J. B. Smith, V. Bril
{"title":"Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy – Neurologist, Nursing and Patient Perspectives","authors":"H. Katzberg, R. Lewis, T. Harbo, Jeffrey A. Allen, M. Bullock, D. Grosse-Kreul, J. B. Smith, V. Bril","doi":"10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.44","url":null,"abstract":"<p />","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45016569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.36
G. Harty, Sl Wong, Michael Tang, S. Budhia
{"title":"Discontinuation of Disease-modifying Treatments in Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis – A Systematic Literature Review of Observational Studies","authors":"G. Harty, Sl Wong, Michael Tang, S. Budhia","doi":"10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/ENR.2019.14.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"<p />","PeriodicalId":12047,"journal":{"name":"European neurological review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67592614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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